Revolutionising As-Built Drawings: The Successful Implementation of Digital Technologies

Abstract

Due to the complexity of construction projects, changes of design from initial plans are common during the construction stage. As a result, as-built drawings will be produced after the completion of the project to reflect changes made during the construction stage. However, recording these changes using the manual and traditional method on paper are prone to errors, requires a lot of time in work, environmental impact in relation to materials consumption to produce papers, and drive accuracy and preciseness. Technological advancements such as Building Information Modelling (BIM) offers detailed and accurate as-built drawings without relying on traditional paper-based methods as well as boosting the building’s performance to enhance energy consumption and impact on the environment. As-built data can be used for collaborative design with BIM to optimize designs that lead to reduced energy consumption and carbon emissions during construction and operation phases. Hence, this research aims to investigate the implementation of technological for capturing accurate as-built information and to evaluate the efficiency and accuracy of using technologies to change the conventional practice. The research adopts quantitative research approach where questionnaire surveys were distributed to construction practitioners in Malaysia, and the data collected were analysed using various statistical approaches including Severity Index (SI). Based on the findings, to address many of the challenges associated with manual methods, technological advancements such ad BIM can be implemented by the construction practitioners to improve the accuracy and productivity. Furthermore, it promotes collaborative project delivery and reduce the usage of papers which promotes low carbon emission. Hence, it is recommended for the construction practitioners to incorporate digital technologies to effectively contribute to the global movement towards sustainable building practices and a low-carbon future.

Full text

Revolutionising As-Built Drawings: The Successful Implementation
of Digital Technologies
Nurul Syahidah Mazlan, n.mazlan@reading.edu.my
The School of Built Environment, University of Reading Malaysia, Persiaran Graduan, Kota Ilmu,
EduCity, 79200 Iskandar Puteri, Johor, Malaysia
Mustafa Klufallah, m.klufallah@reading.edu.my
The School of Built Environment, University of Reading Malaysia, Persiaran Graduan, Kota Ilmu,
EduCity, 79200 Iskandar Puteri, Johor, Malaysia
Audrey Ho Wan Ting, audrey.ho@student.reading.edu.my
The School of Built Environment, University of Reading Malaysia, Persiaran Graduan, Kota Ilmu,
EduCity, 79200 Iskandar Puteri, Johor, Malaysia
Abstract
Due to the complexity of construction projects, changes of design from initial plans are
common during the construction stage. As a result, as-built drawings will be produced after the
completion of the project to reflect changes made during the construction stage. However,
recording these changes using the manual and traditional method on paper are prone to errors,
requires a lot of time in work, environmental impact in relation to materials consumption to
produce papers, and drive accuracy and preciseness. Technological advancements such as
Building Information Modelling (BIM) offers detailed and accurate as-built drawings without
relying on traditional paper-based methods as well as boosting the building’s performance to
enhance energy consumption and impact on the environment. As-built data can be used for
collaborative design with BIM to optimize designs that lead to reduced energy consumption
and carbon emissions during construction and operation phases. Hence, this research aims to
investigate the implementation of technological for capturing accurate as-built information and
to evaluate the efficiency and accuracy of using technologies to change the conventional
practice. The research adopts quantitative research approach where questionnaire surveys were
distributed to construction practitioners in Malaysia, and the data collected were analysed using
various statistical approaches including Severity Index (SI). Based on the findings, to address
many of the challenges associated with manual methods, technological advancements such ad
BIM can be implemented by the construction practitioners to improve the accuracy and
productivity. Furthermore, it promotes collaborative project delivery and reduce the usage of
papers which promotes low carbon emission. Hence, it is recommended for the construction
practitioners to incorporate digital technologies to effectively contribute to the global
movement towards sustainable building practices and a low-carbon future.
Keywords
as built-drawings, BIM, digital technologies, laser scanner.
1 Introduction
Drawings are crucial documentation in a construction project as it provides details and
specifications of the project. Hence, drawings are expected to be completed and accurate as

