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Original Review Paper Quorum Sensing Inhibition pada Pembetukan Biofilm Salmonella typhi dengan Ekstrak Daun Cincau Hijau (Cyclea barbata Miers)

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Abstract

Salmonella is one example of bacteria that can contaminate fishery products. It is one of the bacteria that most commonly infects people through contaminated food and drink. One management to reduce Salmonella in fishery products is using Biofilm. The biofilm mechanism formed from Salmonella typhi type bacteria can be inhibited from several intervention strategies that are able to disrupt and prevent biofilm formation. Green grass jelly leaf extract has antibacterial activity against S. typhi which is indicated by the formation of an inhibition zone due to the activity of flavonoid compounds. denaturing proteins and damaging bacterial cell membranes, flavonoids can also function as antibacterials by forming complex compounds that attack extrinsic proteins and inhibit biofilm formation by inhibiting the expression of icaA and icaD genes. flavonoids form complex compounds against extracellular proteins, which disrupt the integrity of the bacterial cell membrane. It does so by denaturing bacterial cell proteins and damaging the cell membrane beyond repair.
Anjaini et al., (2024). Jurnal Biologi Tropis, 24 (2): 993 998
DOI: http://doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v24i2.7232
993
Original Review Paper
Quorum Sensing Inhibition pada Pembetukan Biofilm Salmonella typhi
dengan Ekstrak Daun Cincau Hijau (Cyclea barbata Miers)
Jefry Anjaini1, Tohap Simangunsong1, Hery Irawan2*
1Program Studi Akuakultur, Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman,
Purwokerto, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia;
2Program Studi Manajemen Sumberdaya Perairan, Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan, Universitas
Jenderal Soedirman, Purwokerto, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia;
Article History
Received : April 25th, 2024
Revised : May 05th, 2024
Accepted : Juny 22th, 2024
*Corresponding Author:
Hery Irawan,
Program Studi Manajemen
Sumberdaya Perairan, Fakultas
Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan,
Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu
Kelautan, Universitas Jenderal
Soedirman, Purwokerto,
Indonesia;
Email:
hery.irawan@unsoed.ac.id
Abstract: Salmonella is one example of bacteria that can contaminate fishery
products. It is one of the bacteria that most commonly infects people through
contaminated food and drink. One management to reduce Salmonella in fishery
products is using Biofilm. The biofilm mechanism formed from Salmonella
typhi type bacteria can be inhibited from several intervention strategies that are
able to disrupt and prevent biofilm formation. Green grass jelly leaf extract has
antibacterial activity against S. typhi which is indicated by the formation of an
inhibition zone due to the activity of flavonoid compounds. denaturing proteins
and damaging bacterial cell membranes, flavonoids can also function as
antibacterials by forming complex compounds that attack extrinsic proteins and
inhibit biofilm formation by inhibiting the expression of icaA and icaD genes.
flavonoids form complex compounds against extracellular proteins, which
disrupt the integrity of the bacterial cell membrane. It does so by denaturing
bacterial cell proteins and damaging the cell membrane beyond repair.
Keywords: Bacterial inhibitors, biofilm, green leaf extract, salmonella,
quorum sensing.
Pendahuluan
Bakteri Salmonella adalah salah satu
contoh bakteri yang dapat mencemari produk
perikanan. Bakteri ini adalah salah satu bakteri
yang paling sering menginfeksi orang melalui
makanan dan minuman yang tercemar atau
sebagai penyebab terjadinya foodborne disease
(Porto et al., 2022). Salmonella tersebar luas di
alam dan pada beberapa spesies hewan
peliharaan dan peliharaan termasuk mamalia,
ikan, burung, reptile, amfibi dan tanaman.
Penerapan dalam pengelolaan produk
perikanan dapat membantu mencegah dan
mengurangi risiko kontaminasi (Casanova &
Sobsey, 2016). Salah pengelolaan untuk
mengurangi Salmonella di produk perikanan
yaitu menggunakan Biofilm.
Biofilm adalah matriks yang terdiri dari
polysaccharide ekstraseluler yang berasal dari
bakteri yang bereplikasi dan melekat pada
permukaan secara permanen (Williamson &
Clifford, 2010). Mekanisme biofilm yang
terbentuk dari bakteri jenis Salmonella typhi
dapat dihambat dengan strategi yang mampu
mengganggu dan mencegah terbentuknya
biofilm. Beberapa contoh seperti disinfektan dan
senyawa molekul alami yang dapat menghambat
pembentukan biofilm(Jahan et al., 2022).
Biofilm melekat pada permukaan biotik
atau abiotik. Ini dapat ditemukan di makanan,
perawatan medis, industri, dan lingkungan alam.
