A Framework for an Effective Healthy Longevity Clinic

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http://dx.doi.org/10.14336/AD.2024.0328
*Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Alexey Moskalev, Gerontological Research and Clinical Center, Russian National
Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia. Email: amoskalev@list.ru.
Copyright: © 2024 Vander Wall. et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
ISSN: 2152-5250 1
Review
A Framework for an Effective Healthy Longevity Clinic
Sergey Mironov1,2, Olga Borysova1, Ivan Morgunov1, Zhongjun Zhou3, Alexey Moskalev1,4,5*
1Longaevus Technologies LTD, London, United Kingdom. 2Human and health division, DEKRA Automobil
GmbH, Chemnitz, Germany. 3School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. 4Institute
of biogerontology, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod (Lobachevsky
University), Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. 5Gerontological Research and Clinical Center, Russian National Research
Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
[Received March 25, 2024; Revised July 11, 2024; Accepted July 15, 2024]
ABSTRACT: In the context of an aging global population and the imperative for innovative healthcare solutions, the
concept of longevity clinics emerges as a timely and vital area of exploration. Unlike traditional medical facilities,
longevity clinics offer a unique approach to preclinical prevention, focusing on "prevention of prevention" through
the utilization of aging clocks and biomarkers from healthy individuals. This article presents a comprehensive
overview of longevity clinics, encompassing descriptions of existing models, the development of a proposed framework,
and insights into biomarkers, wearable devices, and therapeutic interventions. Additionally, economic justifications
for investing in longevity clinics are examined, highlighting the significant growth potential of the global biotechnology
market and its alignment with the goals of achieving active longevity. Anchored by an Analytical Center, the proposed
framework underscores the importance of data-driven decision-making and innovation in promoting prolonged and
enhanced human life. At present, there is no universally accepted standard model for longevity clinics. This absence
highlights the need for additional research and ongoing improvements in this field. Through a synthesis of scientific
research and practical considerations, this article aims to stimulate further discussion and innovation in the field of
longevity clinics, ultimately contributing to the advancement of healthcare practices aimed at extending and
enhancing human life.
Key words: healthy longevity, longevity medicine, aging biomarkers, clinical management
INTRODUCTION
In today's rapidly advancing world, the need to develop a
robust concept for longevity clinics has become
increasingly pressing [1, 2]. Unlike wellness centers or
traditional medical facilities, longevity clinics represent a
unique approach to preclinical stage prevention, aptly
termed "prevention of prevention." While primary
prevention focuses on biomarkers associated with disease,
longevity clinics utilize aging clocks based on data from
practically healthy individuals. This innovative approach
allows for the assessment and monitoring of health status
with an emphasis on age groups rather than disease
presence, enabling more precise and early interventions.
Given the relevance of this topic, we have decided to
develop a framework for longevity clinics that addresses
four key areas:
Description of existing models of longevity clinics
and their proposed interventions.
Development of a framework for a longevity clinic,
including its structure, data processing algorithms, and
analytical report models.
Summary of the current knowledge on biomarkers,
wearable devices, and therapies used in this field.
Economic justification and evaluation of the
investment potential of longevity clinics.
Furthermore, demographic trends revealing an aging
population worldwide underscores the imperative for
developing longevity clinics. According to recent
Early access date: July 23, 2024

Mironov S., et al. Framework for a Longevity Clinic
Aging and Disease • Volume 16, Number 4, August 2025 2
statistics from WHO by 2050, the world’s population of
people aged 60 years and older will double (2.1 billion).
The number of persons aged 80 years or older is expected
to triple between 2020 and 2050 to reach 426 million
(www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-
health). This demographic shift emphasizes the urgent
need for innovative healthcare solutions that cater to an
aging population's specific needs and challenges [2-4].
Biotechnologies are continuously and rapidly
evolving, with one of their primary goals being the
achievement of active longevity. On the other hand,
practical healthcare is characterized by its conservatism,
relying on technologies with proven effectiveness. The
aim is to develop a framework of a healthy longevity
clinic that leverages the latest biotechnologies to achieve
practical goals, specifically, patient longevity.
The rapid development of biological sciences allows
us to talk about serious achievements in the field of
longevity. Unfortunately, clinical medicine often lags in
translating cutting-edge technologies into practice. To
bridge this gap, a new model of a longevity clinic is
emerging, designed to integrate scientific discoveries into
diagnostic and treatment processes to maximize active
longevity. The proposed framework for a longevity clinic
is based on extensive research conducted by a team of
scientists and professionals with international experience
in biotechnology, clinical and preventive medicine,
hospital management, and financial management.
We've given careful consideration to the economic
and investment aspects of the proposed longevity clinic
model, particularly in light of the current global economic
downturn, which has prompted investors to exercise
caution and favour dynamically evolving sectors like
biotechnology and longevity. In 2022, the global
biotechnology market soared to USD 1023.8 billion, and
projections indicate a robust 14% compound annual
growth rate (CAGR) from 2023 to 2032, with an
anticipated value of USD 3,672.9 billion by 2032. Key
areas in biotechnology, including artificial intelligence,
gene editing, tissue engineering, stem cells, real-world
evidence trials, and innovative financial and management
technologies, are experiencing dynamic growth in 2024.
Against this backdrop, our objective is to craft a
framework for a vibrant longevity clinic that harnesses
cutting-edge biotechnologies to achieve tangible goals,
notably enhancing patient longevity.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Core concepts
The proposed framework for the longevity clinic was
developed using basic concepts:
Aging biomarkers
Biomarkers of aging are biological parameters that can
predict functional capacity at a later age better than
chronological age. These biomarkers aim to provide a
more accurate measure of an individual's "biological age,"
which may differ from their chronological age. They are
used to assess age-related changes, track the physiological
aging process, and predict the transition into pathological
states.
