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The Effect of the Digital Game Developed According to the RETAIN Model on Academic Achievement in the Subject of Household Wastes and Recycling
Abstract
People play games to have fun, and they are an important part of children's lives. People have used various materials to play games. With the development of technology, digital environments have also been used for games. The educational game method develops students' discovery, imagination, and high-level mental skills and provides permanent learning. Especially children spending time in digital environments has attracted the attention of educators. It is possible to transfer knowledge to students by using this time used by students in teaching environments or at home. In this study, the digital game developed by the researchers on household waste and recycling was evaluated according to the RETAIN model, and an achievement test was applied. The digital game was developed in 2D and RPG format using the Unity game development platform. It was determined that the digital game scored 46 points out of 63 points according to the RETAIN model weighting table. The research was conducted with 40 7th-grade students taking the course in the 2021-2022 academic year. A quasi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test control group was used in the study. The achievement test developed by the researchers was used to collect data. When the post-test scores were examined, there was a significant difference in favor of the experimental group. The retention test was applied 5 weeks after the post-test and since there was no significant difference between the post-test and the retention test, it can be said that the effect of the application continues. Based on these results, it can be recommended to use this game developed for teaching the subject of household waste and recycling in teaching environments.
Household choices – such as what to eat, how to get to work and how to heat our homes – have significant implications for the environment. With the urgency of environmental action and the need to shift to more sustainable consumption patterns, making more sustainable choices holds great potential to reduce environmental impacts. Yet in the context of interlocking crises, governments face challenges in supporting households with policies that realise this potential.
How Green is Household Behaviour? presents an overview of results from the 2022 OECD Survey on Environmental Policies and Individual Behaviour Change. The survey investigates household attitudes and behaviour with respect to energy, transport, waste and food systems. It was carried out across more than 17 000 households in 9 countries, including Belgium, Canada, Israel, France, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. The data collected also include information on self-reported motivations and barriers to change, providing a unique source of empirical evidence to inform policy efforts to shift to more sustainable consumption patterns.
The RETAIN Model is a game design and evaluation model for serious games. In this study, educators evaluated social change web-based and mobile app games using the RETAIN model rubric. In general, web-based games scored higher on the RETAIN rubric than their mobile app counterparts. In addition, the educators analyzed the social change games for their “hidden curriculum.” In some cases, the rubric and “hidden curriculum” contributed to educators altering the way they used the games they had appraised by supplementing context, incorporating discussion, or not using the games at all. The RETAIN model rubric offered educators a tool to evaluate digital games.
As the issues related to climate change intensify, new methods to raise awareness of environmental issues, foster pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors, and offer a viable alternative to traditional environmental education are needed. In recent years, various computer games and mobile apps targeting sustainability-related information, attitude, and behaviors have been developed. In this systematic review, we aimed to verify which pro-environmental information, attitudes, and behaviors are targeted by serious games and gamified apps, how their efficiency is tested, and the main results. A total of 29 studies were included in the analysis. The results show that serious games and apps were used to decrease energy consumption, water spending, and food consumption, and increase sustainable mobility. Furthermore, technology was used to offer pro-environmental education regarding a myriad of issues. Most interventions were successful and some of them did have significant effects while others provided only short-term changes. The limitations of the current approaches are discussed together with some future expansions that can help develop more efficiency in this domain.
One of the most important reasons for deaths and injuries caused by earthquakes is that society does not have sufficient knowledge of appropriate protective behaviors during an earthquake. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of different educational practices in providing primary school students with the knowledge of earthquake preparedness and protection from potential hazards of an earthquake. Considering the quasi-experimental research, the pretest–posttest control/comparison group design was used, and a total of 401 students from the fourth grade in four different schools constituted the sampling of the study. Within the study, three types of educational activities were applied: digital games evaluating smart learning environments, earthquake drills, and traditional education. Findings show that the most effective way to teach students what to do during an earthquake is the earthquake drill. This study also indicates that the design elements in the three-dimensional earthquake game developed in the scope of the research played an effective role in earthquake education. This study is of importance as it provides significant results on how to determine the most appropriate educational method for primary school students and how digital games can be used more effectively in the learning process.