Karena terbentuk pada implan medis di dalam
jaringan manusia dan berkontribusi pada banyak
infeksi kronis yang serius, biofilm merupakan
masalah besar dalam industri medis. Permukaan
makanan dan permukaan yang diproses menjadi
tempat yang ideal untuk pembentukan biofilm
karena di sana ada nutrisi yang cukup untuk
pertumbuhan dan perlekatan mikroba (Abebe,
2020).
Resistensi terhadap produk antimikroba
disebabkan oleh biofilm, menurut beberapa
laporan penelitian. Antimikroba Salmonella
typhi menyerang ribosom sel bakteri, tetapi jika
biofilm menutupi bakteri, antimikroba sulit
Jurnal Biologi Tropis
This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License.
© 2024 The Author(s). This article is open access
Anjaini et al., (2024). Jurnal Biologi Tropis, 24 (2): 993 998
DOI: http://doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v24i2.7232
994
masuk ke dalam ribosom dan menghentikan
pertumbuhan bakteri. Studi sebelumnya
menunjukkan bahwa strain DT 104 dari
Salmonella typhimurium telah ditemukan di
hampir seluruh dunia dan memiliki resistensi
bakteri dan penyebaran patogen yang lebih tinggi
daripada strain Salmonella typhimurium lainnya
(Ardi Afriansyah et al., 2021).
Senyawa molekul alami dan desinfektan
dapat menghentikan pertumbuhan sel bakteri
Salmonella typhi, yang memiliki kemampuan
untuk mengeluarkan sinyal kimia dari setiap gen
bakteri tersebut. Bakteri tidak dapat mengambil
bagian dalam pembentukan karakteristik biofilm
dan aktivitas peran biofilm jika gen tersebut
rusak (Ardi Afriansyah et al., 2021).
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa
ekstrak daun cincau hijau menciptakan zona
hambat setelah diberikan beberapa dosis,
menunjukkan sifat antibakterinya terhadap
Escherichia coli dan Salmonella typhi. Selain
kandungan zat kimia seperti alkaloid, saponin,
flavonoid, klorofil, dan karotenoid, daun cincau
hijau juga mengandung karbohidrat, lemak,
protein, dan mineral dan vitamin seperti
flavonoid dan polifenol (Atika Permanasari et
al., 2016).
Aktivitas senyawa flavonoid dalam
ekstrak daun cincau hijau menyebabkan zona
hambat, yang menunjukkan sifat antibakterinya
terhadap Escherichia coli dan Salmonella typhi
(Ardi Afriansyah et al., 2021). Kandungan
flavonoid dalam daun cincau juga memiliki
kemampuan menghentikan pembentukan biofilm
dengan cara menghentikan aktivitas ekspresi gen
bakteri (Widiani et al., n.d.). Berdasarkan latar
belakang di atas, penulis ingin menulis makalah
dengan judul "Penghambatan Quorum Sensing
Pada Pembentukan Biofilm Bakteri Salmonella
typhi Dengan Ekstrak Daun Cincau Hijau
(Cyclea barbata Miers)." Tujuan dari tulisan ini
adalah untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan tentang
kandungan ekstrak daun cincau sebagai
penghambat biofilm Salmonella typhi.
Bahan dan Metode
Pada penulisan artikel ini, desain yang
digunakan adalah literatur review, yang
merupakan jenis penelusuran dan penelitian
kepustakaan yang melibatkan membaca dan
menelaah berbagai buku, jurnal, dan naskah
lainnya yang berkaitan dengan topik penulisan
artikel (Pradana et al., 2021).
Hasil dan Pembahasan
Patogenesis Salmonella typhi
Salmonella typhi memiliki patogenesis
yang dimulai dengan melekat pada permukaan
usus. Kemudian, bakteri menembus lamina
propia usus dan terfagosit oleh makrofag, yang
kemudian menyebar ke ileum distal dan koloni.
Makrofag dapat mengenali pola molekul patogen
seperti adanya flagela dan lipopolisakarida pada
bakteri dengan reseptor (TLR) -5 dan TLR-4 /
MD2 / CD-14. Akibatnya, sel epitel usus dan
makrofag menarik neutrofil dan sel T dengan
interleukin. Hal ini menyebabkan peradangan
dan infeksi pada usus (Raffatellu et al., 2008).
Berbeda dengan Salmonella nontyphoidal, jenis
ini masuk ke dalam sistem host terutama melalui
ileum distal. Salmonella nontyphoidal
menggunakan fimbriae untuk melekat pada
jaringan limfoid, yang kemudian memungkinkan
bakteri untuk berploriferasi ke dalam sistem
limfatik. Kemudian, bakteri akan menghasilkan
makrofag pada sistem host untuk menarik
makrofag tambahan, menyebabkan infeksi.
(Raffatellu et al. 2006).
