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Regional disparities in the socio-economic development of tribal communities in Nashik District: A geographical analysis
Abstract
The present investigation studies the regional disparities in the socioeconomic development of tribal communities in the Nashik district through a geographical analysis. It is based on primary data collected from 607 sample households across 48 sample villages of the 15 tehsils in the Nashik district. This study took into account a wide range of socioeconomic development indicators, including the literacy rate, female literacy rate, sex ratio, percentage of the graduate population, percentage of pucca houses, percentage of house ownership, percentage of households with sufficient food, dependency ratio, percentage of households above the poverty line, percentage of working households, percentage of households with electricity, percentage of households with TV, percentage of households with sewerage facilities, and percentage of households with cooking gas. The Min-Max Normalization Index technique is applied to analyze the socioeconomic development of tribal communities. The socioeconomic development of tribal communities in the study region reflected the regional diversity under analysis. Niphad, Baglan, and Sinnar exhibited high levels of socioeconomic development. The tahsils of Nandgaon, Nashik, Chandwad, Malegaon, Dindori, Deola, Kalwan, and Yeola recorded moderate socioeconomic development. Triembak, Peint, Igatpuri, and Surgana Tahsil have recorded the lowest socioeconomic development. Thus, the uneven socioeconomic developments of tribal communities in the Nashik district affect physical features like topography and rainfall, as well as manmade features like population composition, education facilities, literacy level, infrastructural facilities, agriculture, and industrial developments. The present paper gives a geographical analysis of the socioeconomic development of tribal communities in the Nashik district.
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The tribal communities live in about 15% of the country’s areas in various ecological and geo-climatic conditions ranging from plains and forests to hills and inaccessible areas. The tribal groups are at different stages of socio-economic and educational development. While some tribal communities have adopted a mainstream way of life, at the other end of the spectrum, there are 75 groups still not adopted mainstream life, Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PTGs), who were identified earlier for having the following characteristics:(a) pre-agriculture level of technology;(b) stagnant or declining population;(c) extremely low literacy and(d) subsistence level of economy
From the geographical point of view, development means a new spatial relationship among the members of scheduled tribe community and between them and their environment. The tribal communities in India have been put on exploitation by the non-tribals as well as by the forest contractors. Still this kind of exploitation has been going on which is visible from their mass poverty, literacy, low level of urbanization, modernization, poor communication and their extreme poverty conditions. There are so many tribal plans and schemes which have been designed for their development but it seems from our study, nothing has been done both at district and village level. Therefore, we have attempted to look into the tribal development for the year 1991 and 2001, which reflect of past schemes and development implemented for the tribal development. More explicitly the major part of Marathawada and central part and northern part of kokan region development has not been percolated to the tribals. Although in such areas, their proportion is comparatively low. Low level of development ranges from 3.29 to below 5. In this paper the attempt is made to get an insight into the levels of development of tribal population in the state of Maharashtra for the years 1991 & 2001.
An attempt has been made in this study to analyse the status of tribal on the basis of human development parameters in Odisha. The study also highlights the fact of socio-economic condition of tribal in India. The greatest challenge that Government of India has been facing since independence is the proper provision of social justice to the scheduled tribe people, by improving their socio-economic conditions. For this, a lot of development programmes has been initiated by the central as well as state government. But it has been found out not only the socio-economic conditions of tribal in India are worse than other social groups, their situation in Odisha is in much worse condition. The study shows that a very high percentage of tribal population still lives below the poverty line in Odisha with a very high Infant Mortality Rate and low literacy rate especially among women. Further tribal districts in the state have performed poorly in terms of various parameters of human development vis-a-vis non-tribal districts of the state. Thus, a concrete effort is required on part of state to fill up the holes in different development programmes for tribal so that they can reap its benefit and the gap between tribal and non-tribal in terms of different socio–economic indicators can be narrowed down.
Gujjar and Bakarwal are the third largest ethnic group in Jammu and Kashmir constitute more than 11.9% of the total
population of the state (Census, 2011); scheduled tribe is the only community in the state which maintain its culture and
heritage throughout the ages. Various studies and reports indicate that socio-economic and educational status of Gujjar and
Bakarwal in Jammu and Kashmir is not at all satisfactory. In this paper an attempt was made to examine the socio-economic
and educational life of tribal in general and Gujjar and Bakarwal in particular. This paper is based on secondary sources
i.e. population census of India 2001 and 2011, various Journals, Articles, Books and Reports etc. Results have indicated that
literacy rate among the Gujjars was 31.65 % and Bakarwals was 22.51% with a total 55.52% of the General population of
the state as per 2001 census.
India has largest concentration of tribal communities in the world except that in Africa. The tribal groups of India are known to be the autochthonous people of the land. This paper examines the development of the primitive tribes in Adilabad district. Nearly 60% respondents are in young age group. Majority tribes of the study area illiterates. About 91% respondents are got married and 87% are follows Hindu religions. Majority respondents are adopted cultivation as their primary occupation and they possess below five acres of dry land. 91% sample respondents use to work in agriculture as labourer for 25 days in a month. 31% tribes do not have any skills and 58% are practicing mono cropping pattern. 52% primitive tribes acquired the modern inputs from Integrated Tribal Development Agency. 87% respondents are earning income less than1500 rupees per month. 73% respondents are opinion that they have got awareness on schemes and programmes of ITDA.