the quality of the drawings may affect the designing and modelling of the project in the later
stages. Nevertheless, due to the complexity of a construction project, changes and variations in
the design may occur during construction, which will be recorded and used to produce a new
set of drawings known as as-built drawings where it reflect the modifications made from the
original design (Cherkaoui, 2019).
Technological advancements have led the construction industry to transition from traditional
methods and embrace advanced technologies like Building Information Modelling (BIM) or
3D laser scanners, enabling the production of accurate as-built drawings (Newland, 2015). This
technological adaptation not only improves the precision of the drawings but also introduces
efficient workflows through the implementation of digital as-built platforms, resulting in a
positive environmental impact by reducing paper consumption.
Nevertheless, according to SurvTech (2018), although laser scanning was invented in the
1960s, its adoption by design and construction firms only occurred in the 1990s, with a
relatively slow increase in demand for these technologies. However, researchers such as Hayes
and Richie (2015) and Dickinson et al. (2009) have emphasized the high levels of accuracy
achievable with 3D laser scanning, despite its higher cost compared to manual approaches.
However, articles and case studies have yet to provide conclusive data demonstrating the
superior accuracy of 3D BIM over manual or 2D CAD approaches. While the advantages of
BIM, such as faster workflows, are highlighted, there is a lack of comprehensive reviews
comparing the accuracy of both manual and technological methods. Additionally, obtaining
information about completed construction projects is challenging due to the occlusion and
covering of components (Liu et al., 2012).
Therefore, this research aims to investigate the implementation of technological for capturing
accurate as-built information and to evaluate the efficiency and accuracy of using technologies
to change the conventional practice. The research adopts quantitative research approach where
questionnaire surveys were distributed to construction practitioners in Malaysia to study the
creating of as-built drawings in traditional manual methods and to study the use of current
technology in the firm instead of using paper documents.
2 Literature Review
2.1 Overview of As-built drawings
Regardless of the project size, it is common for projects to undergo various changes and
modifications before completion. It is important to document these changes in the as-built
drawings, including minor adjustments, to reflect the modifications made during the
construction process (Blake, 2019). Hence, as-built drawings are drawings that have been
marked to show all the changes made during the construction process by showing the exact
dimensions, geometry and location of all elements of the works that have been complete on
site (Ellis, 2021).
The initial drawings are typically prepared by qualified designers or architects who have
expertise in drawing specifications. However, contractors will make annotations of changes in
the field, traditionally using red ink. This is because designers and architects have limited
involvement during the construction phase and may not be fully aware of the day-to-day
changes until the project is completed (Anderson, 2019). Hence, the contractors take
responsibility for submitting the final as-built drawings as they oversee the variations on-site.

2.1.1 Issues of Creating As-Built Drawings
Traditionally, changes and annotations were made on paper documents. However, with the
digitalisation of the construction industry, paper-based methods have been replaced by
electronic methods, such as computer-aided design (CAD). Nowadays, clients often request
digital files for convenience and easier accessibility.
Traditionally, the subcontractors would use the printed drawings provided by the contractor to
make annotations and record changes in the field using a red-inked pen. Finally, the completed
as-built drawings from each subcontractor, including their marked changes, would be compiled
and handed over to the consultants for incorporation into computer-aided design (CAD)
systems (Newland, 2015). Collecting data from subcontractors poses challenges as it often
involves inexperienced workers who need to correlate the drawings. The volume of documents
can be extensive, making accurate data transfer a difficult task prone to human errors. Manual
data collection is limited in accuracy and traditional progress tracking methods rely heavily on
field surveys and manual labour, which is time-consuming. These methods also heavily rely on
the skills and experience of managers.
2D CAD software has been used in the building industry for many years and is not a recent
development. Bwail (2018) states that 2D CAD has limitations in providing detailed
dimensions such as length and width, floor plans, structural elements, plumbing fixtures,
building outlines, and other specifications. Compared to the advanced technology of 3D BIM
design, 2D CAD cannot accurately depict certain aspects of the building. As a result, there may
be deviations from the original drawings.
Changes in design are a regular occurrence in construction projects, including modifications in
construction methods, errors during construction, design adjustments due to client
requirements or field conditions, and omissions during the construction process (Aslam et al.,
2019). In a case of a building project in Selangor, Malaysia, the variations in the project were
attributed to the client's changes in plans, the client's substitution of materials, and the
consultants' design changes (Mohammed et al., 2010). Making modifications to designs often
leads to rework, and the most significant impact of rework is the increase in costs and time
delays. Failing to access relevant construction data when required can result in additional time
and cost overruns (Cherkaoui, 2019). Late detection of rework can account for up to 15% of
the total construction cost, as stated by Liu et al. (2012). Moreover, additional expenses may
be incurred for printing new copies of drawings during the redesign and modification process
(England, 2019). In addition, printing new copies of drawings caused the reproduction of paper
for physical documentation requires the use of trees, leading to deforestation and habitat
destruction which contribute to climate change.
2.2 Overview on the Implementation of Technological Advancement
The construction industry plays a vital role in providing comfortable living spaces and essential
infrastructure like roads, airports, and buildings (Kim et al., 2006). However, maintaining
acceptable quality levels in complex and large-scale construction projects poses significant
challenges (Kim et al., 2006). Fortunately, the transition from traditional pen-and- paper
documentation to digital as-built drawings has improved the efficiency and accuracy of
recording changes during the construction process (Cherkaoui, 2019). Manual approaches to
recording detailed changes at each construction stage can be time-consuming (Blake, 2019). In
the early 2000s, the Architectural Engineering Construction, Facility Management (ACE/FM)
industry recognized the urgent need for efficient and accurate construction progress monitoring
(Xu et al., 2016).