Bakteri menginfeksi sistem limfatik dan
kemudian menyebar ke limfa, sumsum tulang,
kelenjar getah bening, saluran toraks, dan
jaringan retikuloendotelial hepar. Sifat bakteri
tersebut dapat menyebar ke seluruh aliran atau
saluran tubuh, menyebabkan gejala menjadi
lebih serius atau lebih parah (Buckle et al., 2012).
Proses dispersi atau pelepasan plankton bakteri,
yang memungkinkan bakteri untuk menempel
pada permukaan lain dalam tubuh host, dapat
disebabkan oleh faktor mekanisme biofilm.
Mekanisme biofilm bakteri Salmonella typhi
Biofilm membentuk dalam empat tahap
proses perkembangan. Dimulai dengan sejumlah
kecil sel planktonik (bakteri hidup bebas)
melekat pada permukaan (adhesi), selanjutnya
memperbanyak diri (proliferasi), kemudian
pematangan (maturasi), dan membentuk satu
lapisan tipis biofilm atau disebut juga
monoplayer. Pada tahap pertama, pembelahan
berhenti selama beberapa jam, dan sel plantonik
mengalami banyak perubahan yang
menghasilkan transisi dari sel planktonik
Anjaini et al., (2024). Jurnal Biologi Tropis, 24 (2): 993 998
DOI: http://doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v24i2.7232
995
menjadi sel dengan fenotip yang berbeda.
Biofilm menghasilkan Extracellular Polymeric
Substance (EPS), yang membantu membentuk
mikrokoloni dan melekat bakteri yang telah
bereplikasi. Setelah produksi EPS dan
mikrokoloni berkembang biak, terbentuk lapisan
satu yang disebut linking film. Lapisan ini
berfungsi sebagai substrat di mana sel bakteri
melekat dan membentuk mikrokoloni. Sel
bakteri akan terus berkembang dan membentuk
lapisan yang lebih tebal. Bakteri berakumulasi
menghasilkan buangan yang berbahaya bagi host
saat lapisan semakin menebal. Dari mekanisme
biofilm tersebut, proses mutasi STM4263 dan
gen yjcC pada bakteri Salmonella typhi (Lee et
al., 2009).
Gambar 1. Mekanisme Biofilm (Jain et al., 2007).
Sementara Sel bakteri dalam matriks yang
berkembang akan menghasilkan sinyal kimia
yang membantu pembentukan karakteristik
biofilm seperti menjadi lebih matang dan
meningkatkan koordinasi aktivitas biofilm(Ardi
Afriansyah et al., 2021). Aksi sinyal ini berasal
dari quorum sensing, atau komunikasi antar sel.
Kemampuan molekul untuk bertindak
bergantung pada konsentrasi sinyal di
lingkungannya. Selama proses quorum sensing,
bakteri mengeluarkan pili-pilinya, yang
memungkinkan mereka mengeluarkan substansi
yang dikenal sebagai EPS (Extracelluler
Polymerace Substance). Substansi ini
melindungi koloni bakteri atau koloni
mikroorganisme yang telah terbentuk.
Strategi intervensi terhadap biofilm
Untuk menghentikan pembentukan
biofilm, ada beberapa metode intervensi yang
dapat digunakan untuk menghentikan atau
mencegah pembentukan biofilm, seperti:
a. Melapisi permukaan dengan molekul yang
mencegah perlekatan mikroba dan
kerusakan matriks yang dibuat, seperti
melapisi instrumen medis dengan
sulfadizine-chlorhexidin.
b. Menghentikan pertumbuhan biofilm dengan
mengganggu mekanisme gen dalam bakteri.
c. Menghentikan strategi pertahanan biofilm
dengan penggunaan antibiotik atau
disinfektan.
d. Sebagai contoh, Pseudomonas fluorescens
menghasilkan lyase, yang dapat
menghancurkan matriks pada film alginate
di lingkungan tanpa oksigen mengakibatkan
biofilm bakteri rusak.
Keempat pendekatan ini dapat menghentikan
perkembangan sel bakteri karena masing-masing
gen bakteri dapat mengeluarkan sinyal kimia
yang telah diproses. Sinyal kimia ini bertanggung
jawab atas pembentukan karakteristik biofilm
menjadikan lebih matang dan dapat
berkoordinasi dalam aktivitas biofilm (Ardi
Afriansyah et al., 2021)
Mekanisme kerja flavonoid menghambat
mekanisme bioflm bakteri
Flavonoid memiliki kemampuan untuk
bertindak sebagai anti-biofilm sesuai dengan
berbagai kriteria penghambatan. Flavonoid
adalah golongan fenol yang paling umum.