Orissa, being socio-economically backward but sound in traditional culture, is one of the important states in eastern India. Out of 30 districts, nine are considered as tribal districts (according to Location Quotient value), and, of the total population (41,947,358 in 2011), a significant share (22.1%) goes to tribal people (8,145,081in 2011). They are also one of the most backward and geographically isolated communities. Their lifestyle and economy is confined to the direct utilisation of natural resources, pre-agricultural level of technology and specific indigenous type of work. Now with the emergence of industry and market economy, the age-old relationship between tribes and nature has been disturbed. Keeping this in backdrop, the present study tries to explore the changing scenario of socio-economic condition in the tribal areas of Orissa. In this regard, various socio-economic indicators have been analysed and compared for representing district-level patterns of quality of life and finding out the variation among the primitive tribal households in the study area. In addition, Mayurbhanj has also been taken as a case study to represent the socio-economic condition and quality of life at the block level. It may be pointed out in this context that out of 30 districts in Orissa, according to Location Quotient value Mayurbhanj is the highest tribal-concentrated district. The overall objective of this study is to obtain a better understanding of the disparities and variations in socio-economic status in Orissa as well as in Mayurbhanj and also find out some remedial measures to overcome the problems to bring the primitive tribal community in the mainstream of the society. From the analysis of the health-related indicators, it is clear from the analysis that the quality of life in the district has improved remarkably over the years, but socio-economic disparities in terms of caste and gender continue to be a major problem mostly in tribal and backward areas.
Human Resource Development means nothing but a development of mental and physical quality of individual. This quality of individual brings region to way of development. Human resource development is considered as the basic factor in the process of national development. Therefore, the study of human resource is very important in planning process. In India, at local and regional level, human resource development is not uniformly distributed. There is a large variation in spatial level of human resource development. Therefore, for framing planning and strategy of any region, it is very important to find out problem region. Once we identify the problem region, it gives to clue for planner to adopt proper remedial measures for correcting imbalances in development. The aim of the paper is to know the spatial level of human resource development in the Nashik district of Maharashtra. The present study is based on the secondary data, which are obtained from the SocioEconomic Abstract and District Handbook of Nashik district. The Kendall's ranking coefficient index method is used for the present work. The levels of Human Resources development have been determined on the basic of seventeen indictors. The level of human resource development is not uniform in the study region. The level of human resource development is high in urbanized tahsils (Nashik and Malegaon) which promotes human resource development. In other hand level of human resource development is low in rugged topographical region and dry eastern part of the study region, where physical environment is not suitable.
The tribal communities in central India are excluded in many ways from accessing and benefiting from the fruits of mainstream development. Within tribal groups, women are more marginalized and sidelined than men despite their multiple roles in the household. Women’s exclusion from the mainstream knowledge systems, market sphere and their limited access and control over the resources affects the overall development of tribal communities. Key for economic growth of tribal communities is the equal participation and promotion of women’s physical and economic rights. This necessitates for a purposive design of activities and institutional mechanisms for both socially inclusive economic empowerment and environmentally sustainable growth by building their knowledge and skills to restore NTFP-based value chains for sustainable livelihoods. The present paper is an attempt to analyse and document the findings of an inclusive Lac livelihood model executed by Udyogini, a national-level NGO established by World bank in 1992, with support of PACS to address the geographical, social, technological and economic inclusion of tribal women in the Lac supply chain and downstream market integration to improve their incomes in Gumla district of Jharkhand state. It is found that by employing inclusive strategies, scientific technologies and participative approaches, the socially excluded women could be organized, engaged and integrated successfully by leveraging proven Lac-based livelihood model in the value chains and markets for increasing their incomes. The women demonstrated entrepreneurial abilities to handle markets and acquired economic empowerment over the incomes generated for family needs, mostly for education and health, while in some cases for assets building. The case study provided ample evidence that disadvantaged women could be receptive, Cooperative and capable of acquiring new skills and leadership responsibilities for value chain refinement, micro-enterprise development and management through appropriate training and skill building. Udyogini in partnership with PACS has revived the neglected and insignificant Lac-based livelihoods for social and economic inclusion of tribal women through inclusive approach in the trouble torn Gumla district in Jharkhand.
Social and economic justice, equality of status and opportunities and cultural and educational status are insured by the Constitution of India for all citizens and also provide enriched provisions for scheduled caste and tribes. This paper addresses the socio economic status of the scheduled tribes in kalrayan hills Salem district Tamilnadu (India). The majority of the household occupations are Agriculture. Cultivation is the primary occupation participated by the most heads of the sample households. Income from cultivation support majority of the sample population. More than 83 percent of the agriculture has from income around below Rs 5000-10000 level. Even daily wage labours are present in the sample population. There is a need to put more attention on educational aspects of scheduled tribes, where this only can motivate them for future life.
The paper intends to study the socio-economic conditions of the tribals residing in the remote hilly and forest areas, in the area of Thane and Raigad districts in Maharashtra. The people are very poor economically, socially and educationally. They are living hand to mouth. They depend mostly on the forest produce and agriculture for their livelihood. The government officials for the upliftment and development of the tribal are over there but many people are not aware about the government programmers and schemes. In terms of methodology, both primary and secondary data have been used. Data are both qualitative and quantitative in nature. Wherever necessary, quantitative data have been presented in tabular and graph forms. The paper concludes that in both Thane and Raigad districts, the socio-economic status of the tribal people is substantially lower than the general people. There is an urgent need to launch income generating, educational, and health awareness programmes to help them to take up opportunities given by NGOs and government.
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