Available via license: CC BY 4.0
Content may be subject to copyright.
Review Article
TRADITIONALLY USED MEDICINAL PLANTS FOR WOUND HEALING IN THIRUVALLUR
DISTRICT, TAMIL NADU, INDIA
KASINATHAN I. D.1*, UMA S.1, ELUMALAI K.2, KAVITHA MANIVANNAN3, MALATHI RAMASAMY4
1TVM Academy of Health Science, TVM, Nagar, Podaturpet, Pallipat Taluk, Tiruvallur-631208, Tamil Nadu, India. 1School of
Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulthur-603203, Tamil Nadu, India. 2Department of Zoology, Government Arts College, Nandanam,
Chennai-600035, India. 3Department of Microbiology, Tharb Camel Hospital, Qatar, India. 4Biotechnology, CDOE, Bharathidasan
University, Tiruchirappalli-620024, Tamil Nadu, India
*Corresponding author: Kasinathan I. D.; *Email: dridkasi@gmail.com
Received: 12 Apr 2024, Revised and Accepted: 03 Jun 2024
ABSTRACT
The present study aims to enumerate the ethno-medicinal uses of plants by the Irular communities residing around the T hiruvallur district. The
medicinal use of (49) plants belonging to 39 families was identified and recorded by the tribes, along with their botanical identities and methods of
drug preparation. The drugs administered locally to heal wounds, including antibiotics, antiseptics, etc., and the necessary information related to the
traditional medicinal plants were highlighted in this paper. Wound healing activity is a cellular and biochemical process for restoring the original
structure and functions of damaged tissue. The wound may occur from a physical, chemical, thermal, microbial, or immunological insult to the
tissues. Various parts of the plants have been in use for several years in tribal communities, traditionally for treating many diseases like skin, colic,
sores, cancer, etc. Due to their minimal side effects. The natural agents present in the plants induce wound healing and regeneration from tissue loss
by multiple mechanisms. Plant extracts have immense potential for the treatment of wound healing activity. In this review, we focused on the
wound healing activity with the pharmacological process of medicinal plants.
Keywords: Medicinal plant, Wound healing, Traditional, Regeneration
© 2024 The Authors. Published by Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2024v16i4.4086 Journal homepage: https://innovareacad emics.in/journals/index.php/ijcpr
INTRODUCTION
The medicinal plant was used to treat a wide range of illnesses
and accounts for a sizable amount of the global pharma industry
based on the know ledge of different traditional medicines such
as Ayurveda, Siddha, a nd Unani. India has a wide variety of
traditio ns in medicine. Since India is rich in biodiversity of plant
reso urces, about 5000 species were utilized in the Indian system
of folk medicines [1-4]. During the last few decades, there has
been an i ncreasing inter est in medicinal plants and their
traditio nal use [5-9]. People have in-depth knowledge about
medicinal plants from their ancestors through problem-solving
attempts in rural India [10]. Countries with a lower standard of
living adopt therapeutic plants as their backbone. Hence, indigenous
medicines are in great demand throughout the world as a source of
emergency health care and in zero hours, owing to their qualities of
biological and pharmacological activity and cost-effectiveness [11].
For thousands of years, the natural sources of medicinal treatments
from plant-based systems have played an endless role in the
primary health care of 80% of the world’s developing and developed
countries [12]. Ancient people used different parts of the plant-leaf
bark, stem, root, etc.-to treat and prevent many ailments [13].
Wound infections are common in developing countries because of
poor hygienic conditions [14]. In this context, wounds are physical
injuries that result in an opening or breaking of the skin. A technique
for wound healing is essential for the restoration of disrupted
anatomical continuity and disturbed function of the skin [15]. Three
main stages comprise the healing process: the inflammatory phase,
the proliferating phase, and the remodeling phase, which eventually
determines the strength and presence of the mended tissue [16].