Mereka melakukan banyak hal, seperti
mendenaturasi protein dan merusak membran sel
bakteri, serta berfungsi sebagai antibakteri
dengan membentuk senyawa kompleks yang
menyerang protein extrinsik. Selain itu,
flavonoid memiliki kemampuan untuk
Anjaini et al., (2024). Jurnal Biologi Tropis, 24 (2): 993 998
DOI: http://doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v24i2.7232
996
menghambat pembentukan biofilm dengan
menghentikan ekspresi gen icaA dan icaD. Mekanisme kerja flavonoid dapat dilihat pada
Gambar 2.
Gambar 2. Mekanisme kerja flavonoid menghambat mekanisme bioflm pada bakteri (Manner et al., 2013).
Mekanisme ekstrak daun cincau hijau
menghambat Quorum Sensing pada
pembentukan bioflm S. typhi
Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa
faktorseperti produksi zat exopolymeric, ekspresi
flagella, dan regulasi exoribonucleases dapat
memengaruhi pembentukan biofilm Salmonella
typhi. Kandungan flavonoid dalam ekstrak daun
cincau hijau dapat menghambat ekspresi gen
yjcC pada Salmonella typhi melalui mekanisme
penghambatan quorum sensing dengan
menghambat sinyal prekursor (Lee et al., 2009).
Membran sel tidak dapat diperbaiki lagi
karena adanya proses denaturasi protein sel
bakteri oleh flavonoid yang mengganggu
keutuhan membran sel bakteri. Konsentrasi
minimum penghambatan biofilm (MBIC) adalah
konsentrasi terrendah dari bahan antibiofilm
yang dapat pencegahan pembentukan biofilm
akibat bahan biofilm (Chamdit &
Siripermpool, 2012.). Bakteri Salmonella typhi
dapat diperoleh oleh MBIC pada kadar flavonoid
yang lebih pekat.
Kesimpulan
Proses patogenesis Salmonella typhi
dimulai dengan bakteri menempel pada
permukaan usus. Kemudian, bakteri menembus
lamina propia usus dan terfagosit oleh makrofag,
menyebabkan usus yang menerimanya terinfeksi
dan peradangan. Biofilm yang terbentuk oleh
Salmonella typhi dibentuk dalam empat tahap.
Pertama, sejumlah kecil sel planktonik (bakteri
hidup bebas) melekat pada permukaan (adhesi),
memperbanyak diri (proliferasi), pematangan
(maturasi), dan pembentukan satu lapisan
biofilm tipis. Menurut mekanisme penghambatan
quorum sensing, yang menghambat sinyal
prekursor, kandungan flavonoid dalam ekstrak
daun cincau hijau dapat menghentikan ekspresi
gen yjcC pada Salmonella typhi, yang
mengakibatkan peningkatan pembentukan
biofilm.
Ucapan Terima Kasih
Penulis berterima kasih kepada
Anjaini et al., (2024). Jurnal Biologi Tropis, 24 (2): 993 998
DOI: http://doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v24i2.7232
997
Universitas Jenderal Soedirman yang telah
mendukung dosen-dosen muda untuk menulis
artikel sehingga tujuan dari penulisan ini adalah
meningkatkan kompetensi dosen muda untuk
terus berkarya.
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Human infections with Salmonella enterica results in two major groups of diseases: gastroenteritis and typhoid fever. Clinical observations suggest that gastroenteritis, caused by non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars, is characterized by a massive neutrophil influx, which keeps the infection localized to the intestinal mucosa. In contrast, the absence of neutrophilic intestinal infiltrates in the acute phase of typhoid fever suggests a propensity for typhoidal Salmonella serovars (S. Typhi, S. Paratyphi A, S. Paratyphi B and S. Paratyphi C) to evade aspects of the innate immune response and cause a systemic infection. The fact that there are no virulence genes shared by typhoidal Salmonella serovars that are absent from non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars, suggests that this innate immune evasion is mediated by different mechanisms in different typhoidal serovars. This review discusses what is known about the clinical pathogenesis of typhoid fever.
Aktivitas Ekstrak Etanol Daun Cincau Hijau (Cyclea barbata Miers) sebagai Penghambat Pembentukan Biofilm Bakteri Salmonella typhi The Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Cyclea barbata Miers as Inhibitor of Bacterial Biofilm Formation of Salmonella typhi
  • Atika Permanasari
  • D Nurus Sakinah
  • E Santosa
Atika Permanasari, D., Nurus Sakinah, E., & Santosa, A. (2016). Aktivitas Ekstrak Etanol Daun Cincau Hijau (Cyclea barbata Miers) sebagai Penghambat Pembentukan Biofilm Bakteri Salmonella typhi The Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Cyclea barbata Miers as Inhibitor of Bacterial Biofilm Formation of Salmonella typhi. In Journal of Agromedicine and Medical Sciences (Vol. 2, Issue 2).