Rhizocarpales, including Catolechia, Epilichen, Haugania, Poeltinula and Rhizocarpon (Rhizocarpaceae), and Sporastatia and Toensbergia (Sporastatiaceae).
Abstract
Revisions of British and Irish Lichens vol 41: 1–30
Free download available at:
https://britishlichensociety.org.uk/identification/lgbi3
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.
Klepsland, J. T. 2020. Thirty lichens and lichenicolous fungi new to Norway. Graphis Scripta 32 (7): 120-143. Oslo. ISSN 2002-4495. Thirty species of lichens and lichenicolous fungi are reported new to Norway, along with short notes on diagnostic characters, distribution and ecology, viz. Acolium sessile, Arthonia amylospora, A. helvola, Bacidia fuscoviridis, Biatorella flavella, Caloplaca isidiigera, C. monacensis, Diplotomma pharcidium, Echinodiscus lesdainii, Endocarpon psorodeum, Gregorella humida, Gyalecta ophiospora, Heppia adglutinata, Hydropunctaria orae, Lecania koerberiana, Micarea fennica, M. tomentosa, Myriolecis antiqua, Parvoplaca nigroblastidiata, Porina rosei, Psoroglaena dictyospora, Rhizocarpon advenulum, Rinodina albana, R. polysporoides, Scutula curvispora, Staurothele arctica, Verrucaria hydrophila, Vezdaea rheocarpa, Xanthocarpia marmorata and Zhurbenkoa epicladonia.
Lichens are widely acknowledged to be a key component of high latitude ecosystems. However, the time investment needed for full inventories and the lack of taxonomic identification resources for crustose lichen and lichenicolous fungal diversity have hampered efforts to fully gauge the depth of species richness in these ecosystems. Using a combination of classical field inventory and extensive deployment of chemical and molecular analysis, we assessed the diversity of lichens and associated fungi in Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska (USA), a mixed landscape of coastal boreal rainforest and early successional low elevation habitats deglaciated after the Little Ice Age. We collected nearly 5000 specimens and found a total of 947 taxa, including 831 taxa of lichen-forming and 96 taxa of lichenicolous fungi together with 20 taxa of saprotrophic fungi typically included in lichen studies. A total of 98 species (10.3% of those detected) could not be assigned to known species and of those, two genera and 27 species are described here as new to science: Atrophysma cyanomelanos gen. et sp. nov., Bacidina circumpulla , Biatora marmorea , Carneothele sphagnicola gen. et sp. nov., Cirrenalia lichenicola , Corticifraga nephromatis , Fuscidea muskeg , Fuscopannaria dillmaniae , Halecania athallina , Hydropunctaria alaskana , Lambiella aliphatica , Lecania hydrophobica , Lecanora viridipruinosa , Lecidea griseomarginata , L. streveleri , Miriquidica gyrizans , Niesslia peltigerae , Ochrolechia cooperi , Placynthium glaciale , Porpidia seakensis , Rhizocarpon haidense , Sagiolechia phaeospora , Sclerococcum fissurinae , Spilonema maritimum , Thelocarpon immersum , Toensbergia blastidiata and Xenonectriella nephromatis . An additional 71 ‘known unknown’ species are cursorily described. Four new combinations are made: Lepra subvelata (G. K. Merr.) T. Sprib., Ochrolechia minuta (Degel.) T. Sprib., Steineropsis laceratula (Hue) T. Sprib. & Ekman and Toensbergia geminipara (Th. Fr.) T. Sprib. & Resl. Thirty-eight taxa are new to North America and 93 additional taxa new to Alaska. We use four to eight DNA loci to validate the placement of ten of the new species in the orders Baeomycetales , Ostropales , Lecanorales , Peltigerales , Pertusariales and the broader class Lecanoromycetes with maximum likelihood analyses. We present a total of 280 new fungal DNA sequences. The lichen inventory from Glacier Bay National Park represents the second largest number of lichens and associated fungi documented from an area of comparable size and the largest to date in North America. Coming from almost 60°N, these results again underline the potential for high lichen diversity in high latitude ecosystems.
