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Study on the Effectiveness of Radiological Technologist’s Thyroid Shielding in Pediatric Paranasal Sinus X-ray Examination
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There are no specific limits on patient dose for medical radiation. However, optimizing patient dosage is crucial, and diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) serve as valuable tools for this purpose. DRLs can be set at the national, regional, or institutional level, and regular revisions are recommended. In the Republic of Korea, the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA) provides national DRLs. This study aimed to derive updated national DRLs for general radiography and mammography through a nationwide survey conducted in 2022. To derive this, a research method was designed to collect data from diagnostic radiation generator inspection institutions. The research team organized and analyzed these data. Data for DRL derivation were collected from four inspection institutions registered with the KDCA, resulting in a larger dataset compared to previous studies. Particularly, a large amount of data from hospitals and clinics was included to ensure that the derived DRLs reflect the current reality. By maintaining this research method, future nationwide surveys on DRLs are expected to be conducted more easily and with greater diversity.
A radiographic assist device (RAD) has been developed to improve the efficiency and safety of examinations by reducing the radiation exposure dose to children while obtaining more accurate image information from chest X-ray examinations of 5-year-old children. Previous studies showed that the use of a RAD during chest X-ray examinations provided a greater advantage in visualizing anatomical structures than the existing supine method. By using the RAD, we conducted radiation dose measurements and image quality analyse by using a phantom (ATOM® dosimetry phantom, 705-d) and assuming 5-year-old children in order to determine the most beneficial method for performes child chest X-ray examinations. In conclusion, the upright method with a source-to-image receptor distance (SID) of 140 cm and a tube voltage of 120 kVp setting condition and using the RAD in AEC-applied X-ray equipment seems to be the most suitable method for chest X-ray examinations for 5-year-old children.
Radiation exposure leads to an increased risk for cancer and, possibly, additional ill-defined non-cancer risk, including atherosclerotic, cardiovascular, cerebro-vascular and neurodegenerative effects. Studies of brain irradiation in animals and humans provide evidence of apoptosis, neuro-inflammation, loss of oligo-dendrocytes precursors and myelin sheaths, and irreversible damage to the neural stem compartment with long-term impairment of adult neurogenesis. With the present paper we aim to present a comprehensive review on brain effects of radiation exposure, with a special focus on its impact on cognitive processes and psychological functions, as well as on their possible role in the pathophysiology of different psychiatric disorders.
Although ionizing radiation can apparently induce neoplasms of virtually
all types, the relation between tumor plasm, constitution of the host,
condltions of irradiation, and other variables. Owing to statistical
limitations, however, the existing data fail to provide an unambiguous picture of
the dose-response relation for any form of cancer. More adequate data are,
therefore, needed not only for estimating the hazards to be expected from small
doses of radiation but for analyzing the mechanism of carcinogenesis. (auth)
Newly fertilized eggs of mice or the l-2 stage (at 24 hr) were x
irradiated to low levels of 5 and 15 r, and the embryos and fetuses examined for
sequelae. The percentage of early deaths and resorptions was increased over the
controls to l9% among those irradiated before cleavage and to 9% among those
irradiated during the first cleavage. Exencephaly (brain hernia) was found
following only l5 r at both 0.5 and l.5 days post conception. Even after 5-r
exposure there was some evidence of delay in the early cleavages and an increase
in the percentage of early abnormals, cytologically determined. Some of the
cytologic effects of x rays on the early embryo were: fragmentation, separation
of blastomeres, elimination of protoplasm as blebs, elimination of one or both
pronuclei, pyknosis of the nuclei, swelling, vacuolization, hyperchromaticity,
and staining evidence of phase degeneration. (P.C.H.)
Patients are exposed to X rays when undergoing medical examinations in diagnostic radiology. Exposure data acquired and assessed in Germany for the year 1997 resulted in a mean annual effective dose of 2 +/- 0.5 mSv per head of the population, thereby reaching or exceeding the average level of environmental radiation in many cases. The underlying frequency of medical X-ray examinations was approximately 136 million, i.e. approximately 1.7 examinations annually per head of the population. For comparison, corresponding data of other countries were extracted from the UNSCEAR 2000 report or originate from the literature. Data analysis shows significant differences in national radiological practices and a very uneven distribution of patient doses amongst the world population. The mean annual effective dose per head of the population varies by up to a factor of 60 between health care level I and IV countries, and still by a factor of approximately 6 within health care level I countries. While projection radiography has succeeded in reducing dose consumption, computed tomography and radiological interventions have given rise to a significant growth of patient exposure, and interventional radiology can even exceed thresholds for deterministic radiation effects. Patient exposure is further shown to result from misadministration and retakes of X-ray examinations, usually not registered, as well as from technical failures of X-ray facilities, which can cause significantly enhanced exposure times. Corresponding data are presented and comments are made on the international situation of non-harmonised data collection on patient exposure as well as of parameters affecting the assessment of exposure and risk.
A study on chest X-ray using ancillary device for child radiography
- D B Rhee
- S M Lee
- H W Choi
- J K Kim
- J M Lee
Development of diagnostic reference levels (DRL) in fluoroscopy
- H Eo
- J W Gil
- B Y Lee
- H K Lee
The nation public awareness on medical radiation using structural equations model
- M H Ji
- J W Gil
- J H Won
- B Y Lee
- Y H Seoung
Effective dose determination from CT head & neck region
- J H Yun
- K W Lee
- Y K Cho
- J W Choi
- J I Lee