Wound healing starts by replacing the damaged tissue with new
tissue. Many biochemical steps take place to repair it. The healing
process involves many steps involving coagulation, inflammation,
granulation tissue formation, matrix formation, remodeling of
connective tissue, and collagenization [17]. In the modern
biomedical sciences, research on wound healing agents is one of the
developing areas. Many traditional practitioners globally, especially
in countries like India and China, have priceless information on
several predominantly known and unknown wild plants for treating
wounds [18]. The potential of Traditional medical practices, which
have been practiced for centuries in Africa and Asia, to treat
disorders related to wound healing is being studied scientifically
[19]. Herbal medicines in wound healing involve disinfection,
debridement, and providing a suitable environment for the natural
wound healing process [20]. Healing involved continuous
interactions between cells and the cell matrix that allowed the
process to proceed in three overlapping phases: the inflammatory
phase (0–3d), cellular proliferation or proliferative phase (3–12 d),
and remodeling phase (3–6 mo) [21, 22], used for medicinal plants
in wound healers. The literature survey depicts that raw materials
for drugs used in altered conditions of wounds such as ulcers,
maggots, syphilitic ulcers, septic wounds, cellulitis, cumulative
ulcers, diabetic carbuncle, and other related disorders were from
natural resources. More than 70% of wound healing pharma
products are plant-based, 20% are mineral-based, and the
remaining contain animal products as their ingredients. Plant-based
materials are used as first aid, coagulants, antiseptics, wound wash,
and removal of pus in infected areas [23]. Several species, including
Centella Asiatica, Curcuma longa, Paeonia, and Suffruticose, are
popular wound healing products used by several cultures and ethnic
groups. The popularity and evidence of continued use indicate that
there are still lessons to be learned from traditional practice. Natural
products and their derivatives are undescribed, unexplored
combinations and compounds that would have a place in the
contemporary therapeutic inventory [24]. The present study focused
on the medicinal plants for wound healing in Thiruvallur dist. by
gathering information from the localities. The pharmacological
processes of medicinal plants.
Study area and ethnobotanical survey
Thiruvallur quarter, geographically latitude 12° 15 and #39; N and
13° 15 and #39; N, longitude 79° 15 and #39; E, and 80° 20E, is
bounded by the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Vellore quarter of
Tamil Nadu and Chittoor, the Nellore quarter of Andhra Pradesh on
the west, and the Kanchipuram quarter in the south. The littoral
region of this quarter is substantially flat, while some areas in
Pallipattu and Tiruttani taluks are undulated and indeed hilly. The
International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research
ISSN- 0975-7066 Vo l 16, Issue 4, 2024
K. I. D. et al.
Int J Curr Pharm Res, Vol 16, Issue 4, 1-6
2
soil types generally in this quarter are red-calcareous and littoral
alluvial. Sandy soil mixed with soda pop or other alkali is also set up.
The soil set up in the littoral region is of the erinaceous type suitable
for the Casuarina tree. The average downfall of the quarter is 1104.4
mm, of which the northeast thunderstorm contributes to the tune of
690 mm. The average maximum temperature endured this quarter
is 37.9 °C, and the minimum is 18.5 °C. This quarter exhibits both
civic and pastoral characteristics. The total mortal pool deals with
husbandry; this quarter is one of the fastest-developing sections of
Tamil Nadu in terms of industries. The information was collected
through group conversations and interviews with gardeners and
other people. A field note was assigned for each factory account and
given with the following details: binomial name, family, original
name, part used, and remedial uses.
Traditional healers (Local)
Information was compiled about the traditional drugs used for
crack-healing action in the Thiruvallur district. Traditional healers
with practical knowledge of drugs w ere canvassed 25, using
questionnaires, interviews, and conversations in their original
dialect. Indigenous medicament used for promoting crack heal was
gathered from the folk healers and senior citizens and endured
individuals rehearsing native drugs. The knowledge of medicinal
plants among the people of this district leans on beliefs and
compliances. This knowledge has been passed on from generation to
generation but vanishes instantly.
Plants
Sidacordifolia l. Moringaoleifera l. lantana camera l. Aloe vera, Acalypha
indica, Centella asitica, Catharanthus roseus, Anisomeles malabarica l,
Gymnema sylvestre, Eclipa alba l, and Hemidesmus indicas. The
information on these plants was collected by group discussions and
interviews with gardeners and local people. A field note was assigned
for each plant material and documented with the following details
binomial name, family, local name, parts used, and therapeutic uses.
Table 1 represents a list of plant parts utilized in the preliminary
work, A total of 49 plant species have been found in wound healing
treatment in this place, and a comprehensive list will be completed
in survey and sampling. We have depicted enormously used plants
in the traditional medicine of India which have ethnobotanical
references, supporting oral information from local tribes and Vaidas.