Sporastatia crassulata Yakovchenko & Davydov sp. nov. is described and a phylogenetic analysis (mtSSU) is presented, confirming its distinctness and indicating a sister relationship with S . testudinea . The species is unique among Sporastatia species in having a distinctly squamulose, thick, uneven thallus composed of convex, rounded squamules irregularly ascending in the central part of the thallus. The new combination Sporastatia karakorina (Poelt & Obermayer) Davydov & Yakovchenko is proposed. The type specimen of S . subasiatica was examined. A key to the six species of Sporastatia is given. Mountainous Central Asia appears to be the centre of species diversity and endemism for Sporastatia .
Rhizocarpon smaragdulum Davydov & Yakovchenko sp. nov. is described and a phylogenetic analysis (ITS, mtSSU) is presented, confirming its distinctiveness and indicating a sister relationship with R. suomiense and R. subgeminatum . The species is unique among yellow Rhizocarpon species in having a single hyaline ascospore per ascus. The phylogenetic tree suggests that the number of ascospores per ascus has been reduced in Rhizocarpon more than once during the course of its evolution. Two new distributional records are also reported: Rhizocarpon atroflavescens is new for Siberia and R. norvegicum is new for the Altai Mountains. Rhizocarpon norvegicum in this region grows on rocks and is also lichenicolous on Acarospora bullata .
The new lichen species Rhizocarpon ozsoyae is described from James Ross Island, located in the north-eastern
Antarctic Peninsula region. The nrITS and mtSSU gene regions of the new species are studied and the phylogenetic
position of the species is in the Rhizocarpon geographicum group. It differs from the other species of the group by
having mostly 1-septate and smaller ascospores, and from nearly all of them by containing norstictic acid.
Ninety years after Zahlbruckner, we present the most recent update to the classification of lichen fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota to genus level, with species numbers and references to changes compared to the 2010 Outline of Ascomycota and other recent classifications. Updated statistics on global species richness of lichen fungi and species richness at family, order and class level are given. The number of accepted species is 19,387 in 995 genera, 115 families, 39 orders and eight classes. Lichenized Basidiomycota amount to 172 species (0.9% of the total), 15 genera (1.5%), five families (4.3%), five orders (12.8%) and one class (12.5%). The most speciose genera are Xanthoparmelia, Lecanora, Arthonia, Cladonia, Pertusaria, Ocellularia, Graphis, Caloplaca, Usnea and Buellia. The average number of species per genus is 19.5 and 256 genera are monospecific. Using newly defined categories, two genera (Xanthoparmelia, Lecanora) are ultradiverse (more than 500 species), 17 hyperdiverse (201–500 species) and 12 megadiverse (101–200). The largest family is Parmeliaceae, with 2,765 species and 77 genera, followed by Graphidaceae (2,161; 79), Verrucariaceae (943; 43), Ramalinaceae (916; 43) and Lecanoraceae (791; 25). The largest order is Lecanorales, with 6,231 species and 234 genera, followed by Ostropales (3,261; 138), Arthoniales (1,541, 103), Peltigerales (1,301; 67) and Caliciales (1,276; 55). The largest class is Lecanoromycetes, with 15,131 species and 701 genera, followed by Arthoniomycetes (1,541; 103), Eurotiomycetes (1,203; 63), Dothideomycetes (812; 39) and Lichinomycetes (390; 50). A total of 751 out of 995 genera (75%) have molecular data. Fifty-nine genera remain in unresolved positions at the family, order or class level. The phylogenetic position of the 39 orders containing lichenized fungi suggests 20–30 independent lichenization events during the evolution of higher Fungi, 14–23 in the Ascomycota and 6–7 in the Basidiomycota. The following names are validated: Candelariomycetidae Miądl. et al. ex Timdal & M.Westb. subcl. nov., Cystocoleaceae Locq. ex Lücking, B.P.Hodk. & S.D.Leav. fam. nov, Letrouitineae Gaya & Lutzoni subordo nov., Rhizocarpales Miądl. & Lutzoni ordo nov. and Teloschistineae Gaya & Lutzoni subordo nov. Lectotypes are designated for Clathroporinopsis M.Choisy and Protoschistes M.Choisy, making both synonyms of Gyalecta Ach., and Stromatothelium Trevis., making it a synonym of Pyrenula Ach. Members of Cyphobasidiales, which are here interpreted as hyperlichenized fungi, as well as fossil lichen fungi, are added in additional classifications in two appendices.