Scientific Information Analytical Center (Analytical
Center)
The Analytical Center is a cornerstone of the longevity
clinic, managing scientific research, implementing
findings in therapeutic and diagnostic processes, and
aligning strategies with bioscience trends. It
comprehensively acquires, processes, analyzes, and
reports patient data for personalized healthcare delivery,
utilizing advanced technologies like wearable devices and
diagnostic tools. Through sophisticated algorithms, it
generates insights for patient stratification, predictive
analytics, and clinical decision support while fostering
continuous improvement, research, and patient-provider
engagement within the clinic.
Comprehensive Health Profile of a Patient
A comprehensive set of data derived from a secure
database, built on top of all collected data, presented as
tables and/or visualizations, and regularly updated slides,
providing insights into a patient's health status.
Medical Visualization System
A Medical Visualization System is a robust tool designed
to graphically present and analyze medical information
for individual patients, enhancing healthcare decision-
making and patient outcomes. The system integrates data
from Electronic Health Records (EHRs), Laboratory
Information Systems (LIS), Medical Imaging Systems
(e.g., PACS), and wearable devices. The Data Integration
Layer extracts, transforms, and loads (ETL) data into a
centralized repository, ensuring quality and consistency
through data connectors, transformation engines, and
validation modules. This data is stored in relational (e.g.,
MySQL, PostgreSQL) or NoSQL (e.g., MongoDB,
Cassandra) databases, depending on the data's scale and
nature.
The Data Analysis Engine performs advanced
analytics, including statistical analysis, machine learning
for predictive modeling, and data mining for hidden
insights. The Visualization Engine creates interactive

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Aging and Disease • Volume 16, Number 4, August 2025 3
visualizations with charts, dashboards, geospatial maps,
and 3D renderings for medical imaging. Users interact
with these visualizations via a web-based interface,
mobile app, and collaboration tools, while the Security
and Privacy Layer ensures data confidentiality, integrity,
and availability through authentication, encryption, and
audit logging.
The system's data flow involves collecting data from
various sources, performing ETL processes, storing
standardized data in the repository, conducting analytics,
generating visualizations, and allowing user access
through the interface. This architecture supports data-
driven decision-making, identifies patterns and trends,
and ultimately improves patient care and outcomes.
Medical Database
A collection of medical data from various patients,
organized for efficient search and analysis of individual
patient data and parameter values across different
patients.
Data Sources and Selection Criteria
The project's development relied on three primary
information sources:
Authors' work experience in organizing four
preventive clinics in Europe between 2014 and 2023.
Analysis of best practices from clinics and research
centers addressing longevity issues, including existing
longevity clinics.
Literature search
The selection criteria for clinics included in the best
practices analysis were:
Prioritization of preventive care using both classical
and modern technologies.
Commercial orientation with management focused on
financial results and effectiveness.
Data openness, allowing sufficient information for
analysis, typically achieved through personal involvement
in clinic organization.
Our own experience has become the main source of
information. The authors have experience in organizing 4
preventive clinics in the period from 2014 to 2023 in
Europe. According to the terms of agreements with
customers, the names of clinics cannot be disclosed, but
general characteristics are given in Supplementary Table
1. All clinics shared common features of outpatient
treatment and location in ecologically clean resort areas.
Longevity medicine specialists worked closely with
general medicine doctors. The authors interacted directly
with patients, evaluated treatment results individually and
at the sample level, and were responsible for the clinics'
financial results.
Data Processing Algorithms and Analytical Report
Models
The proposed framework for the longevity clinic will
utilize advanced data processing algorithms and analytical
report models to extract actionable insights from patient
data and enhance personalized care strategies.
Data processing algorithms serve to analyze patient
data and generate insights, and our model includes the
following:
Clustering algorithms (e.g., K-means, hierarchical
clustering) to group patients with similar health profiles
or identify patterns in patient data.
Classification algorithms (e.g., decision trees, support
vector machines) to predict patient outcomes or categorize
patients based on specific health attributes.
Time series analysis (e.g., ARIMA, exponential
smoothing) to monitor and forecast patient health trends
over time.
Association rule mining to uncover relationships
between patient characteristics, treatments, and outcomes.
Anomaly detection algorithms (e.g., isolation forests,
local outlier factor) to identify unusual patient cases or
potential health risks.
The proposed frameworkl for the longevity clinic
employs various 2D models for analytical reporting.
Heatmaps visualize correlations between patient
attributes, treatments, and outcomes to identify patterns.
Sankey diagrams illustrate patient flows through different
stages of care, revealing bottlenecks or areas for
improvement. Radar charts compare multiple patient
attributes or outcomes simultaneously, highlighting
strengths and weaknesses. Funnel plots visualize the
performance of different treatments or interventions,
identifying outliers or areas of exceptional performance.
This model aids in enhancing patient care and optimizing
treatment strategies.
These analytical report models are generated using
the data processing algorithms and are designed to
provide clear, actionable insights for clinicians and
decision-makers.
RESULTS
Existing models of Longevity clinics
There is no global standard for the construction of
longevity clinics. In our study, we began by identifying
the limitations in the current landscape and examining
existing models of longevity clinics and their diagnostic

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Aging and Disease • Volume 16, Number 4, August 2025 4
approaches and proposed interventions (Supplementary
Table 2). The Discussion section delves into these
limitations in detail.
Our analysis of existing longevity clinics revealed
several key features essential for optimal functioning:
Objective: Longevity clinics aim to enhance active
patient longevity through a blend of cutting-edge and
established medical technologies.
Ethical Standards: Adherence to ethical guidelines is
paramount for longevity clinics, ensuring patient welfare
and regulatory compliance.
Regulatory Compliance: Longevity clinics must
comply with the healthcare regulations of their respective
countries and function as fully accredited healthcare
institutions.
Global Collaboration: Given the international scope
of biomedical science, longevity clinics should embrace
global cooperation, research partnerships, and knowledge
exchange.
Technological Innovation: Incorporating advanced
technologies, such as big data analytics and artificial
intelligence, is vital for informed decision-making and
efficient operations [5, 6].
Financial Viability: As commercial ventures,
longevity clinics must balance medical, scientific, and
financial considerations to deliver quality care
sustainably.
