Designing and legalization of a test to measure the explosive strength of performance (physical -skill) of the muscles of the lower limbs OF THE FENCING PLAYERS

Abstract

The study aimed to design and standardize a test to measure the explosive power of the performance (physical-skill) of the muscles of the lower limbs of the fencing players; Moreover, creating standard scores and levels for players. Where the researchers used the descriptive approach, and the research community consisted of (114) players, the category of applicants, and after the results of the exploratory experiments confirmed the validity of the test, the main experiment was initiated to apply it. Through statistical treatments, the researchers concluded that the explosive test that was designed and codified proved its validity to measure the power of the performance (physical-skill) of the muscles of the lower extremities of the members of the research sample; The grades and standard levels obtained from the test represent the actual level of the research sample members.

Full text

Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation; 32(3)
ISSN 2651-4451 | e-ISSN 2651-446X
www.turkjphysiotherrehabil.org 10186
Designing and legalization of a test to measure the explosive strength of
performance (physical - skill) of the muscles of the lower limbs
OF THE FENCING PLAYERS
Dr. Nahidah Abdulzahra Badr1; Mustafa Ghasib Abdulzahra2, Ruaa Salah Qaddoori 3
1Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences\ Basra University\Iraq
2,3 University of Misan, College of Physical Education and Sports Science/ Iraq
ABSTRACT
The study aimed to design and standardize a test to measure the explosive power of the performance (physical
- skill) of the muscles of the lower limbs of the fencing players; Moreover, creating standard scores and levels
for players. Where the researchers used the descriptive approach, and the research community consisted of
(114) players, the category of applicants, and after the results of the exploratory experiments confirmed the
validity of the test, the main experiment was initiated to apply it. Through statistical treatments, the researchers
concluded that the explosive test that was designed and codified proved its validity to measure the power of
the performance (physical - skill) of the muscles of the lower extremities of the members of the research
sample; The grades and standard levels obtained from the test represent the actual level of the research sample
members.
Keywords: test to measure, explosive power, limb muscles, fencing players
I. INTRODUCTION
Recently, research and scientific studies have tended to study the obstacles of tests and measurement in various
sports activities to develop appropriate solutions to them. By adopting previously codified tests and making
modifications to them or designing new tests in the type of sports activity practiced to obtain accurate results for
the level of physical and skill performance of athletes, the aim of which is to advance the training units in an orderly
manner In order to achieve economy of effort and time and attainment to achievement, where physical abilities
tests differ And kinetics depending on the type of effectiveness and skill to be measured, so the explosive force of
the muscles of the lower extremities is one of the important physical abilities to implement offensive movements
and achieve a legal touch when fencers. From the foregoing, the importance of research was evident in the design
and legalization of a test to measure the explosive force of the performance of the working muscles of the lower
extremities, where the test is similar to the skillful performance, which reflects the real level of the fencing category
of applicants. To the knowledge of the two researchers, which prompted us to conduct this research?
Research problem: despite the availability of physical tests to measure the explosive force of the lower extremities
approved in various sports activities, they do not simulate the reality and privacy of the actual performance of the
specialized sports activity in itself to reflect the true level of it , and from this standpoint focused and emerged the
problem that the researchers wanted to seek to find appropriate solutions to it By designing and codifying a special
test for mixing the two sides (physical - skill) combined to measure the explosive force of the performance of the
working and opposite muscles of the lower extremities, where it is inspired by the duty of the motor act of fencing
and to provide the most accurate information that can be used to achieve the optimum achievement.
Research objectives: Design and standardization of a test to measure the explosive power of performance (physical
- skill) of the muscles of the lower extremities of advanced fencing players, Finding standard degrees and levels
for testing the explosive power of performance (physical - skill) for the muscles of the lower extremities of the
individual research sample.