Many researchers have explored the impact of digital games on learning effects in different STEM subjects. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to examine the effect of digital game-based STEM education on the learning achievement of K-12 or higher education students. The analysis results of effect sizes from 33 studies (N = 3894) published from 2010 to 2020 showed that digital games contributed to a moderate overall effect size (ES = 0.667, 95% CI [0.520–0.814], p < 0.001) when compared with other instructional methods. Furthermore, the study explored multiple moderator variables and their potential impacts on learning outcomes such as control treatment, subject discipline, educational level, game type, gaming platform, and intervention duration. The findings suggest that digital games are a promising pedagogical method in STEM education that effectively improves learning gains. Additionally, the study concludes with three recommendations for future research and practices on digital games in STEM education.
Sosyal bilimler alanında lisans ve lisans üstü düzeylerde “bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri” ile ilgili pek çok ders okutulmaktadır. Anayasa'da, eğitimle ilgili yasalarda, öğretim programlarında ve yönetmeliklerde okullar ile öğretmenlerin öğretim dışında bir başka temel görevinin araştırma olduğunun vurgulanmasına rağmen, eğitim fakültelerinin yeniden yapılandırıldığı 1997 yılından itibaren öğretmen yetiştiren lisans programlarının tamamına yakınında bu tür dersler programlardan çıkartılmıştır. Daha sonra yapılan pek çok yerel, ulusal ve uluslararası araştırmaların sonuçları ilköğretim ve ortaöğretim öğrencilerinin en başarısız oldukları alanlar içinde bilimsel süreç becerilerinin ve problem çözme becerilerinin olduğunu göstermiştir. Bilimsel araştırma sonuçlarını referans alan Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı ilköğretimden başlamak üzere tüm ders programlarını yapılandırmacı anlayışa dayalı olarak yeniden hazırlamaya başlamış ve ilköğretim 1-5 yeni ders programlarını 2004/2005 yılında uygulamaya koymuştur. Yeni ders programlarının dikkat çeken yanlarından biri, öğrencilere araştırma kültürünün kazandırılmasına vurgu yapmış olması ve okulları adeta birer proje, araştırma yuvaları olarak görmesidir. Tüm bu gelişmelere paralel olarak YÖK eğitim fakültelerinin programlarının geliştirilmesine karar vermiş ve bu konuda eğitim fakültelerinin de katılımını sağlayarak öğretmen yetiştiren lisans programlarını yeniden düzenlenmiştir. Yeni ders programlarında bilimsel araştırma yöntemleriyle ilgili derslere yer verilmiştir. Bu kitap, eğitimin yanı sıra sosyal bilimlerin diğer alanlarında lisans düzeyinde okutulan araştırma yöntemleriyle ilgili dersler için ders kitabı olarak hazırlanmıştır. Kitabın aynı zamanda sosyal bilimler alanında çalışma yapan tüm araştırmacılar için kaynak bir kitap olabileceği düşünülmüştür. Kitabın Birinci Bölümü'nü temel kavramları da içeren “Bilimsel Araştırmanın Temelleri” oluşturmaktadır. “Problemi Tanımlama” olarak isimlendirilen ikinci bölümde problemin seçimi ve tanımlanmasına ilişkin süreçlere yer verilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümü “Örnekleme Yöntemleri”, dördüncü bölümü “Veri Toplama Araçları”, beşinci bölümü “Nicel Araştırmalar” ve altıncı bölümü “Nitel Araştırmalar” oluşturmaktadır. Kitabın son bölümü, “Raporlaştırma” konusuna ayrılmıştır. Kitabın yararlı olması dileğiyle, kitabın hazırlanması sürecinde emeği geçen herkese şükranlarımızı sunarız.
Combining games with mobile devices can promote learning opportunities at the learners' fingertips and enable ubiquitous learning experiences. As teachers increasingly assign games to reinforce language learning, it becomes essential to evaluate how effective these applications are in helping students learn the content or develop the skills that the games are reinforcing. This article examines two English language learning apps under the RETAIN model (GUNTER; KENNY; VICK, 2008). The findings indicate that although these apps offer some language learning opportunities, they do not present scenario-based quality or gameplay, among other elements, if they are to be considered games.
Virtual Worlds are largely adopted for creating educational games. In this paper, we describe the development process of a Virtual World-based game supporting a learning-by-playing approach to educate children on sustainable waste management principles. Because of the high uncertainty level of the project, a Scrum-based development process was adopted.
The aim of this paper was to investigate models to select serious games for use in the computer science class. The lack of a useful framework to select serious games that meet the teaching and learning objectives presented a significant obstacle when serious games where introduced into tertiary education. This paper briefly discusses three frameworks, the RETAIN model, the four-dimensional framework, and the magic bullet model. Lecturers evaluated serious games using the guidelines suggested by each of these models and their perceptions of the models were captured using a short questionnaire. Using descriptive analysis to analyse the data, the results are that lecturers prefer the four-dimensional framework when considering and selecting serious games as a teaching tool in the computer science class.
DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n21p391
A key complication facing teachers who seek to integrate technology in their teaching is the fact that most technologies are not designed for educational purposes. Making a tool an educational technology requires creative input from the teacher to re-design, or maybe even subvert the original intentions of the designer. The learning technology by design (LT/D) framework has been proposed as being an effective instructional technique to develop deeper understanding of technological pedagogical content knowledge. In this paper we expand our description of the LT/D technique to develop what we call a deep-play model for teacher professional development. The deep-play model integrates: a) pedagogy for key 21st century learning skills; b) content that cuts across disciplines with trans-disciplinary cognitive tools; c) technology by the creative repurposing of tools for pedagogical purposes.
At present, environmental issues are of concern to all countries, especially for developing countries, and education on waste sorting is urgent. However, it remains a challenge to improve students’ learning achievement and engagement in environmental education. Researchers have pointed out the potential of digital games for promoting students’ learning motivation. In addition, the two-tier testing mechanism has been recognized as an effective tool for correcting students’ misconceptions and promoting their in-depth thinking. Therefore, this study proposed a two-tier testing-based digital gaming approach. To verify the effectiveness of the approach, a digital game was developed and a quasi-experiment was conducted. The participants were two classes of fifth graders, with one class as the experimental group using the two-tier test-based digital game and the other class as the control group learning with the conventional digital game. The results showed that the digital game-based learning with two-tier testing model was conducive to students' improved academic performance compared with the conventional digital game-based learning model, especially for students in the low-level group, who were able to make greater progress. In addition, the approach was effective in terms of reducing students’ cognitive load and improving their flow experience.
The literature of games in education has a rich and multidisciplinary content. Due to the large number of studies in the field, it is not easy to analyze all relevant studies. There are few studies exploring the big picture of research trends in the field. For this reason, the purpose of this study is to examine longitudinal trends of game-based research in education using text mining techniques. 4980 publications were retrieved as an experimental dataset indexed by the SCOPUS database in the period 1967 to mid-2021. The results include descriptive statistics of game-based research, trends of the research topics, and trends in the frequency of each topic over time. They show that the number of studies focusing on the use of games in education has increased, particularly since the 2000s when internet use accelerated and became widespread. Approximately 70% of all the studies were conducted in the last 10 years. One third of the studies is related to the main topic of game-based learning. It is significant that in the last three decades the topic of serious games has been among the top three trends. Considering usage acceleration of the topics, the highest values belong to game-based learning, serious games and student science games, in that order. The findings of this study are expected to guide the field by providing a better understanding of the trends of games in education and offer a direction for future research.
The main purpose of this research is to examine the studies on "digital game" in the literature by bibliometric method. Depending on the technological developments experienced, the importance of the concept of digitalization, which we encounter in all areas of our lives, is increasing. As a reflection of this situation, the definition of the concept of game has changed to include digital technologies. When the literature is examined, it has been determined that there is an increase in digital game-based studies. In this study, researches related to digital games were examined in terms of content bibliometrically. As a result of the examination, the general trends in the relevant field, the authors who studied and the classification of the studies according to the years were shown with scientific and visual maps. Web of Science (WoS) was used to obtain the data. A total of 920 publications were reached by scanning the term "Digital game" and passing through a series of screening processes. Content analysis and bibliometric analysis were used in the analysis of the data. In the research, the distribution of the studies in WoS by years, the most productive authors on the relevant subject, the universities and countries that have the most publications on the relevant subject were reached. In addition, visual maps were created with the results of co-author, co-citation, common word and citation analysis. The results of the research were discussed in line with the information in the literature.