Even though traditional medicines offer a safe and inexpensive
approach to treating wounds and burns, they have not received
adequate attention.
Table 1: Medicinal plants with wound healing activity
Plant name
Family
Vernacular name
Part use
Abrusprecatorius linn
Fabaceae
Kunri
Seeds
Acacia arabicaWilld
Mimosaceae
Karuvelam
Leaf, Bark
Acalyphaindica
Euphorbiaceae
Kuppaimeni
Leaf
Achyranthusaspera linn
Amaranthaceae
Naayuruvi
Whole plant
Acoruscalamus linn
Araceae
Vasambu
Root
AdathodavasicaNees
Acanthaceae
Aadaathodai
Leaf
Aeglemarmelos
Rutaceae
Vilvam
Leaf, Stem
Aloe vera linn.
Lilliaceae
Katralai
Leaf
Anisomelesmalabarica (L.) R. Br. Ex. Sims
Lamiaceae
Paeimiratti
Stem
Annonasquamosa linn.
Annonaceae
Sitapzhalam
Root, leaf
Azadirachtaindica A. Juss.
Meliaceae
Vemmpu
Leaf
Bambusabambos (L.) Voss.
Poaceae
Moongil
Stem, Root
Bauhinia purpurea linn.
Caesalpeniaceae
Mandarai
Flower, Fruit
Blepharismaderaspatensis (L.) Roth.
Acanthaceae
Vettukaayapachilai
Leaf
Calotropisgigantea (Linn.) R. Br. ex Ait
Asclepiadaceae
Erukku
Leaf
Catharanthusroseus l. G. Don
Apocynaceae
Nithyakalyani
Leaf
Centellaasiatica (Linn.) Urban.
Apiaceae
Vallaarai
Whole Plant
Citrus medica linn.
Rutaceae
Narthankai
Fruit
Cocciniaindica WandA.
Cucurbitaceae
Kovvai
Whole Plant
Cynodondactylon Pers.
Poaceae
Arugampullu
Whole plant
Daturametel linn.
Solanaceae
Oomatthai
Whole Plant, leaf
Dolichosbiflorus linn.
Fabaceae
Kollu
Whole Plant, seeds
Eclipta alba (Linn.) Hassk.
Asteraceae
Karisalaankanni
Whole Plant
EmlicaofficinalisGaertn.
Euphorbiaceae
Nellikkaai
Fruit
Erythrinaindica lam.
Fabaceae
Kaliyanamurunkkai
Stem, Seed, leaf
Euphorbia hirta linn.
Euphorbiaceae
Ammanphachharisi
Leaf
Ficusbenghalensis linn.
Moraceae
Alamaram
Bark, leaf, Seed
Ficusreligiosa linn.
Moraceae
Araasamaram
Whole Plant
Gymnemasylvestre R. Br.
Asclepiadaceae
Shirukurinjan
Leaf
Hemidesmusindicus (L.) R. Br.
Asclepiadaceae
Nannaari
Root
Jatrophacurcus linn.
Euphorbiaceae
Kattuammanaku
Leaf
Lantana camara linn.
Verbenaceae
Unnicheddi
Whole Plant
Madhukaindica J F Gmel.
Sapotaceae
Ielupai
Whole Plant
Meliaazedarach linn.
Meliaceae
Malaivemmpu
Leaf
Mimosa pudica linn.
Mimosaceae
Thottasurungi
Whole Plant
Moringaoliefera lam.
Moringaceae
Murungai
Whole Plant
Murryayakoenginii (Linn.) Spreng.
Rutaceae
Karuveppilai
Whole Plant, leaf
Musa paradisiaca linn.
Musaceae
Vaazhai
Whole Plant
Neriumindicum Mill.
Apocynaceae
Arali
Root
PlectranthuscoleoidesBenth.
Lamiaceae
Omavallichedi
Leaf
Pongamiaglabra Vent.
Fabaceae
Pungam
Leaf, Seeds
Portulacaquadrifida linn.
Portulacaceae
Serupasalaikeerai
Leaf
Psidiumguajava linn.
Myrtaceae
Koyya
Leaf, Fruit
Sidacordifolia (Linn)
Malvaceae
Nillathuthi
Root
Solanumnigrum l.
Solanaceae
Manathakkali
Leaf
Syzygiumcuminii (Linn.) Skeels
Myrtaceae
Naval
Stem, Seeds
Vitexnegundo linn.