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II. METHODOLOGY
Research Methodology: According to the nature of the research problem, the researchers adopted the descriptive
survey method as the best and easiest method to achieve the research objective.
Research community and sample: The researcher identified the research community, which are the players of the
Iraqi governorates' clubs in fencing, the category of applicants and registered with the statements of the Iraqi Central
Fencing Federation for the 2019-2020 season, amounting to (38) clubs, and the total number of their players is
(114) and their percentage was (100%), where they were excluded. The exploratory experiment sample numbered
(12) players, and thus the number of the research sample became (102) players, with a percentage representing
(89.47%) of the original community, as shown in Table (1).
Table (1) shows the distribution of the research community members in fencing, the category of applicants
T
provinces
Number of
clubs
Number of
Players
exploratory
experience
Construction sample and
rationing
1
Baghdad
11
33
-
33
2
Basra
5
1 5
-
15th
3
Najaf
3
9
-
9
4
Diyala
4
12
-
12
5
Kirkuk
3
9
-
9
6
Samawa
3
9
-
9
7
Karbala
5
15th
-
15th
8
Maysan
4
12
12
-
total
summation
38
114
12
102
Tools and methods used in the research:
Personal interviews with experts and specialists. (see Appendix (1) )
• A questionnaire.
• Arabic references and sources.
Test design steps: After reviewing the literature on tests and measurements, the researchers reached to formulate
the test in its initial form and presented it with a questionnaire to experts and specialists (see Appendix (2)) to
express their opinions and observations about the designed test. After collecting the questionnaires, the test was
modified and formulated in the final form, according to their opinions.
The exploratory experiment: The two researchers conducted the exploratory experiment on Sunday, 6/12/2020 in
the fencing hall of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - University of Maysan on a sample
representing part of the research community and they are the players of Maysan Governorate clubs, which
amounted to (12) players, and the purpose of which was to identify on the obstacles that the researchers may face
in the main experiment, finding scientific transactions as well as the validity of the test.
Scientific parameters of the test:
Validity coefficient: The validity of the test or experimental test was verified by applying the proposed new test to
a sample of individuals and applying another test that already exists as charity to the same sample of
individuals. The correlation coefficients calculate the scores of the new test, the scores of the actually existing test,
and the correlation coefficient, provided that the tests measure the same trait, Or the measured characteristic so that
the validity of the new test can be ascertained and it is a simplified alternative to the original test. (Laila, 2007)
where this was achieved by finding the numerator correlation coefficient (Pearson) between the performance test
(physical - skill) for jumping over the designed barrier with another test to prove its sincerity, which is the "long
jump test of stability" ". (Adel, 2011), the correlation value was (0.93), which indicates the validity of the designed
test.
Stability coefficient: The stability of "the test means stability, that is, if the same test is re-applied to one individual,
it gives some stability in the results," (Mohammed, 1995), where the two researchers seek to find the reliability

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coefficient by applying the test on Sunday, 6/12/2020, with a "one week time difference". (Mohammed, 2006) The
test was repeated on the same group and under the same conditions on Sunday 12/13/2020, as the numerator
correlation coefficient (Pearson) was calculated between the first and second tests, where the results showed that
the correlation coefficient value was (0.92), which confirms the stability of designed test.
Objectivity coefficient: Objectivity means the extent to which it is possible to obtain a correct score when two or
more arbitrators apply the test to the same sample in two different situations. The same score is given, which is “if
two or more arbitrators use the same devices and procedures and similar results can be obtained.” (Marwan, 1999)
where the researchers used arbitrators (see Appendix (3)), who are professors with experience and scientific
competence, as the numerator correlation coefficient (Pearson) was calculated between the first and second
judgments, where the results showed that the correlation value was (0.89), which indicates that the Objectivity of
the designed test.
The discriminatory power of the test validity: In order to obtain the discriminatory ability of the test, honesty was
used to distinguish between the group with a high level and a low level to determine the efficiency of the test, which
is "the ability to show the differences between the trait measured by the test in opposing or divergent
groups." (Tayseer, 2005), where the researchers arranged the raw scores in descending order, using the (extreme
groups), as 27% of the scores were adopted for the upper and lower groups, which amounted to (22) players for
each group, and the arithmetic mean of the upper group was (89,818). ) with a standard deviation of (0.732), while
the arithmetic mean of the lower group reached (85.363) and with a standard deviation of (0.726), and therefore
the (t) law was used for two independent samples to test the differences between the means of the two groups. It
reached (40.996) below the significance level (0.000), which is greater than the significance level (0.05).
Description of the proposed test in its final form:
Test name: Performance test (physical - skill) for jumping over the barrier.
The purpose of the test: To measure the explosive force of the working and opposite muscles of the lower
extremities from the position of readiness (oncard).
Tools used: a fencing field or flat ground - tape measure - adhesive tape - fencing weapons of all kinds - glove -
registration form - barrier (20) cm high, 150 cm wide and (5) cm thick.
How to perform: The player stands in the ready position (oncard) on the starting line, which is (5) cm wide, so that
the phalanx of the front foot touches the edge of the outer line, which is (65) cm away from the jumping barrier
placed on the ground, which is (20) cm high. The above situation is given the start signal by the laboratory, where
the player performs the extension of the legs along the torso and pushes the ground with the feet with maximum
force to help jump over the barrier and to the farthest horizontal distance possible, then lower the feet together on
the ground.
Performance conditions: The player must do the following.
• The player stands in a standby position facing the barrier.
• The player must pass the barrier. In the event of failure to pass, the attempt is considered a failure.
• After passing the barrier, the player must remain in the standby position to measure the distance.
• Maintaining balance as well as the distance between the feet.
Scoring: The distance is measured from the outside edge of the starting line to the heel of the player's back foot and
to the nearest (cm).
Number of Attempts: The player is given three attempts and the best attempt is taken.