Software companies have introduced innovative technologies and functionalities that cover
various stages of the construction process, including estimating, planning, and generating
accurate drawings for clients and facility managers (Newland, 2015). These technologies, along
with digital processes, skilled professionals, and automation, contribute to the future economic,
social, and environmental aspects of the construction industry. Therefore, the implementation
of technologies advancements such as BIM, laser scanning and photogrammetry has been
gradually adopted by the construction industry as it could bring many benefits at every stage
of construction. Nevertheless, keeping the BIM software updated is essential to ensure the
reliability of the software (Lin et al., 2018).
2.3 Building Information Modelling
BIM technology has emerged as a fast and efficient approach for digitising and exchanging 3D
geometric and semantic data of buildings, providing valuable as-built information (Klein et al.,
2011). Various vendors offer BIM modelling software such as Autodesk Revit, Navisworks,
Tekla,, but these software tools differ in how they store as-built model versions and primarily
focus on design and development. Some BIM software, like Solibri, offer functionalities for
comparing as-built model versions (Lin et al., 2018). Given the significant role of BIM in the
construction industry, keeping the BIM software updated is crucial to accurately represent the
as-built condition and provide reliable information for decision- making during construction
changes (Lin et al., 2018). Consequently, building owners have recognised the value of 3D as-
built models and increasingly request BIM models instead of paper drawings after the design
or construction phases (Klein et al., 2011).
2.3.1 Benefits of Adopting BIM Compared to Traditional Method for As-Built In
Construction Industry
According to Sipila (2018), BIM offers significant benefits to design, procurement,
construction, and facilities management. The use of BIM technology can greatly benefit as-
built practices, particularly in terms of time, cost, and quality due to the automation process of
information and data (Hasan and Rasheed, 2019). With BIM, completed drawings can be
generated quickly whenever changes or design errors occur in the field. Compared to manual
methods, BIM software eliminates the need for architects to manually modify and redraw
drawings. For example, if a steel beam is moved to accommodate a larger opening, BIM
software automatically adjusts and expands the secondary beam accordingly (Stott, 2016). This
automation process enhances the efficiency of the design review process for updated design.
BIM technology also plays a crucial role in lifecycle cost management. Cost predictions are
more accurate compared to manual methods, as BIM software can generate an accurate bill of
quantity based on the model, taking into account material costs and project duration (Novotny,
2019). The BIM model can be directly linked to optimize the procurement process and control
the necessary procurement data (Sipila, 2018).
Furthermore, BIM technology offers various functions that cater to different design disciplines.
Sawhney et al. (2017) and Eastman (2011) stated that technology such as BIM shown efficiency
in producing designs through collaboration with drawings, resulting in a significant reduction
in design errors and omissions. However, Eastman (2011) mentioned that despite the improved
control over changes while working with coordinated 3D models, the overall time required for
completion is often increased, making it more challenging. Nonetheless, the decrease in errors
and omissions in drawings ultimately reduces the number of changes in the field, resulting in
the production of highly accurate as-built drawings (Abd, 2017).