Based on these insights, we have developed a
frameworkof a longevity clinic, including the following
elements: 1) structure of the clinic; 2) analytical center
estimation, 3) personnel policy; and 4) medical
technologies. We analyze them sequentially.
Figure 1. The structure (architecture) of the longevity clinic. This organizational structure demonstrates how
an Analytical Center can be set up to efficiently manage and coordinate a range of diagnostic and treatment
services by having a centralized administration providing shared resources and oversight to specialized clinical
units focusing on specific aspects of healthcare delivery and medical research.
The Structure of the Proposed Longevity Clinic
Framework
The structure of the longevity clinic should be versatile
and adaptable to keep pace with rapidly developing
longevity technologies. By the time the clinic opens,
many of the technologies known at the time of its planning
will be outdated, with new ones taking their place.
Therefore, the clinic should avoid crystallizing specific
technologies in its structure and remain open to new

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Aging and Disease • Volume 16, Number 4, August 2025 5
advancements. This adaptability underscores the
importance of a scientific center as the core of the
longevity clinic. Departments engaged in practical work
with patients should be organized according to the cluster
principle, allowing for changes in their functions as
technologies evolve. Our vision of this structure is
presented in Figure 1.
Our comprehensive model of the longevity clinic is
structured around several key components aimed at
delivering care and innovative treatments. At its core lies
the Analytical Center, a pivotal feature that drives
research, innovation, and technological advancements.
This center serves as the “brain” of the clinic, facilitating
data analysis, research initiatives, and the integration of
cutting-edge technologies. The Analytical Center, which
is pivotal for research, innovation, and technological
advancements, and its function in detail are described
below.
Clinical units within the longevity clinic are
organized to provide specialized services and diagnostic
capabilities and consist of Diagnostic Units, Diagnostic
Laboratories, and Treatment Units. The Diagnostics Units
are particularly extensive and well-equipped, offering a
wide range of tests and assessments. Many patients utilize
these diagnostic services exclusively, either for routine
health monitoring or to detect potential health issues.
These units also play a crucial role in research activities,
collecting valuable data and contributing to clinical trials.
The Diagnostic Laboratory within the clinic conducts
a variety of tests, including routine screenings, metabolic
analyses, genetic testing, and early cancer diagnostics.
Clinical imaging services encompass advanced
techniques such as MRI, sonography, and non-invasive
endoscopy, while functional diagnostics include ECG,
ABI, pulse variability monitoring, and EEG.
Treatment units focus on identifying risk factors for
chronic diseases and providing early diagnoses of organ
dysfunctions. These units offer a range of medical
specialties, including science-based medicine, preventive
medicine, longevity medicine, mental health services, and
physical therapy. Under the umbrella of science-based
medicine, the clinic offers specialized services in internal
medicine, cardiology, pulmonology, gastroenterology,
nephrology, endocrinology, neurology, ENT,
gynecology, dermatology, and sports medicine. These
specialties encompass a wide range of medical expertise,
allowing for comprehensive assessments and targeted
treatments tailored to individual patient needs. In addition
to conventional medical practices, the clinic emphasizes
modern preventive medicine, focusing on anti-aging
strategies and threpsology to optimize patient health and
vitality. Occupational medicine and environmental
medicine are also integral components of the clinic's
preventive approach, aiming to identify potential
correlations between patient health indicators and
environmental factors.
Longevity medicine represents a forward-looking
aspect of the clinic's services, prioritizing the prevention
of health risks before they manifest at clinical stages. This
proactive approach includes longitudinal measurement of
the aging clock and interventions aimed at mitigating age-
related health decline.
Mental health services and physical therapy round out
the treatment offerings, providing essential support for
patients' psychological well-being and physical
rehabilitation. Additionally, the clinic features a
pharmaceutical laboratory dedicated to the individualized
manufacture of biologically active substances, ensuring
tailored treatment regimens aligned with each patient's
unique requirements.
Additionally, the clinic features a pharmaceutical
laboratory for the individualized manufacture of
biologically active substances tailored to each patient's
needs. The variability in the speed of aging among
different organs underscores the necessity of considering
individualized diagnostic and treatment approaches to
effectively address the complexities of aging-related
diseases [7].
Support services, including general management, IT
support, hospitality and customer relations management,
and technical services, ensure the smooth operation of the
clinic. The clinic's flexibility of structure, coupled with its
focus on integrating clinical services around the
Analytical Center, distinguishes it from traditional
healthcare models. This three-level routing of patients,
combined with a scientific core, underscores the clinic's
commitment to delivering personalized care and driving
advancements in longevity medicine.
Three-Level Patient Routing System
The longevity clinic stands apart from other well-known
clinic models not only through its advanced technologies
but also through its innovative and flexible approach to
integrating new effective technologies and phasing out
outdated or unproven ones. The longevity clinic is
organized flexibly in terms of introducing new effective
technologies and eliminating outdated or unproven
technologies. Our concept includes a three-level patient
routing system to ensure comprehensive care and
continuous innovation (Fig. 2).
Level 1: Remote Monitoring and Telemedicine. At
this level, the clinic utilizes wearable devices like
smartwatches, fitness trackers, and biosensors to
continuously monitor vital signs, activity levels, sleep
patterns, and other health metrics. Artificial intelligence
algorithms analyze the large volumes of data collected
from these devices to identify potential health issues or

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Aging and Disease • Volume 16, Number 4, August 2025 6
trends. Patients have access to a user-friendly mobile app
that displays their health data, offers personalized
recommendations, and facilitates communication with the
clinic's healthcare team. Regular telemedicine
consultations via video conferencing allow for discussion
of the patient's progress, addressing concerns, and
adjusting treatment plans as needed. The clinic
implements a "clinic at home" concept, enabling patients
to perform basic diagnostic tests (e.g., blood pressure,
glucose levels) using at-home devices that automatically
sync data with the clinic's system. The most used wearable
gadgets for self-testing health parameters are listed in
Supplementary Table 3. This stage involves 24/7 patient
contact worldwide, leveraging continuous monitoring and
two-way communication [8]. The focus here is on the
continuity and volume of research rather than depth,
making medicine more accessible and convenient for
patients. Those requiring in-person examinations or
advanced diagnostics are directed to Level 2.