Awareness of environmental sustainability issues alone is not enough. Environmental Sustainability Education (ESE) should produce changes in attitude and encourage lifelong behaviors. However, behavioral changes are curtailed by constraints and negative perceptions, necessitating the use of persuasive pedagogical tools in ESE. Digital game-based learning (DGBL) environments can provide cognitive knowledge, besides emotionally engaging learners by letting them test new behaviors and seeing the consequences instantly. This study examined the effectiveness of DGBL in producing attitudinal and behavioral changes regarding environmental sustainability and about learning experiences from a game, through a mixed methods study. One group of undergraduate students in an educational technology course played EnerCities, an ESE game. Another group played a Science game that was not connected to ESE. The Attitudinal Learning Instrument was administered to collect quantitative data pertaining to attitudinal and behavioral learning after one week and after five weeks of game play. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to develop a model to measure learning. PLS-SEM helps analyze relationships simultaneously in complex models. Quantitative data analysis using PLS-SEM showed that EnerCities was effective in producing attitudinal and behavioral changes that were retained until one week of game play. Thematic analysis of qualitative data, collected through interviews after five weeks of game play, helped interpret why and how attitudinal changes were produced by the game. This provided insights into what game features facilitated cognitive, affective, behavioral and social learning and learning retention, that could be used in future game design. Future research could apply the measurement model to measure long-term retention of attitudinal and behavioral learning using games and other interventions on socio-scientific topics.
the potentials of computer games for developing ‘edutainment’ (education by entertainment) content and services have been widely explored by researchers in recent years. In order to complement existing presentations and create a memorable enjoyable learning experience, computer games are used in current educational practices. They offer educators opportunities to reorganize and conceptualize abstract, complex and technological information or knowledge for young learners. To demonstrate and evaluate how a serious game can facilitate the learning activities in a more constructive and meaningful way, we select a computer game which is about the waste recycling to conduct a user study and investigate the pedagogical effects of this game. While designing this user study, we particularly focus on the link between game play and physiological state of a player as the measurement of his performance. Both quantitative and qualitative data are collected during the study. The results have shown that this game indeed can help learners understand the important knowledge of waste recycling being studied. The study also indicates that physiological signals can be an indicator of his mental state of a player to some extent. Further direction will be adding other physiological measurements like heart rate and etc during a user study.
Objectives: This study developed an educational android game application to engage the young minds of the children with ages 3 years and above to practice proper waste segregation. Through this mobile game application, the user learned the basic segregation processes that are mostly found in the surroundings. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Thwack Application was being used in testing the mobile application for its functionality aspect. It was concluded that the application was compatible and can be launched and installed on a device with an operating system of Gingerbread 2.3.1 and as high as the Lollipop 5.0.2 version. The application works well in tablet with a screen resolution of 1024 pixels by 600 pixels. Some of the images and buttons in the application are affected by screen resolutions. They may appear small and difficult to tap when the resolution is small. The mobile application is designed to children age ranges 4 - 5 years of age, because on this range they are very activate in learning lessons especially in terms of educational mobile games. Segregation of waste between what is biodegradable and non-biodegradable. The children who will play this game may need to learn a lot of things before they can get going since this game requires knowledge in terms of classification of waste.
The advancement of game-based learning has encouraged many related studies, such that students could better learn curriculum by 3-dimension virtual reality. To enhance software engineering learning, this paper develops a 3D game-based learning system to assist teaching and assess the students' motivation, satisfaction and learning achievement. A quasi-experimental design is based on the ARCS Theory (Attention, Relevance, Confidence, and Satisfaction) to investigate the effectiveness of game-based learning strategy in 3-dimension virtual reality scenario. The students are randomly assigned into two groups for quasi-experimental design. In game-based learning, the curriculum content is mapped into the game to provide a scenario learning environment. After implementation of quasi-experimental design, the pre-test and post-test results shown that 3D game-based learning system with software engineering curriculum could achieve a better learning achievement and motivation than using traditional instruction. The statistical test displayed that learning motivations of students have significant impact on learning achievement, and learning achievements of students with game-based learning are better than those who use traditional face-to-face teaching. After re-checked the questionnaire, this paper finds that game-based learning challenging and attractiveness can lead to learners' curiosity and immersion in learning activity. And the results show that 80% students are satisfaction, and 83% students are confidence for the course learning after use the game-based learning system. Lastly, the research results could provide to related educators as references.
The environmental priority requires structural interventions that will be effective in the long period only if they are accompanied by modifications of behaviors, orientations and beliefs, specially investing in the new generations. This paper presents a 3D Virtual World serious game named Pappi World, designed according to pedagogical theories and to the Italian Environmental Ministry guidelines. This game aims at helping children to learn how to dispose waste and to understand that waste can become a relevant resource when correctly managed. The game proposes individual and collaborative activities and exploits the city evolution mechanism proper of city-building games to involve the students. Pappi World is also evaluated 1) considering the learning efficacy and the student perceptions and 2) collecting the teachers opinions related to the game usability, fun, engagement, mechanism and metaphor adequateness as well as expected learning outcomes. Also the student perceptions on the game were collected. With regards to learning effectiveness, the empirical evaluation revealed a significant difference between pre-game and post-game knowledge. Students reported they were engaged and had fun playing Pappi World. Teachers expressed a positive opinion on the game adoption and its effectiveness, also providing useful suggestions to improve it.