Verbeneceae
Nochi
Leaf
Tridoxprostrata l.
Asteraceae
Vettukayapundu
Leaf
RhinacanthuscommunisNees
Acanthaceae
Naagamalli
Root, leaf, Seeds
K. I. D. et al.
Int J Curr Pharm Res, Vol 16, Issue 4, 1-6
3
Most of these studies involve erratic screening of plants or
extracts for healing activity, while some of the plants enumerated
in table No. 1 have been pharmacologically validated for their
venture, viz. (Plate 1).
Plate 1: Plant species selected for review
K. I. D. et al.
Int J Curr Pharm Res, Vol 16, Issue 4, 1-6
4
Local traditional healers use different parts of plants viz., root, stem,
leaf, flower, fruit, seed, rhizome, tuber, bark, pulp, latex, and
gums/resin as a source of medicine. Distribution analysis of many
plant parts used for wound healing and bioactive principle revealed
that plant parts viz., Flower (1), Fruit 4, leaf 25, Root 8, Seed 7, Stem
6, Whole plant 14.
Family wise distribution analysis of the plants used by the tribal
healers revealed that medicinal plant species Were distributed across
39 families viz., Acanthaceae 3, Amaranthaceae 1, Annonaceae (1),
Apiaceae (1), Apocynaceae (2), Araceae (1), Asclepiadaceae (3),
Asteraceae (2), Caesalpeniaceae (1), Cucurbitaceae (1), Euphorbiaceae
(4), Fabaceae (4), lamiaceae (2), liliaceae (1), Malvaceae (1), Meliaceae
(2), Mimosaceae (2), Moraceae (2), Moringaceae (1), Musaceae (1),
Myrtaceae (2), Poaceae (2), Portulacaceae (1), Rutaceae (2),
Sapotaceae (1), Solanaceae (2), Verbenaceae (2). Most of the remedies
were obtained from plants belonging to families followed by
Euphorbiaceae (4), Fabaceae (4), Acanthaceae (3), Asclepiadaceae (3),
Apocynaceae (2), Asteraceae (2), lamiaceae (2), Meliaceae (2),
Mimosaceae (2), Moraceae (2), Myrtaceae (2), Poaceae (2), Rutaceae
(2), Solanaceae (2), and Verbenaceae (2). In the study, 11 families were
represented by a single species (table 2) and (fig. 1).
Local people are using leaves (26) to cure various diseases, followed
by whole plants (14), roots (7), seeds (7), flowers (1), fruit (4), bark
(2), and stem (2). The most enormously used plant part in the
preparation of medicine for various ailments is the leaf (52%) it is
crushed to extract the juice and applied, followed by the whole plant
(28%), root (14%), seed (14%), fruit (8%), flower (2%), bark (4%)
and stem (8%) (fig. 2).
Table 2: Family-wise distributions of plants
Family
Number of plants
Fabaceae
4
Mimosaceae
2
Euphorbiaceae
4
Amaranthaceae
1
Araceae
1
Acanthaceae
3
Rutaceae
3
Lilliaceae
1
Lamiaceae
2
Annonaceae
1
Meliaceae
2
Poaceae
2
Caesalpeniaceae
1
Asclepiadaceae
3
Apocynaceae
2
Apiaceae
1
Cucurbitaceae
1
Solanaceae
2
Asteraceae
2
Moraceae
2
Verbenaceae
2
Moringaceae
1
Sapotaceae
1
Musaceae
1
Portulacaceae
1
Myrtaceae
2
Malvaceae
1
Fig. 1: Percentage distribution analysis of remedies obtained from different plant parts
Fig. 2: Family-wise distributions of ethnomedicinal plants used by people in Thiruvallur district
K. I. D. et al.
Int J Curr Pharm Res, Vol 16, Issue 4, 1-6
5
Traditional knowledge of herbal medicine is disappearing which
should be conserved and will give the baseline information for the
chemist to discover new drugs. This is one of the steps taken towards
documenting treasures of indigenous knowledge on the wound-
healing property of medicinal plants. There is an urgent need for the
proper collection of medicinal plants from the Thiruvallur district.