Level 2: In-Clinic Diagnostics and Treatment. This
level offers comprehensive health assessments using
advanced diagnostic technologies, such as whole-body
MRI scans, genetic testing, and biomarker analysis.
Personalized treatment plans are developed based on the
patient's unique genetic profile, lifestyle factors, and
health goals. The clinic incorporates cutting-edge
therapies, such as stem cell treatments, gene therapies, and
personalized pharmaceuticals, as they become available
and proven effective. Collaborations with leading
research institutions and industry partners ensure that the
clinic remains at the forefront of longevity medicine,
providing patients access to the latest evidence-based
interventions. This stage is carried out directly in the
clinic, based on the best global practices and standards,
and the clinic’s own scientific developments.
Level 3: Individualized Scientific Studies. The clinic
conducts in-depth scientific studies for patients with
complex or rare conditions to better understand the
underlying mechanisms and develop tailored treatment
approaches. Advanced technologies, such as AI-driven
data analysis, multi-omics profiling, and patient-specific
disease models (e.g., organoids, digital twins), are utilized
to gain unprecedented insights into the patient's unique
biology. The clinic collaborates with a global network of
experts across various disciplines (e.g., genetics,
bioinformatics, systems biology) to leverage collective
knowledge and accelerate discoveries. Findings from
individualized studies are published in peer-reviewed
journals, contributing to the growing body of knowledge
in longevity medicine and potentially benefiting other
patients facing similar challenges. This level represents
the highest stage of work, the most technologically
advanced and exclusive.
Figutr 2. Conceptual levels model of diagnostics in the
longevity clinic. The diagram visualizes the inverse relationship
between the level/price of medical technologies and the scale at
which they can be deployed in terms of patients served and staff
required.
By implementing this three-level approach, the
longevity clinic can provide a continuum of care that
ranges from continuous remote monitoring and early
intervention to highly personalized, cutting-edge
treatments for complex cases. The flexible and adaptable
nature of the clinic's structure allows for the rapid
integration of new technologies and the elimination of
outdated or ineffective ones, ensuring that patients always
have access to the most promising longevity
interventions.
Structure and Functions of the Analytical Center in the
Proposed Framework of Longevity Clinic
The Analytical Center is the fundamental component of a
longevity clinic, providing data obtaining, critical data
processing, analysis, and reporting capabilities to support
personalized patient care. Additionally, it plays a pivotal
role in preparing educational literature for both healthcare
professionals and patients, managing a centralized
database for efficient information retrieval, facilitating
decision support and interpretation, fostering continuous
improvement and research, and promoting patient-
provider engagement to ensure collaborative and
informed healthcare decisions (Fig. 3).
Data obtaining. Patient data is collected through a
combination of wearable devices and on-site diagnostics.
Wearable devices play a pivotal role in continuously
monitoring various aspects of patient health and quality of
life. Our proposed longevity clinic model offers a range
of devices, including multi-channel EEG bands, fitness
trackers, continuous glucose monitors, ketone meters, and
24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitors, enabling
comprehensive data collection and analysis.

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Aging and Disease • Volume 16, Number 4, August 2025 7
Figure 3. Analytical Center Data Flow and Analytics Workflow. The Analytical Center of the longevity clinic is crucial for
personalized patient care, utilizing advanced technologies and machine learning algorithms to acquire, process, and analyze health data
from wearable devices and diagnostic tools. This system generates reports for patient stratification, predictive analytics, clinical decision
support, and anomaly detection, enabling proactive and personalized healthcare delivery.
In our proposed framework for a longevity clinic, the
acquisition of datasets for our algorithms is paramount to
ensuring comprehensive and effective patient care.
Leveraging diverse sources, such as patient records,
research databases, wearable devices, genomic databases,
population health surveys, and clinical guidelines and
literature, our Analytical Center aims to develop
sophisticated algorithms tailored to individual patient
profiles. Surveillance systems can be used to integrate
multiple data sources [9].
Data processing. Analytical Center, as a part of the
proposed frameworkfor the longevity clinic, will utilize
advanced data processing and machine learning
algorithms to extract actionable insights from patient data,
generate analythical report models and enhance
personalized care strategies.
To analyze patient data and generate insights, our
model employs several algorithms, including clustering
algorithms like K-means, hierarchical clustering, and
phenotype clustering. These algorithms group patients
with similar health profiles or identify patterns in patient
data and help to stratify patients based on shared
characteristics, enabling targeted interventions and care
strategies [10-13]. For example, K-means can segment
patients based on their metabolic profiles, while
hierarchical clustering can create dendrograms illustrating
relationships among different patient groups.
Classification algorithms such as decision trees and
support vector machines (SVMs) predict patient outcomes
or categorize patients based on specific health attributes.
Decision trees might be used to determine the likelihood
of a patient developing cardiovascular disease [14], while
SVMs can classify patients into different risk categories,
such as diabetes [15]. Time series analysis methods,
including ARIMA and exponential smoothing, monitor
and forecast patient health trends over time, e.g. ARIMA
can predict future blood pressure trends based on
historical data [16, 17], while exponential smoothing can
track changes in a patient's weight. Association rule
mining techniques uncover relationships between patient
characteristics, treatments, and outcomes and can reveal
associations between specific dietary habits and
improvements in biomarkers, e.g. cholesterol level [18].
Additionally, traditionally anomaly detection
algorithms like isolation forests and local outlier factor, as
well as the recently developed isolation-based outlying
scoring measure SiNNE, will help identify unusual patient
cases or potential health risks [19].
Data reporting. Based on those algorithms Analytical
Center will generate the following:
Patient stratification reports grouping patients by
common attributes for targeted interventions.
Predictive analytics reports forecasting individual
patient trajectories and population-level trends.
Clinical decision support providing personalized
treatment recommendations based on similar patient
outcomes.
Automated detection of anomalies in patient data
triggering alerts for potential issues needing attention
Interactive dashboards visualizing patient clusters,
risk profiles, care gaps, and key performance metrics.