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Figure (1) shows the performance test (physical - skill) for jumping over the barrier
The main experiment: After the results of the exploratory experiment confirmed the safety and validity of the
implemented procedures, as they were included in the conditions, scientific transactions and the validity of the test,
as well as the suitability of the research sample, the main The experiment was started by applying the test to the
aforementioned legalization sample, which amounted to (102) players, in the hall of the National Center for the
Gifted On Thursday, December 20, 2020.
Statistical treatments: (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, skews coefficient, median, Pearson correlation
coefficient, law (t) for uncorrelated samples, standard degree z)
III. RESULTS
1. Presentation and analysis of the results of the performance test (physical - skill) for jumping over the barrier:
It is clear from the results of the statistical analysis of the performance test (physical - skill) to jump over the barrier
that the members of the research sample had obtained an arithmetic mean (87.637) and a standard deviation (1.815),
while the median value was (88), while the results showed that the value of the torsion coefficient It reached (0.065),
which is less than (+3), which indicates that the results of the designed test are within the normal distribution.
2. The results of determining the standard scores of the performance test (physical - skill) for jumping over the barrier:
After the test, the raw scores were obtained, as these scores are considered meaningless, which requires converting
them into standard scores . Therefore, “the raw scores obtained by the person applying the tests have no meaning
or significance unless we return to a standard that defines the meaning of these scores and through them You can
know the position of the player or the person in relation to the group to which he belongs, whether he is average,
above average or below average, and what is his position in relation to his peers in the legalization sample . ( Ali,
2004) On this basis, the raw grades, the standard grade, and the modified standard grade were transferred to the
degrees of the rationing sample after they were arranged in descending order, and they were presented in tables
known as the standards tables , which are "tables showing the raw grades and derived grades in the form of parallel
columns ." ( Mohammed, 2006) and as shown in Table (2)
Table (2) shows the raw scores, the standard score, and the modified standard score arranged in descending order for the
performance test (physical - skill) to jump over the barrier
T
Raw grade
Standard score
Modified norm
T
Raw grade
Standard score
Modified norm
100
91
1.85
68.53
59
88
0.20
52
99
91
1.85
68.53
58
88
0.20
52
98
91
1.85
68.53
57
87
0.35 -
46.49
97
91
1.85
68.53
56
87
0.35 -
46.49
96
90
1.30
63.02
55
87
0.35 -
46.49
95
90
1.30
63.02
54
87
0.35 -
46.49
94
90
1.30
63.02
53
87
0.35 -
46.49
93
90
1.30
63.02
52
87
0.35 -
46.49
92
90
1.30
63.02
51
87
0.35 -
46.49
91
90
1.30
63.02
50
87
0.35 -
46.49
90
90
1.30
63.02
49
87
0.35 -
46.49