In ancient times, phytotherapy has been able to tr eat cutaneous
wounds efficiently, reduce the onset of infections, and minimize the
usage of antibiotics that cause critical antibiotic resistance. In
diverse animal experimental models, secondary plant metabolites or
active chemicals are the active agents that stimulate the process of
wound repair. The most significant and specific examples include
Asiatic acid, Madecassic acid, and Asiaticoside from Centella Asiatica
[26-28] curcumin from Curcuma lo nga. There are a remarkable
number of wound-healing botanicals that are widely used in the
Northern Hemisphere, including Achiella millefolium, Aloe vera,
Althaea officinalis, Calendula officinalis, Matricaria chamomilla,
Curcuma longa, Eucalyptus, Jojoba, plantain, pine, green tea,
pomegranate, and Inula [29]. Some studies have advocated for a
combination of honey wound dressings alongside antibiotics in
instances where sepsis is a concern. Combination therapy resulted in a
synergistic response in scenarios where antibiotic resistance was
previously observed [30, 31] (Jenkin et al., 2012, liu et al., 2015).
Phytochemical content is to resolve their remedial features in wound
repair, plant-derived substances were considered for their wound-
healing activity as flavonols, flavanones, isoflavones, flavanols,
flavonolignans, proanthocyanidins [32], cardiac glycosides, saponins,
steroids, and tannins [33], β-glucans [34], bromelain [35], curcumin
[36]. Quercetin and rutin are flavonoids with strong antioxidant,
antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects but limited water
solubility. It was revealed that incorporating quercetin and rutin into
polycaprolactone and chitosan oligosaccharides to form a new
bioactive electrospun nanofiber membrane exhibited superior efficacy
among all nanofiber membranes for burn injuries [37]. It was
disclosed that different botanicals and medicinal plants are widely
used as a topical treatment for wound repairing, such as aloe vera,
banana leaves [38], turmeric, Centella Asiatica, Rosmarinus officinalis,
and Calendula officinalis [39].
Natural products such as plant extracts and other plant-derived
products and their phytochemicals assist in managing inflammatory
diseases, exert antimicrobial effects, and might aid skin tissue
regeneration [40, 41]. The wound itself is a rupture of the epithelial
integrity of the skin that might be caused by violence or trauma. The
rupture of epithelial integrity is trailed by disruption of the structure
and function of underlying normal tissue [42]. They could remove
oxidative stress and lower inflammation [43]. The wound-repairing
ability of different plant extracts and their actives is proven in
wound-curing animal models. Such plants improved collagen
deposition, the proliferation of epithelial cells, and angiogenesis in
diabetic and nondiabetic animal models [44]. Different types of
plants are widely used in managing wounds and injuries from
previous scientific research [45]. This process occurs through
stimulating autolytic debridement, inducing an osmotic response,
drawing water from the cells, and subsequently increasing the
hydration at the wound site; this hydration needs to soften the
slough at the wound site, and along with the denaturation of fibrin, it
allows the slough to detach [46]. Observing nature and perception of
their traditional knowledge about medicinal properties pave the
way for treating diseases [47]. A combination of many parts of the
same plant or parts from different plants or collective species of
plants was used in wound healing, as cited [48]. Many herbs and
plants were utilized as medicine in dietary forms. There is an
increased awareness of using traditional plants to cure ailments.
Due to the cost and side effects of other drugs, there is an urge for
documentation of the medicinal plants with indigenous knowledge
[49]. With the help of local communities with diverse knowledge of
this data, the user-friendly database can be preserved and used for
future generations.
CONCLUSION
Traditional medicinal plants are used by the public today because
they have no side effects or chemical basis. The majority of these
plants are utilized as the raw material for drugs. Wound healing is a
biological process that starts with trauma and soar formation. The
present review revealed that nature provides a vast number of
plants that show significant wound-healing activity.
Several parts of the plant have interesting anticancer, antimicrobial,
antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anti-
malarial properties. Consequently, further studies on this plant
should be considered for research in photochemistry, wound
healing, antimicrobial activity, antioxidants, pharmacology, and use
in pest control.
FUNDING
Nil
AUTHORS CONTRIBUTIONS
All the authors have contributed equally.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
The authors declare no conflict of interest
REFERENCES
1. Sheng-Ji P. Ethnobotanical approaches of traditional medicine
studies: some experiences from Asia. Pharm Biol. 2001 Jan
1;39(1) Suppl 1:74-9. doi: 10.1076/phbi.39.s1.74.0005, PMID
21554174.