The analytical reports generated by these algorithms
utilize various 2D models, such as heatmaps to visualize
correlations between patient attributes, treatments, and
outcomes; Sankey diagrams to illustrate patient flows
through different stages of care; radar charts to compare

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Aging and Disease • Volume 16, Number 4, August 2025 8
multiple patient attributes or outcomes simultaneously,
e.g. to display a patient's physical activity, diet quality,
sleep patterns, and stress levels, helping identify areas
needing attention; and funnel plots to visualize the
performance of different treatments or interventions.
These models provide clear, actionable insights for
clinicians and decision-makers.
Integration of AI in the Analytical Center: The
incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) into our
Analytical Center presents a transformative opportunity to
revolutionize patient care within the longevity clinic. By
harnessing AI-powered algorithms for data processing
and analysis, our Analytical Center can efficiently analyze
vast datasets to uncover nuanced patterns and insights,
enhancing our understanding of patient health and
treatment outcomes. AI-driven analytics enable longevity
clinics to deeply phenotype each patient's unique aging
process, identify the key levers to target, and continuously
personalize interventions over time. As AI systems
become more sophisticated, they may be able to replace
some of the manual testing and integrate data from
multiple clinics, greatly increasing the predictive power
and scalability of longevity medicine [20]. However,
expert physician oversight remains crucial to ensure
responsible use of AI recommendations in patient care
[21].
Functions of Analytical Center: The primary function
of the Analytical Center is to generate comprehensive
analytical reports leveraging all available patient data,
facilitated by robust data processing and machine learning
algorithms. These reports serve as invaluable tools for
healthcare professionals, providing deep insights and
actionable recommendations to optimize patient care and
treatment strategies [22]. Through meticulous data
analysis and algorithmic methodologies, the Center
empowers clinicians with evidence-based insights,
ultimately enhancing diagnostic accuracy, treatment
efficacy, and patient outcomes.
Creation of a comprehensive health profile of a
patient, which offers a concise, visually accessible
compilation of the patient's medical history, current
condition, ongoing progress, needs, lifestyle, and
treatment response. It integrates analytical reports data,
biochemical, genetic, and functional results from various
assessments and employs dynamic formats like graphs,
CT scans, MRI images, ultrasound imaging, and 3D
visualizations for enhanced comprehension. It is
presented with the help of the Medical Visualization
System in dynamic formats and are periodically updated.
Provision of Information Technology Support for
Medical Staff. The Analytical Center is staffed by
specialists proficient in handling medical information
systems, scripting programming languages, data mining,
spreadsheets, 3D visualizations, and remote
communications. These experts assist doctors with
documentation, medical data processing and
visualization, remote support, health coaching, and
videoconferencing for second opinions.
Collaborative decision-making for patient treatment
optimization. In our proposed framework, every specialist
communicates their findings to the chief physician or
curator, leading to a collective decision on treatment
strategies. This process integrates objective and
subjective data, along with predictions from algorithm
models, with proper validation [23], to tailor treatments
and adjust strategies based on patient responses. Emphasis
is placed on risk assessment and disease prevention, with
consideration given to biomarkers of aging [24-26],
functional status, and lifestyle factors. Data from various
sources, including fitness trackers, bioimpedance
imaging, medical devices, and predictive algorithms, is
consolidated to inform decision-making. Consultation
with additional specialists such as psychologists,
psychotherapists, nutritionists, and health coaches ensure
a holistic approach to patient care.
Development of patient-centric treatment
presentation and engagement protocol. Following the
assessment provided by the comprehensive health profile,
a customized presentation is prepared for the patient. This
presentation outlines a tailored recovery strategy and
empowers and motivates the patient to actively engage in
their health journey. Significant lifestyle adjustments are
discussed and implemented through collaborative efforts
between the clinic's specialists and the patient. In some
cases, the presentation may underscore the necessity of
surgical intervention or specialized examinations. After
the initial presentation, the doctor-curator and the patient
mutually decide whether to proceed with a subscription
agreement.
Development of personalized recommendations for
nutrition, physical activity, stress management, and other
factors are provided based on objective evaluations,
anamnesis, and examination results. These tailored
guidelines include diet plans, physical activity
recommendations, and stress management techniques.
Creating and Upholding a Database System. The
Analytical Center actively researches and maintains a
database of over 300 esteemed medical institutions and an
extensive network of 2000 healthcare professionals for
patient referrals and consultations.
Preparation of Analytical Materials. Systematic
reviews, clinical and preclinical studies on medical
technologies for specific ailments are examined, and
digests are compiled and disseminated to healthcare
professionals. These materials are also used for
organizing scientific seminars.
Compilation of medical updates for physicians. The
center collects and summarizes new developments in

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Aging and Disease • Volume 16, Number 4, August 2025 9
medical technology, diagnostic methods, and treatments,
ensuring doctors have access to the latest insights.
Abstracts and analytical reviews on requested topics are
also provided.
Synopses of Medical Literature and News Updates.
Popular science literature is synthesized into concise
abstracts for patients, offering informational support and
enhancing patient involvement, compliance, and
motivation.
Supporting of communication platform via
messenger bot. A messenger bot system facilitates
streamlined communication between the clinic and
patients. Patients can upload data such as lab results, diet
photos, and fitness tracker readings. The system analyzes
this information and provides personalized
recommendations for further examinations, specialist
consultations, and lifestyle adjustments.
Personnel policy in the proposed longevity clinic
framework
The longevity clinic is a unique organization with a
unique product, even if it belongs to a network structure.
The medical staff and location of the clinic will be unique
in each case, and they are key factors in the clinic's
effectiveness.
Hiring an international team can benefit a longevity
clinic, including access to a diverse talent pool with
different perspectives, skills, and cultural backgrounds.
This can increase innovation, creativity, and problem-
solving capabilities and improve communication and
collaboration across global teams.
However, hiring an international team can present
challenges such as language barriers, cultural differences,
and legal requirements for employing non-citizens.