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89
90
1.30
63.02
48
87
0.35 -
46.49
88
90
1.30
63.02
47
87
0.35 -
46.49
87
90
1.30
63.02
46
87
0.35 -
46.49
86
89
0.75
57.51
45
87
0.35 -
46.49
85
89
0.75
57.51
44
87
0.35 -
46.49
84
89
0.75
57.51
43
86
0.90 -
40.98
83
89
0.75
57.51
42
86
0.90 -
40.98
82
89
0.75
57.51
41
86
0.90 -
40.98
81
89
0.75
57.51
40
86
0.90 -
40.98
80
89
0.75
57.51
39
86
0.90 -
40.98
79
89
0.75
57.51
38
86
0.90 -
40.98
78
89
0.75
57.51
37
86
0.90 -
40.98
77
89
0.75
57.51
36
86
0.90 -
40.98
76
89
0.75
57.51
35
86
0.90 -
40.98
75
89
0.75
57.51
34
86
0.90 -
40.98
74
89
0.75
57.51
33
86
0.90 -
40.98
73
88
0.20
52
32
86
0.90 -
40.98
72
88
0.20
52
31
85
1.45 -
35.47
71
88
0.20
52
30
85
1.45 -
35.47
70
88
0.20
52
29
85
1.45 -
35.47
69
88
0.20
52
28
85
1.45 -
35.47
68
88
0.20
52
27
85
1.45 -
35.47
67
88
0.20
52
26
85
1.45 -
35.47
66
88
0.20
52
25
85
1.45 -
35.47
65
88
0.20
52
24
85
1.45 -
35.47
64
88
0.20
52
23
84
2.00 -
29.96
63
88
0.20
52
22
84
2.00 -
29.96
62
88
0.20
52
21
84
2.00 -
29.96
61
88
0.20
52
20
84
2.00 -
29.96
60
88
0.20
52
It is clear to us from Table (2) that the arithmetic mean of the standard scores was (0) and the standard deviation
(1) and that their values are confined between (+3), which means that the standard test scores fall within the
(normal) level, as these values were extracted from during the player's obtaining the raw score and its equivalent
in the last field of the table that represents the test score extracted after adjusting the standard scores according to
the formula “Modified Standard Score (Z score x 10 + 50)” (Mohammed, 2011), and for the purpose of identifying
the standard levels of the performance test (Physical - skill) to jump over the barrier, as the data in Table (2) have
been tabulated and the standard levels and repetitions have been set based on the values of the z-standard grades
and as shown in Table (3)
Table (3) shows the standard levels of performance test (physical - skill) for jumping over the barrier
Standard score
Modified Standard Score
Standard level
Number of Players
(Iterations)
percentage
(-2 ) and below
29 and under
Very weak
0
0%
(-1.99) - (-1)
30 – 39
Weak
12
15th %
(-0.99) - (0)
40 – 49
Acceptable
26
32.5%
(0.01) - (1)
50 - 59
Average
29
36.25%
(0.01) - (2)
60 – 69
good
14
17.5%
(n = 102) (x = 0) (+h = 1)
It is clear to us from Table (3) regarding the performance test (physical - skill) for jumping over the barrier, where
the number of players within the level was very weak and also very good (0) with a percentage (0%) , while the
number of players within the weak level (12) by a percentage (15%), while the number of players within an
acceptable level was (26) by a percentage (32.5%), while the number of players within an average level was (29)