2. Udayan PS, George S, Thushar KV, Balachandran I. Ethnomedicine
of the chellipale community of Namakkal district, Tamil Nadu.
Indian J Tradit Knowl. 2005 Oct 4;4(4):437-42.
3. Deepa J, Saravanakumar K. Traditional phytotherapy in
chidambaramtaluk of Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu. Curr Res
Med Med Sci. 2013 Mar 1;3(1):1-5.
4. Thirupathi M, Karthikeyan S. Ethnomedicinal plants diversity in
sirumalai hills, Eastern Ghats, Dindugal district, Tamil Nadu. Int J
Res Bot. 2015 Jun 30;5(2):20-6.
5. Lev E. Ethno-diversity within current ethno-pharmacology as part
of Israeli traditional medicine–a review. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed.
2006 Jan 9;2:4. doi: 10.1186/1746-4269-2-4, PMID 16401348.
6. Gazzaneo LR, de Lucena RF, de Albuquerque UP. Knowledge and
use of medicinal plants by local specialists in an region of
atlantic forest in the state of pernambuco (Northeastern Brazil).
J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2005 Nov 1;1:9. doi: 10.1186/1746-
4269-1-9, PMID 16270911.
7. Al-Qura’n S. Ethnobotanical survey of folk toxic plants in
southern part of Jordan. Toxicon. 2005 Aug 1;46(2):119-29. doi:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.04.010, PMID 15964044.
8. Hanazaki N, Tamashiro JY, Leitao Filho HF, Begossi A. Diversity
of plant uses in two Caicaras communities from the Atlantic
forest coast, Brazil. Biodivers Conserv. 2000 May 9;9(5):597-
615. doi: 10.1023/A:1008920301824.
9. Rossato SC, De LeitaO-Filho HF, Begossi A. Ethnobotany of
caicaras of the atlantic forest coast (Brazil). Econ Bot. 1999 Oct
1;53(4):387-95. doi: 10.1007/BF02866716.
10. Pradeepkumar R, Sisubalan N, Basha MH, Anwardeen I. Floristic
and medicinal plant survey at karaivetti bird sanctuary, Tamil
Nadu, India. Spatula DD. 2015 Jan 1;5(1):27-34.
11. Lekha K, Menakashree P. Eth no medicinal value of plants in
tiruchengodearea of Namakkal district, Tamil Nadu, India. J Med
Plants Stud. 2018 Jan 1;6(1):257-60.
12. Pugalendi K, Kalaivanan K. Antihyperglycemic effect of the
alcoholic seed extract of swietenia macrophylla on
streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Phcog Res. 2011;3(1). doi:
10.4103/0974-8490.79119.
13. Chah KF, Eze CA, Emuelosi CE, Esimone CO. Antibacterial and
wound healing properties of methanolic extracts of some
Nigerian medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;104(1-
2):164-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.08.070, PMID 16226414.
14. Senthil Kumar M, Sripriya R, Vijaya Raghavan H, Sehgal PK.
Wound healing potential of Cassia fistula on infected Albino rat
model. J Surg Res. 2006 Apr 1;131(2):283-9. doi:
10.1016/j.jss.2005.08.025, PMID 16242721.
15. Singh M, Govindarajan R, Nath V, Rawat AK, Mehrotra S.
Antimicrobial, wound healing and antioxidant activity of
K. I. D. et al.
Int J Curr Pharm Res, Vol 16, Issue 4, 1-6
6
Plagiochasma appendiculatum lehmet Lind. J Ethnopharmacol.
2006 Aug 11;107(1):67-72. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.02.007,
PMID 16600543.
16. Sumitra M, Manikandan P, Suguna L. Efficacy of Butea
monosperma on dermal wound healing in rats. Int J Biochem Cell
Biol. 2005 Mar 1;37(3):566-73. doi:
10.1016/j.biocel.2004.08.003, PMID 15618014.
17. Reddy JS, Rao PR, Reddy MS. Wound healing effects of
Heliotropium indicum, Plumbago zeylanicum and Acalypha
indica in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002 Feb 1;79(2):249-51. doi:
10.1016/s0378-8741(01)00388-9, PMID 11801388.
18. Kumar B, Vijayakumar M, Govindarajan R, Pushpangadan P.
Ethnopharmacological approaches to wound healing-exploring
medicinal plants of India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007 Nov
1;114(2):103-13. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.08.010, PMID 17884316.