Managing teams across different time zones can also
present logistical challenges, and differences in work
styles and expectations may need to be addressed.
Additionally, extra costs may be associated with
relocation, work visas, and language training for
international team members.
It's essential to recognize that people from different
countries may have different mentalities and work styles,
impacting how they approach work and collaboration in a
longevity clinic.
Here are some examples:
Communication style: People from some countries
may have more direct communication styles, while others
may prefer indirect language or avoid confrontation. This
can impact how team members give and receive feedback,
resolve conflicts, and share ideas.
Work ethic: People from different countries may
approach work and productivity differently. Some
cultures may value long hours and dedication to work,
while others may prioritize work-life balance and taking
breaks throughout the day.
Decision-making: In some cultures, decisions are
made by a single authority figure, while in others,
decisions are made by consensus or after extensive
discussion. This can impact how team members make
decisions and how they approach problem-solving.
Time management: Cultural differences may exist in
how people approach time management and deadlines.
Some cultures may prioritize punctuality and meeting
deadlines, while others may have a more flexible
approach to time.
It's important to recognize and respect these cultural
differences and to build a work culture that values
diversity and encourages collaboration across different
mentalities and work styles. By doing so, you can leverage
the strengths of each team member and build a more
robust and effective team for your longevity clinic.
Medical technologies in the longevity clinic
Medical technologies and their classification
Longevity clinics employ a mix of established and
emerging technologies. These medical technologies
encompass a wide range of diagnostic, therapeutic, and
preventive tools that address age-related health concerns
and optimize longevity outcomes. Medical technologies
can be classified based on various criteria, including their
validity, reliability, applicability, and based on the
principle of function or purpose.
Medical technologies classified based on their
primary function and purpose encompass diagnostic
technologies, including various imaging modalities like
whole-body MRI and PET scans to detect early signs of
disease, alongside laboratory tests such as comprehensive
blood biomarker panels, whole genome sequencing to
analyze DNA and identify disease risks, epigenetic tests
to determine biological age, and clinical assessments
including physical examinations and cognitive
assessments. Some clinically available aging biomarkers
are listed in Supplementary Table 4. Treatment
technologies include pharmacological treatments like
medications, geroprotective supplements use [27-31]
(Supplementary Table 5), therapies like physiotherapy to
improve fitness (Supplementary Table 6), as well as
alternative therapies such as acupuncture and chiropractic
care. As an example of non-invasive non-
pharmacological therapy, the potential benefits of medical
spa treatments in reducing biological age were described
as a part of the Kivach Clinic program [32].
Longevity clinics also may offer cutting-edge
experimental therapies; this category encompasses
innovative approaches like epigenetic reprogramming to

Mironov S., et al. Framework for a Longevity Clinic
Aging and Disease • Volume 16, Number 4, August 2025 10
reverse cellular aging, senolytics to selectively remove
senescent cells, gene therapies, nanomedicine, and
treatments such as young blood transfusions and plasma
exchange. Some of these technologies hold great promise,
for example, the study by Gilmutdinova et al. (2023) [33]
demonstrates that therapeutic plasmapheresis effectively
reduces aging biomarkers in individuals aged 40-60,
highlighting its potential for treating age-related diseases.
The procedure showed significant decreases in various
biomarkers without adverse reactions, indicating its safety
and tolerability. Implementing plasmapheresis in clinical
practice could lead to novel treatments for chronic age-
related conditions, potentially increasing life expectancy
and improving quality of life. Digital health technologies
consist of health information systems like electronic
health records and telemedicine platforms for video
consultations, while health monitoring devices such as
wearable fitness trackers and smartwatches enable
continuous health monitoring. Additionally, preventive
and wellness technologies offer lifestyle interventions like
tailored exercise and fitness regimens, nutrition plans
based on individual needs, and preventive screenings.
Finally, therapeutic technologies encompass regenerative
medicine with stem cell therapy, hormone replacement
therapy, precision medicine including targeted therapies,
and integrative medicine incorporating mind-body
therapies and mindfulness-based stress reduction.
Based on validity, diagnostic medical technologies
can be evidence-based, like comprehensive blood panels
measuring biomarkers of aging and disease risk, or
experimental, such as various clocks estimating biological
age [34], some of which are presented in Supplementary
Table 7. These biological age clocks provide valuable
information about an individual's biological age, which
may differ from their chronological age. By assessing
biological age using these methods, longevity clinics can
identify individuals at higher risk of age-related diseases
and mortality and develop targeted interventions to slow
the aging process and promote healthy longevity.
Additionally, these clocks can be used to monitor the
effectiveness of interventions over time, helping to
optimize personalized treatment plans for everyone.
Regarding reliability, established technologies
include electrocardiograms (ECG) for assessing heart
health, while developing technologies encompass AI-
powered analysis of health data to predict disease risk and
guide personalized interventions. Accessibility further
divides technologies into those widely available, like
blood pressure monitoring, and those with limited
availability, such as whole genome sequencing for
personalized risk assessments. For treatment
technologies, the classifications follow similar lines.
Validity includes evidence-based approaches like
personalized nutrition plans and experimental methods
like young blood plasma transfusions NCT02803554
[35]. Reliability differentiates between established
programs, such as targeted physical activity for improving
strength and cardiovascular health [36] and developing
methods like cryotherapy for inflammation reduction [37,
38]. Applicability ranges from general-purpose stress
management therapies to disease-specific treatments like
hormone replacement therapy for age-related declines.
Lastly, accessibility distinguishes widely available
nutritional supplements from emerging technologies like
stem cell therapies and regenerative medicine [39].
We would also like to introduce a classification of
medical technologies developed by us, based on their
market dynamics and adoption trends within the
healthcare industry. Based on the performed analysis, we
propose to divide medical technologies in the longevity
clinic into stable, growing, popular, and vulnerable
positions. Each category is accompanied by a detailed
characterization and recommendations for their utilization
in longevity clinics, as outlined in Supplementary Table
8.