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by a percentage (36.25%), and the number of players within the level reached Good (14) with a percentage (17.5%),
as shown in Figure (2).
Figure (2) shows the percentages of standard levels achieved by the sample in the test
Through the foregoing results of the explosive force test performance (physical - skill) for jumping over the barrier,
where the researchers see the inevitability of the results came from one vision based on the background of the
proposed test design, which was similar in design and motor performance to the technical performance of jumping,
which is “hitting the ground with the feet in a row”. (Abbas, 1993) in terms of congruence and symmetry in the
implementation of the duty of the motor action of the motor paths of the muscles (working and opposite), which
confirmed this explosive ability in the muscle groups of the two legs undoubtedly, which was positively reflected
in the achievement of the desired goal. This is consistent statement with what (Abd Ali's) indicated, "The fencer
must have strength in the legs and arms to achieve good performance." (Statement, 2009) and also agrees with what
was indicated by (Fatima Abdel Maleh) "It is the ability of the fencing player to show maximum strength in the
least time while maintaining the correct performance of the skill for only one time at the maximum speed.” (Fatima,
2015)
IV. CONCLUSIONS
1. The test that was designed and standardized proved its validity to measure the explosive force of the
performance (physical-skill) of the muscles of the lower extremities of the research sample members.
2. The standard degrees and levels obtained from the explosive power test of the (physical - skill) performance of
the muscles of the lower extremities represent the actual level of the research sample members.
Recommendations
1. Adoption of the designed and coded test to measure the performance (physical - skill) of the muscles of the
lower limbs of the fencing players.
2. Legalizing the test designed for other age groups and for different sexes in the sport of fencing.
3. Designing and legalizing other similar tests to measure the performance test (physical - skill) in the sport of
fencing.
REFERENCES
1. Abbas Abdel-Fattah Al-Ramli: Fencing is a fencing weapon, Cairo, Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi, 1993.
2. Adel Turki Hassan Al-Dalouli :Principles of Athletic Training and Strength Training, Iraq, Dar Al Diaa for Printing and Design, 2011.
3. Ali Salloum Jawad Al-Hakim: Tests, Measurement and Statistics in Physical Education, 2004.
4. Bastawisi Ahmed: Foundations and Theories of Sports Training, Cairo, Arab Thought House, 1999.
5. Bayan Abd Ali (and others): Foundations of the sport of fencing, Baghdad, Dar Al-Arqam for printing, 2009.
6. Fatima Abdel Maleh and Zafer Namous Khalaf: The Basics of Training Fencing, 1st Edition, Baghdad, Dar Al-Arqam, 2015.
7. Ibrahim Ahmed Salama: Tests and Measurements in Physical Education, Alexandria, Manar Al-Alam, 1979.
8. Laila El-Sayed Farhat: Measurement and Testing in Physical Education, 4th Edition, Cairo, Al-Kitab Publishing Center, 2007.
9. Marwan Abdul Majeed Ibrahim: Scientific foundations and statistical methods for tests and measurements in physical education, 1st edition, Amman,
Dar Al-Fikr, 1999.
10. Muhammad Jassim Al-Yasiri: Theoretical foundations of physical education tests, Najaf Al-Ashraf, Dar Al-Diaa for Printing and Design, 2010.
11. Muhammad Nasr El-Din Radwan: Introduction to Measurement in Physical Education and Sports, 1st Edition, Cairo, Al-Kitab Center for Publishing,
2006.
12. Muhammad Sobhi Hassanein: Measurement and Evaluation in Physical Education and Sports, 3rd Edition, Cairo, Dar al-Fikr al-Arabi, 1995.
13. Tayseer Mufleh Kawafha: Measurement, Evaluation, Methods of Measurement and Diagnosis in Special Education, 2nd Edition, Amman, Dar Al
Masirah for Publishing, Distribution and Printing, 2005.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
very weak weak accepted
average good very good

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Annex (1) table showing the experts and specialists who were interviewed
T
The name
Specialization
Workplace
1
Prof. Muhammad Jassim Al-
Yasiri
Tests and
Measurement
\ College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences
/ University of Babylon
2
Prof. Dr. Rahim Attia Jannati
Tests and
Measurement
College of physical education and sports sciences/
University of Maysan
3
Prof. Dr. Abdel Hadi Hamid
Mahdi
training/duel
College of Physical Education and Sports
Science/University of Baghdad
4
Prof. Mai Ali Aziz
Tests and
Measurement
College of Physical Education and Sports
Sciences/University of Al-Qadisiyah
5
Prof. Dr. Mustafa Abdel
Rahman Mohamed
Tests and
Measurement
College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences/
University of Basra
6
Prof. Dr. Rahim Helou Ali
Psychology / Duel
College of physical education and sports sciences/
University of Maysan
Annex (2) table showing the experts and specialists to whom the questionnaire was presented
T
The name
Specialization
Workplace
1
Prof. Dr. Hashem Ahmed
Suleiman
Tests and
Measurement
College of Physical Education and Sports
Science/University of Mosul
2
Prof. Dr. Fatima Abdel
Maleh
Training / Duel
College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences /
University of Baghdad - Al - Waziriyah
3
Prof. Mithaq Ghazi
Muhammad
Tests and
Measurement
College of physical education and sports sciences/
University of Dhi Qar
4
Prof. Emad Kazem Yasser
Tests and
Measurement
College of physical education and sports sciences/
University of Dhi Qar
5
Prof. Dr. Salam Jaber
Abdullah
Physiology / Duel
College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences/
University of Basra
6
Prof. Dr. Mohamed Abdel
Rahim Neama
Tests and
Measurement
College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences/
University of Basra
Annex (3) table showing the arbitrators
T
The name
Specialization
Workplace
1
Prof. Dr. . Muhammed Majid
Muhammed
Tests and
Measurement
College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences
for Girls/ University of Maysan
2
A.M.D. Mustafa Abdel-
Zahra, father and d
Tests and
Measurement
College of Physical Education and Sports Science for
Girls/University of Maysan