In addition, the BIM technology offers an advantage in preserving information about heritage
buildings, something that 2D CAD cannot achieve. Heritage buildings are often characterized
by complex shapes, some of which may not be accurately represented in the final BIM model,
resulting in variations in data (Hichri et al., 2013). This presents an opportunity for BIM to be
employed in future construction projects by utilising advanced technologies like laser scanner
point cloud. This technology can assist in demolition processes by capturing additional data for
each building element (Barlow, 2019).
The integration of BIM in a new platform has the potential to enhance both building
productivity and sustainability across the project's lifecycle (Abd, 2017). As-built BIM
contributes to sustainability in construction projects through its impact on the social, economic,
and environmental dimensions (Cherkaoui, 2019). From a social sustainability perspective, the
utilisation of the BIM platform not only creates a comfortable living environment for building
users but also transforms the work model from a highly centralized approach to a collaborative
one. This enables improved communication and information exchange among project
stakeholders, facilitating better decision-making prior to facility establishment. The 3D
visualization capabilities of BIM allow clients to review and provide feedback on the design.
In terms of economic sustainability, BIM software automates cost estimation, material billing,
and overall production and construction processes. Regarding environmental sustainability,
BIM facilitates building performance simulations that assess energy consumption and support
the evaluation of sustainable design strategies.
2.4 Laser Scanning
BIM technology itself cannot capture the as-built details of a facility. However, various optical
spatial data collection and remote sensing technologies can be employed to capture the current
status of a facility (Bhatla, 2012). Laser scanning, also known as high definition surveying
(HDS), is one such technology that enables the accurate capture of the building's reality at a
high level of detail. It utilises laser beams to swiftly gather comprehensive information about
the construction project (Hayes and Richie, 2015). Laser scanning has gained significant
popularity in the AEC (Architecture, Engineering, and Construction) and FM (Facility
Management) industries for creating as-built BIM models due to its precise measurement of
the environment's 3D shape (Tang et al., 2010).
3 Methodology
The approach used for this study was a structured questionnaire survey comprising a diverse
range of professionals within the Malaysian construction sector, including those involved in
policy formation, design, and building projects. The database of the professionals were
extracted from the Lembaga Arkitek Malaysia (LAM), Construction Industry Development
Board (CIDB), and Board of Quantity Surveyors Malaysia (BQSM). A total of 156
questionnaires were distributed to various groups within the Malaysian construction industry
including architects, contractors, quantity surveyors, and other professionals working in Johor
Bahru. The total response rate was 24.36%, with 38 surveys returned. This response rate is
common and acceptable, and it is consistent with the views of Akintoye (2000). They indicated
that the average response rate for mail questionnaires in the construction sector is around 20-
30%. The data was quantitatively analysed using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences
(SPSS).
This research employed various statistical approaches to analyse the collected data. The
ranking method utilising means and standard deviation was employed for assessing and

ranking the data. Furthermore, the severity index method was utilised to assess and rank the
challenges or issues according to their severity, as indicated by the respondents (Megha and
Rajiv, 2013). The application of the severity index (SI) method is considered appropriate for
this study as it effectively represents the challenges encountered during the creation of as- built
drawings. The formula of the SI as shown below:
Where,
SI= Severity Index.
wi= Weightage given to each respondents (ranges from 1 to 5).
fi= Frequency of the responses.
N= Total number of responses.
4 Findings and Discussion
The questionnaires are divided into two parts: Part A and Part B. In Part A, the focus is on
gathering general information about the respondents and Part B of the questionnaires focuses
on presenting the results related to the research. These include issues of creating as-built
drawings using the traditional method, benefits and challenges of adopting technology and
implementing of technology for as-built information. The extent to which respondents agree or
disagree with statements are visually represented using bar charts.
4.1.1 Issues of Creating As-built Drawings Using Manual Methods
Figure 1. SI Value for issues of creating as-built drawings using manual methods
Figure 1 displays the ranking of issues of creating as-built drawings using manual methods.
“Thousands of data to be recorded by hand-copying” has the highest rank with a SI value of
44.08. “Contractor is liable for the accuracy of as-built drawings” ranks second with an SI