Diagnostic and curative longevity programs
The goal of the longevity clinic is to meet the needs of
patients and is to achieve active longevity. The
technologies used for this may change according to the
latest developments in biotechnology. At the same time,
it is not certain technologies that are important for the
patient, but the achievement of the above-mentioned
overall result. That is why we concluded that medical
technologies in the longevity clinic should be combined
into complexes called programs. Programs can be
diagnostic and curative and can combine both
components. The programs differ in the tasks to be solved,
the depth of diagnosis or correction, as well as the cost.
Longevity clinics offer comprehensive diagnostic
programs to assess an individual's health status and
biological age. Biological age predictors, validated in
large cohorts, show promise for improving health
monitoring and life expectancy estimation in clinical
practice, though further refinement is necessary for
widespread adoption [40]. The general concept behind
these functional system check-ups is to provide a
comprehensive, data-driven assessment of an individual's
health status and aging trajectory. By identifying potential
health risks and areas for optimization early on, longevity
clinics aim to develop targeted, personalized interventions
to improve healthspan and lifespan.
The first step always includes health assessments,
conducted by extensive evaluations of medical history,
questionaries (Supplementary Table 9), physical
examinations, and various clinical tests to detect early
signs of age-related functional decline. These assessments

Mironov S., et al. Framework for a Longevity Clinic
Aging and Disease • Volume 16, Number 4, August 2025 11
may include cognitive, mental, and social interaction
evaluations, as well as assessments of sleep quality,
nutritional status, and physical performance.
Questionnaires provide a comprehensive assessment of
psychological well-being, personality traits, quality of
life, and loneliness, all of which are important factors to
consider in the context of a longevity clinic. By using
these tools, clinicians can gain valuable insights into an
individual's overall health and well-being and develop
personalized interventions to promote healthy aging and
longevity.
Our proposed framework encompasses a
comprehensive health assessment, covering a wide range
of parameters aimed at providing a thorough evaluation of
an individual's overall well-being. This assessment delves
into various aspects, including functional system check-
ups, anthropological markers, metabolic profiles, and
anamnesis to gather medical history. Additionally, it
evaluates immune system functionality, respiratory
health, inflammatory markers, and liver function. Genetic
markers and epigenetic influences, alongside assessments
of cardiovascular health, microbiota, and digestive system
function, are also considered. Psycho-physiological
parameters, musculoskeletal health, sensory functions,
and psycho-emotional well-being are examined to provide
a holistic view of the individual's health. Dental health,
daily regime, nasopharynx health, diet, hormonal balance,
and physical activity patterns are further evaluated,
alongside factors such as cancer risks, stress levels, and
blood system health. This proposed frameworkenables
tailored health management strategies and facilitates
preventive care measures to optimize overall health and
well-being.
Examples of diagnostic programs encompassed by
our proposed model of a longevity clinic are presented in
Supplementary Table 10.
DISCUSSION
Based on the analysis of various longevity clinics
worldwide, it is evident that the field of longevity
medicine is rapidly evolving but still faces significant
challenges and limitations. The current state can be
characterized as a patchwork of cutting-edge diagnostics,
experimental therapies, and personalized lifestyle
interventions aimed at extending healthspan and lifespan.
However, there is a lack of standardization, regulatory
oversight, and robust evidence for many of the approaches
being utilized. The field of longevity medicine is still
evolving, with ongoing debates about the most effective
diagnostic tests, interventions, and outcome measures [41,
42]. The landscape of longevity clinics is diverse, ranging
from luxury wellness resorts to medically focused centers.
Leading clinics (see Supplementary Table 2) combine
advanced diagnostics like whole genome sequencing,
body imaging, and in-depth blood biomarker analysis
with personalized treatment plans. These plans span
nutrition, exercise, stress management, supplementation,
and sometimes experimental regenerative medicine
therapies. However, the field is rife with ethical and
scientific concerns, including the marketing of unproven
and expensive treatments, risks of unnecessary testing and
overdiagnosis, and the use of interventions lacking
convincing safety and efficacy data. Regulatory and
ethical challenges also need to be addressed [1].
Longevity medicine aims to redefine aging as a
treatment condition and shift healthcare from disease
treatment to prevention and optimization. It aims to
extend healthspan by targeting aging mechanisms and
optimizing biological age. ICD-11's classification of
aging as a disease supports this approach, fostering
advancements in treatments that enhance both healthspan
and lifespan [43].
However, this framing remains controversial, with
concerns about overpromising and creating unrealistic
expectations. Scientifically, while clinics utilize some
evidence-based interventions, they also offer an array of
experimental diagnostics and therapies backed by
minimal clinical research. This underscores the urgent
need for further clinical trials and research related to
aging. Longevity clinics can play a crucial role in this
ecosystem, providing valuable data and serving as sites
for clinical trials [44].
Given these limitations, further research is required to
establish scientific consensus, develop validated
protocols, and consider socioeconomic factors. The
Longevity clinic framework, proposed in this study, while
offering a detailed concept, may not capture all the
alternative approaches and best practices in this rapidly
evolving field. As the field matures, it will be crucial to
continually reassess and refine the recommendations for
building longevity clinics. Future research should focus
on evaluating the effectiveness of different clinic models,
identifying key success factors, and establishing industry-
wide standards.
Artificial intelligence (AI) holds significant potential
in the field of longevity, offering advanced diagnostic and
predictive capabilities [45]. AI is poised to play an
increasingly vital role in the development and operation
of longevity clinics in the coming years [46]. By
leveraging machine learning algorithms and vast amounts
of health data, AI can enable more precise, personalized,
and proactive approaches to extending healthspan and
lifespan. In longevity clinics, AI can be used to analyze an
individual's genetic, epigenetic, and biomarker data to
predict their risk of age-related diseases and identify
optimal preventive interventions and treatments. AI can
also power digital health tools that continuously monitor

Mironov S., et al. Framework for a Longevity Clinic
Aging and Disease • Volume 16, Number 4, August 2025 12
key health metrics, detect early signs of decline, and
provide real-time guidance to patients. Furthermore, AI is
accelerating the discovery of new drugs and therapies to
target the biological processes of aging. As AI continues
to advance, longevity clinics will be able to offer
increasingly sophisticated and effective services to help
people maintain optimal health and vitality well into old
age [47]. The integration of AI into longevity medicine
represents a major step towards a future where extended
healthy lifespans are accessible to all.
Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly
being integrated into longevity medicine. LLMs are
employed to analyze complex biological data, identify
molecular pathways, and develop therapeutic
interventions aimed at extending healthy lifespan [48].
As a rule, the concept of the clinic is largely
determined by society's needs and investors' interests. We
held several negotiations with potential investors, several
of which led to successful cooperation and the creation of
clinics in the required format. Therefore, we analyzed the
current demographic situation and the situation in the
global market for medical services and biotechnologies.
Despite fluctuations and declines in overall market
conditions, investment in longevity continues to grow
steadily. The economic justification and investment
potential of longevity clinics are becoming increasingly
evident as the global longevity market is projected to
reach around $600 billion by 2025. Venture capital
investment in longevity clinics more than doubled from
2021 to 2022, reaching $57 billion, with a rapid expansion
of new clinics opening across the US, Switzerland, and
the UK (www.alliedmarketresearch.com/longevity-and-
anti-senescence-therapy-market-A14010).
This growth is driven by several factors. Firstly, the
demographic trend of an aging population is a crucial
driver of investment in longevity. As the global
population ages, there is a growing demand for innovative
solutions to age-related diseases and conditions.
Secondly, there is increasing recognition of the economic
and social benefits of the investment in longevity. Longer
and healthier lives can improve productivity, reduce
healthcare costs, and increase economic growth.
Additionally, a growing awareness of the social and
ethical implications in an aging population has led to a
greater focus on developing solutions to improve health
span and quality of life in later years.
Investors who are interested in longevity clinics come
from a variety of backgrounds, including:
Venture capitalists: Venture capitalists are typically
interested in investing in high-growth, innovative start-
ups. Longevity clinics developing novel therapies,
technologies, and business models to improve health span
and extend lifespan are often attractive investment
opportunities for venture capitalists.
Private equity firms: Private equity firms may be
interested in investing in longevity clinics that are more
established and have a proven track record of success.
These firms may provide funding for expansion or
acquisition opportunities.
Figure 4. Functions and Concept of Longevity Clinics. Longevity clinics provide comprehensive check-ups, utilize monitoring
devices, and conduct thorough aging evaluations. They develop personalized care plans based on these evaluations, focusing on
preventive and proactive health strategies. Continuous care and regular monitoring ensure that treatment plans are adjusted as needed
to optimize patient health and longevity. The clinics also facilitate patient education and engagement, fostering a collaborative approach
to health management.

Mironov S., et al. Framework for a Longevity Clinic
Aging and Disease • Volume 16, Number 4, August 2025 13
Angel investors: Angel investors are typically high-
net-worth individuals who invest in early-stage
companies. Angel investors passionate about the potential
for longevity clinics to improve health outcomes and
extend lifespan may be interested in funding these start-
ups.
Corporate investors: Large pharmaceutical
companies, health insurers, and other healthcare providers
may be interested in investing in longevity clinics to
diversify their portfolios and gain exposure to emerging
trends in the field.
Philanthropists: Philanthropists passionate about
improving public health and promoting social welfare
may be interested in funding longevity clinics that are
focused on developing therapies and technologies to
combat age-related diseases and conditions.
Overall, investors interested in longevity clinics are
often motivated by financial and social considerations.
They recognize the potential for these clinics to drive
innovation, improve health outcomes, and extend lifespan
while also providing attractive returns on investment.
In conclusion, longevity clinics offer an innovative
solution to the challenges of an aging global population
by focusing on preclinical prevention through aging
clocks and biomarkers (Fig. 4). Our proposed longevity
clinic model integrates a versatile structure with the
Analytical Center at its core, driving research and
innovation. Clinical units provide specialized services and
diagnostics, with a focus on proactive interventions in
longevity medicine. Support services ensure smooth
operations, reflecting our commitment to personalized
care and advancements in longevity science. Our
framework ensures flexibility by dividing medical
technologies into stable, growing, popular, and vulnerable
positions, continuously evaluating and updating them. By
centering medical processes around the Analytical Center,
longevity clinics can drive innovation, maintain classical
diagnostic and treatment methods, and provide high-
quality, cost-effective medical services.
Longevity clinics should establish robust cooperation
with scientific longevity centers to maximize the efficacy
of longevity therapies. By systematically collecting and
analyzing biomarker data and assessing the influence of
various treatments, clinics can generate valuable datasets
for scientific centers. This collaboration enables the
comprehensive processing and validation of therapeutic
efficacy, creating a feedback loop that enhances
intervention precision. Additionally, longevity clinics can
serve as pivotal sites for clinical trials, facilitating
groundbreaking research and the translation of scientific
discoveries into practice. This dual role positions
longevity clinics as attractive investment opportunities
poised to disrupt traditional healthcare models and
significantly enhance human lifespan.
Author’s contributions
The manuscript was conceived and designed
collaboratively by all the authors. Sergey Mironov,
drawing on his 10-year experience as Chief Medical
Officer and Medical Doctor, drafted the initial version of
the paper, detailing longevity clinic programs and
investment economic concepts. Olga Borysova revised
the manuscript in response to reviewer comments,
formulated and described data processing algorithms and
analytical report models with illustrations, updated and
added new tables, updated discussion section and
analytical center section, and restructured the paper. Ivan
Morgunov contributed to the initial draft and wrote
several additional sections. Zhongjun Zhou co-authored
the concept, authored the section on medical technologies
in longevity clinics. Alexey Moskalev co-authored the
concept, developed the initial paper structure, and revised
the text and images. All authors reviewed and approved
the final version of the manuscript.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing
financial interests or personal relationships that could
have appeared to influence the work reported in this
paper.
Supplementary material
The Supplementary data can be found online at:
www.aginganddisease.org/EN/10.14336/AD.2024.0328.
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