In order to improve and promote students' environmental knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour, integrating environmental education into the primary education curriculum has become a key issue for environmental education. For this reason, this study aimed to investigate elementary school students' acceptance of technology applying digital gamebased learning (DGBL) to environmental education. A total of 32 fourth graders in an elementary school participated in a seven-week DGBL teaching experiment. After the experimental teaching session, a survey concerning "perceived ease of use", "perceived usefulness", and "user intentions" was conducted. The results show that the DGBL system is suitable for both genders at all levels of experience. In addition, the 4th grade students' "perceived ease of use", "perceived usefulness", "attitudes toward use", and "intention to use" reveal a high degree of positive and significant correlations. Furthermore, a path analysis verifies that DGBL acceptance will be directly influenced by a learner's "attitude toward use" and "perceived usefulness." Finally, when designing DGBL for 4th graders, the rich learning content and ease of use should be taken into account because they significantly contribute to a learner's intention to use the system, which may result in greater learning effectiveness.
Three teacher education programs were studied to explore the process of integrating computer technology into the curriculum. The focus of this study was to define the stages that schools, colleges, and departments of education experienced as faculty and students moved from lower to higher levels of computer technology use and integration. Data were gathered at the participating sites from three sources: teacher education faculty members, key informants, and focus groups. In-depth interviews were conducted with the key informants and with focus groups (administrator, key informant, faculty member(s), computer technology support person, and student). The gathered data were used to answer the research question: What are the defining characteristics of the stages of development that departments of education experience as they infuse computer technology into the teacher education curriculum? The findings of this research resulted in the emergence of a Five-Stage Model for computer technology integration into teacher education programs: pre-integration, transition, development, expansion, and system-wide integration.
The authors present reasons why developmental psychologists should care about children's and adolescents' digital game play. These reasons may be identified as: a) digital game play is an integral aspect of children's and adolescents' lives; b) digital game play contributes to learning and cognitive development; and c) developmental research has the potential to contribute to effective educational game design. The authors expand on these reasons with the goal of introducing or reintroducing to developmental psychologists a rich and very relevant context in which to examine children's and adolescents' applied cognitive development. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
We are witnessing a mad rush to pour educational content into games in an ad hoc manner in hopes that player/learners are
motivated simply because the content is housed inside a game. A failure to base educational game design on well-established
learning and instructional theories increases the risk of the game failing to meet its intended educational goals, and yielding
students who are entertained but who have not acquired any academic skills or knowledge. Our review of standalone educational
games has shown that they are not always based on sound educational principles and theories. We contend that, if academic
learning is to take place, a new design paradigm must be developed. This article discusses the RETAIN design and evaluation
model for educational games that was developed to aide in the evaluation of how well academic content is endogenously immersed
and embedded within the game’s fantasy and story context, promoters transfer of knowledge, and encourages repetitive usage
to that content becomes available for use in an automatic way.
Integrating Information and Communication Technology (ICT) into teaching and learning is a growing area that has attracted many educators' efforts in recent years. Based on the scope of content covered, ICT integration can happen in three different areas: curriculum, topic, and lesson. This paper elaborates upon the concept of ICT integration, and presents a systematic planning model for guiding ICT integration in the topic area. A sample of an ICT integration plan is described in this paper to demonstrate how this model can be applied in practice.
Research in the area of educational technology has often been critiqued for a lack of theoretical grounding. In this article we propose a conceptual framework for educational technology by building on Shulman's formulation of "pedagogical content knowledge" and extend it to the phenomenon of teachers integrating technology into their pedagogy. This framework is the result of 5 years of work on a program of research focused on teacher professional development and faculty development in higher education. It attempts to capture some of the essential qualities of teacher knowledge required for technology integration in teaching, while addressing the complex, multifaceted, and situated nature of this knowledge. We argue, briefly, that thoughtful pedagogical uses of technology require the development of a complex, situated form of knowledge that we call Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPCK). In doing so, we posit the complex roles of, and interplay among, three main components of learning environments: content, pedagogy, and technology. We argue that this model has much to offer to discussions of technology integration at multiple levels: theoretical, pedagogical, and methodological. In this article, we describe the theory behind our framework, provide examples of our teaching approach based upon the framework, and illustrate the methodological contributions that have resulted from this work.
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