value of 36.10, followed by “Data collected from inexperienced workers” with an SI value of
29.64.
In the traditional method, hand-copying is commonly used to transfer data, even when dealing
with a significant amount of information in large and complex construction projects. Previous
studies by Dickinson et al. (2009) and Xu et al. (2016) support these findings, where contractors
and subcontractors tend to mark up the changes manually as not all construction practitioners
are adopting the technology and tools to capture field changes electronically and automatically.
Additionally, contractors play a crucial role in guiding subcontractors and bear responsibility
for managing field changes where contractors are liable for the as-built drawings. This finding
is supported by Anderson (2019) where contractors are liable for the as-built drawings.
Considering the traditional method, subcontractors’ lack experience in marking up changes,
and frequent revisions to drawings, as mentioned by Dickinson et al. (2009), can result in
wasted time and increased costs.
4.1.2 Benefits of Adopting Technology in the Construction Industry
Figure 2. SI Value benefits of adopting technology in the construction industry
Figure 2 illustrates the rankings of the benefits associated with the adoption of technology in
the construction industry. “Improve communication among stakeholders” has the highest rank
with a SI value of 50.54. “Enhance the reviewing and recording process” ranks second with an
SI value of 44.46, followed by “reduce manual labour” with an SI value of 36.1.
The application of technology in the construction industry has gained widespread traction,
experiencing growing demand over the years, as supported by various researchers and the
World Economic Forum (2016) (Kim et al., 2006; Cherkaoui, 2019; Xu et al., 2016; Newland,
2015). The integration of technologies will enhance communication among the construction
stakeholders by fostering collaborative work environments. Furthermore, technology enhances
the reviewing and recording process through process automation, thereby reducing manual
labour, and human errors, which results in a significant decrease in design errors and omissions.
Decreasing in design errors and omissions may result in positive cash flow of the construction
project. In addition, technology such as BIM and laser scanner have higher accuracy compared
to traditional methods.

Figure 3. SI Value challenges of adopting technology in the construction industry
Figure 3 presents the ranking of challenges related to technology implementation in the
construction sector. The figure indicates that respondents strongly agree on certain issues. The
highest-ranked challenge, with an SI value of 40.66, is “trainings will be required”. Following
this, “negatively impacting the value of human workers and potentially leading to an increase
in the unemployment rate” holds the second position with an SI value of 37.24, while “high
risks in data security especially for private business” is ranked third with an SI value of 34.58.
Newland (2015) corroborates the idea that operating such technology demands skilled
professionals who can fully exploit its functions and software capabilities. Consequently,
certain construction practitioners tend to have the perspective the integration of such
technology could influence employability. Additionally, there is a belief among some
practitioners that the automation of processes, for example, estimating, might potentially lead
to the replacement of quantity surveyors' roles and many more. This perception has contributed
to the hesitancy of certain construction practitioners when it comes to implementing these
technologies. Furthermore, the utilisation of BIM includes the incorporation of various data
relating to the construction project. For instance, as affirmed by Sipila (2018), procurement
data can be seamlessly integrated within the BIM 3D model. However, it is crucial to
acknowledge the potential risks associated with this practice, particularly the possibility of data
leaks that could have adverse implications for data security.

4.1.3 Impact of the Implementation of Technology Advancements in the Production of As-
Built Drawings
Figure 4. SI Value impact of the implementation of technology advancements in the
production of as-built drawings
Figure 4 illustrates the rankings of the impact of the implementation of technology
advancements such as BIM or laser scanners and other technology in the production of as- built
drawings. “By using technological advancement, it offers more advantages compared to the
manual method” has the highest rank with a SI value of 90.53. “Laser scanner has high levels
of accuracy” ranks second with an SI value of 90, followed by “improve the workflow” with
an SI value of 83.68.
In the construction industry, the adoption of technology is imperative as companies opt for
user-friendly and efficient software to generate precise drawings, avoiding the extended time
consumption of manual verification. These findings are consistent with earlier research by other
researcher that underscores the acceptance and advantages of technologies such as BIM and
laser scanners over traditional methods. Furthermore, laser scanners have higher accuracy,
capturing entire structures and converting them into 3D models. Moreover, technology usage
enhances workflow and boosts productivity, especially in decision-making for design changes.
However, despite the advantages of incorporating technological advancements in as-built
drawings production, certain construction practitioners are hesitant to adopt this method due to
factors such as high initial costs, the need for expertise, and the requirement for regular software
updates.
5 Conclusions
This research focuses on the importance of as-built drawings in the construction industry. It
highlights that as-built drawings are crucial documents that clients should request as part of

the construction contract. The study also explores the adoption of technology, such as BIM and
laser scanners, in improving the accuracy and efficiency of creating as-built drawings. The
research findings indicate that technology adoption brings significant benefits in terms of time,
quality, and cost. Using tools like BIM and laser scanners enables faster and more accurate
creation of as-built drawings. The study has achieved its aims and objectives through the use
of questionnaires, but there is still room for improvement. It is important for the construction
industry to embrace technology, particularly BIM and laser scanners, as they offer numerous
advantages. Technology streamlines processes, improves accuracy, and benefits all parties
involved. It is recommended that construction firms adopt these technologies to ensure the
creation of accurate as-built drawings.
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