19. Krishnan P. The scientific study of herbal wound healing
therapies: current state of play. Current Anaesthesia & Critical
Care. 2006 Jan 1;17(1-2):21-7. doi: 10.1016/j.cacc.2006.02.009.
20. Purna SK, Babu M. Collagen-based dressings–a review. Burns.
2000 Mar 1;26(1):54-62. doi: 10.1016/s0305-4179(99)00103-
5, PMID 10630321.
21. Glynn, Le. The pathology of scar tissue formation. In: Glynn Le,
editor. Elsevier/North holland biomedical press. Handbook of
Inflammation, tissue repair and regeneration. Amsterdam; 1981.
22. Martin P. Wound healing–aiming for perfect skin regeneration.
Science. 1997 Apr 1;276(5309):75-81. doi:
10.1126/science.276.5309.75, PMID 9082989.
23. Ignacimuthu S, Ayyanar M, Sivaraman KS. Ethnobotanical
investigations among tribes in Madurai District of Tamil Nadu
(India). J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 May 11;2:25. doi:
10.1186/1746-4269-2-25, PMID 16689985.
24. Leavesley D, Upton Z, Fan C. Wound healing and the use of
medicinal plants. Aleksandra shedoeva. Evid Based Complement
Alternat Med. 2019 Sep 22;2019:2684108.
25. Sundaresan S, Senthil Kumar B. A survey of traditional medicinal
plants from the Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India. Int J Ayurved
Herb Med. 2013 Oct 1;3(5):1347-55.
26. Maquart FX, Chastang F, Simeon A, Birembaut P, Gillery P,
Wegrowski Y. Triterpenes from Centella asiatica stimulate
extracellular matrix accumulation in rat experimental wounds.
Eur J Dermatol. 1999 Jun 4;9(4):289-96. PMID 10356407.
27. Shukla A, Rasik AM, Jain GK, Shankar R, Kulshrestha DK, Dhawan
BN. In vitro and in vivo wound healing activity of asiaticoside
isolated from Centella asiatica. J Ethnopharmacol. 1999 Apr
1;65(1):1-11. doi: 10.1016/s0378-8741(98)00141-x, PMID
10350364.
28. Hong SS, Kim JH, Li H, Shim CK. Advanced formulation and
pharmacological activity of hydrogel of the titrated extract of C.
asiatica. Arch Pharm Res. 2005 Apr 1;28(4):502-8. doi:
10.1007/BF02977683, PMID 15918527.
29. Albahri G, Badran A, Hijazi A, Daou A, Baydoun E, Nasser M. The
therapeutic wound healing bioactivities of various medicinal
plants. Life (Basel). 2023 Jan 23;13(2):317. doi:
10.3390/life13020317, PMID 36836674.
30. Jenkins RE, Cooper R. Synergy between oxacillin and manuka
honey sensitizes methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to
oxacillin. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012 Jun 1;67(6):1405-7. doi:
10.1093/jac/dks071, PMID 22382468.
31. Liu M, Lu J, Müller P, Turnbull L, Burke CM, Schlothauer RC.
Antibiotic-specific differences in the response of staphylococcus
aureus to treatment with antimicrobials co mbined with manuka
honey. Front Microbiol. 2014;5:779. doi:
10.3389/fmicb.2014.00779, PMID 25674077.
32. Carvalho MT, Araujo Filho HG, Barreto AS. Quintans Junior lJ,
Quintans JSS, Barreto RSS. Wound healing properties of
flavonoids: a systematic review highlighting the mechanisms of
action. Phytomed. 2021 Sep 1;90:153636.
33. Sieberi BM, Omwenga GI, Wambua RK, Samoei JC, Ngugi MP.
Screening of the dichloromethane: methanolic extract of Centella
asiatica for antibacterial activities against Salmonella typhi,
Escherichia coli, Shigella sonnei, Bacillus subtilis, and
Staphylococcus aureus. Scientific World Journal. 2020 Jul
1;2020:6378712. doi: 10.1155/2020/6378712, PMID
32694956.
34. Majtan J, Jesenak M. β-Glucans: multi-functional modulator of
wound healing. Molec ules. 2018 Apr 1;23(4):806. doi:
10.3390/molecules23040806, PMID 29614757.
35. Fathi AN, Sakhaie MH, Babaei S, Babaei S, Slimabad F, Babaei S.
Use of bromelain in cutaneous wound healing in streptozocin-
induced diabetic rats: an experimental model. J Wound Care.
2020 Sep 2;29(9):488-95. doi: 10.12968/jowc.2020.29.9.488,
PMID 32924815.
36. Akbik D, Ghadiri M, Chrzanowski W, Rohanizadeh R. Curcumin
as a wound healing agent. Life Sci. 2014 Oct 2;116(1):1-7. doi:
10.1016/j.lfs.2014.08.016, PMID 25200875.
37. Zhou L, Cai L, Ruan H, Z hang L, Wang J, Jiang H. Electrospun
chitosan oligosaccharide/polycaprolactone nanofibers loaded
with wound-healing compounds of rutin and quercetin as
antibacterial dressings. Int J Biol Macromol. 2021 Jul
31;183:1145-54. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.031, PMID
33965491.
38. Sivamani RK, Ma BR, Wehrli LN, Maverakis E. Phytochemicals
and naturally derived substances for wound healing. Adv
Wound Care. 2012 Oct 1;1(5):213-7. doi:
10.1089/wound.2011.0330, PMID 24527308.
39. Artem Ataide J, Caramori Cefali L, Machado Croisfelt F, Arruda
Martins Shimojo A, Oliveira Nascimento L, Gava Mazzola P.
Natural actives for wound healing: a review. Phytother Res.
2018;32(9):1664-74. doi: 10.1002/ptr.6102, PMID 29722075.
40. Alherz FA, Negm WA, Elekhnawy E, El-Masry TA, Haggag EM,
Alqahtani MJ. Silver nanoparticles prepared using Encephalartos
laurentianus de wild leaf extract have inhibitory activity against
Candida albicans clinical isolates. J Fungi (Basel). 2022 Sep
25;8(10):1005. doi: 10.3390/jof8101005, PMID 36294570.
41. Attallah NG, Elekhnawy E, Negm WA, Hussein IA, Mokhtar FA,
Al-Fakhrany OM. In vivo and in vitro antimicrobial activity of
biogenic silver nanoparticles against staphylococcus aureus
clinical isolates. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2022;15(2):194. doi:
10.3390/ph15020194, PMID 35215306.
42. Mekonnen A, Sidamo T, Asres K, Engidawork E. In vivo wound
healing activity and phytochemical screening of the crude
extract and various fractions of Kalanchoe petitiana A. Rich
(Crassulaceae) leaves in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2013 Jan
30;145(2):638-46. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.12.002, PMID
23228912.
43. Shah A, Amini Nik S. The role of phytochemicals in the
inflammatory phase of wound healing. Int J Mol Sci. 2017 May
16;18(5):1068. doi: 10.3390/ijms18051068, PMID 28509885.
44. Binsuwaidan R, Elekhnawy E, Elseady WS, Keshk WA, Shoeib
NA, Attallah NG. Antibacterial activity and wound healing
potential of cycas thouarsii R.Br n-butanol fraction in diabetic
rats supported with phytochemical profiling. Biomed
Pharmacother. 2022;155:113763. doi:
10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113763, PMID 36182739.
45. Chingwaru C, Bagar T, Maroyi A, Kapewangolo PT, Chingwaru W.
Wound healing potential of selected southern African medicinal
plants: a review. J Herb Med. 2019 Sep 1;17-18:100263, doi:
10.1016/j.hermed.2019.100263.
46. Mitchell T. Use of manuka honey for autolytic debridement in
necrotic and sloughy wounds. J Community Nur. 2018 Sep
1;32(4):38-43.
47. Singh S. A review on some medicinal plant species with the most
traditional medicinal usage in India. IJBI. 2023;5(1):52-62. doi:
10.46505/IJBI.2023.5103.
48. Latheef AK, Smitha P Kumar, Remashree AB. Ethnomedicine
used for treating cuts and wounds by the tribes of Attappady,
Kerala. Int J Herb Med. 2014 Jan 29;2(2):1-8.
49. Bishat VK, Kandari lS, Negi JS, Bhandari AK, Sundriyal RC.
Traditional use of medicinal plants in district Chamoli,
Uttarakhand India. J Med Plants Res. 2013 May 22;7(15):918-29.
