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Inputs to Motorcycle Tune Up and Repair Module for a Training Program for
4PsnBeneficiaries of Bustos, Bulacan: A Needs Analysis
Butch Stephen C. Duay & Romar C. Ignacio
Bulacan State University
butchstephen.duay@bulsu.edu.ph | romar.ignacio@bulsu.edu.ph
ABSTRACT
This cross-sectional descriptive quantitative and developmental research aimed to
assess the knowledge of the 4Ps beneficiaries of the Municipality of Bustos in Bulacan in
terms of basic motorcycle engine repair. Moreover, based on the result of the assessment,
the knowledge gap served as input to the design and development of a module on basic
motorcycle repair. This study is anchored with ADDIE framework, wherein after the
assessment, design and development, the evaluation of the experts in terms of the quality
of content, format, presentation and organization and accuracy and up-to-datedness of
information transpired. The result revealed that, the respondents (n=34) on the average
marked a score of 8.12 out of 30 points in the test about basic and advanced motorcycle
repair having a standard deviation of 2.87. Moreover, the evaluation in terms of the
content, format and presentation and organization got a passing remark. However, the
module failed to pass the criterion of accuracy and up-to-datedness. The module must be
subjected to another cycle of evaluation after its revision of the accuracy and update of
information. After the revision and further evaluation, implementation and testing
effectiveness must follow.
Keywords: 4Ps, Bustos, Motorcycle Repair, Module, Needs Analysis, Philippines
INTRODUCTION
In research from Pebriantika (2019) it was cited that to determine what instructional
resources learners require to aid in the learning process, a need analysis is imperative.
As a result, the teaching materials that will be generated must be based on student
characteristics. The instructional design process, according to Morrison, Ross, and Kemp
(2004), begins with the identification of a problem or need.
The goal of a training need analysis (TNA) is to narrow the gap between current
and desired circumstances by identifying differences in results, prioritizing them, and
selecting the most critical for closure or decrease (Rothwell & Kazanas, 1998). The
training needs analysis must be completed prior to the organization of training activities,
as it ensures the success of those activities. It guarantees that individual learning
requirements and the pursuit of efficiency (Potter et al., 2003). Moreover, according to
Wright and Geroy (1992), a training must be preceded by a needs analysis. Furthermore,
the success of a training program is attributed to one fundamental process which is
conducting a needs analysis (Brown, 2002). One of the reasons why the researchers
conducted a training needs analysis is to assess whether there is deficiency of skills and
knowledge of the participants in terms of motorcycle repair.
In Higher Education Institutions, as stipulated in CMO No. 46, s. 2012, one of the
missions of universities and colleges is to aid improve the quality of human life in the
country. Moreover, one of the trifocal functions of SUCs in the Philippines, like Bulacan
State University is to conduct extension services aside from research and instruction. In
a study by Magnaye and Ylagan (2021), results revealed that the effective community
extension program is livelihood and entrepreneurship. In one of the State Colleges in the
Philippines, there is a satisfactory social and economic impact of extension services
(Salazar, 2020). Moreover, according to Cruz et al. (2023), in his study about the
perceived impact of LGU-funded extension programs that there is a satisfactory level of
impact of the community service programs. However, from a research by Labayo (2022),
the implementation of an extension program on teacher-training was successful but failed
to assess changes in behavior in learning after the training program. This research is
intended to support a program that will lead to more opportunities for the people in terms
of offering services of motorcycle repair and make it as a source of income particularly for
the 4Ps beneficiaries of Barangay Poblacion, Bustos, Bulacan in the Philippines.
Motorcycles are becoming a trend as a mode of transport by commuters in the
Philippines. In the country, according to a 2022 report, that there are about 8.5 million
registered motorcycles and non-conventional motorcycles. Central Luzon, where Bulacan
is situated, has the highest number of license registrations of tricycles (motorcycles with
sidecar attached). The motorcycles ranked second as a mode of public transportation
such as jeepneys and buses (Motorcycle Industry in the Philippines, 2024). Moreover, in
the Philippines almost half of the households owned a motorcycle or a tricycle (Statista,
2023). According to Cipriano and Vicenta (2019) that the motorcycle is a now a popular
choice in most of the ASEAN countries including the Philippines of people seeking
personal mobility. Based on this statistics and trend in terms of motorcycle utilization in
the Philippines, this present study poses a significant contribution in the future training on
basic techniques and troubleshooting of motorcycle repair by assessing the knowledge
of 4Ps beneficiaries and then design and develop a module that will be utilized in the
future training program of the researchers.
The participants of the study are the beneficiaries of the Pantawid Pamilyang
Pilipino Program (4Ps) in Poblacion, Bustos, Bulacan. The 4Ps program is a conditional
cash transfer program which is a poverty reduction strategy that provides monthly
allowance to the poorest of the poor of the country to improve their health and support
educational needs of the children. According to the report of the Department of Social
Welfare and Development in 2023, that the 4Ps has already have aided 5,544,832 poor
households nationwide in the Philippines. Basiri (2024) studied the effects of 4Ps and
found that it has a significant positive effect on human capital development. On the other
hand, beneficiaries of the 4Ps are very satisfied with the use of the cash grants for
educational purposes (De Jesus & Villanueva, 2023). Furthermore, a study found out that
the 4Ps program of the government is generating general and basic improvement in the
lives of the beneficiaries (Canlas et al., 2022).
The authors, being faculty members of a State University, wants to extend and
contribute their share in uplifting the lives of 4Ps beneficiaries in Bustos, Bulacan. . The
results of the test are also salient in the design and development of the module. The
output of the training needs analysis is a learning module that features the basic
motorcycle repair. According to McGarry (2019), that a training module is a one structured
section of a course. Its content should be developed, designed and created to support
the learner’s intake and retention of the information it contains. The objectives of a training
module is to create a step-by-step learning of a course. The first step in developing a
training module is to know your audience, then breaking the topics into modules and next
is to plan the content format. Afterwards, the module should also be added with
knowledge checks. In a study by Banandur et al. (2020) it was uncovered that
respondents who attended a training and used a structured training module significantly
improved their knowledge and attitude scores without improvement in their practical skills.
The future of this study is anchored with the sustainable development goal of
ending poverty and provide decent work for all. The training program poses an opportunity
for the respondents to have a decent work which is fundamental to human dignity
(Laborem Exercens (14 September 1981) | John Paul II, 1981). This maybe done by
equipping the participants with motorcycle repair skills this will empower them to provide
service, contribute to the society and gain a sense of accomplishment. Based on the
needs of the participants, the researchers will create a training initiative that encourages
not only technical skills but also human dignity and economic empowerment.
In the construction of the training module, the researchers adapted the
Assessment, Design and Development, Implementation and Evaluation (ADDIE) model.
In the assessment part, the researchers employed a test that will assess what the learners
need to know to accomplish related task. In the design process, the researchers will
conceptualize what the training module will look like. For the development part, the
researchers identified the learning objectives, content, learning methods and resources
that they need. However, this study did not include the implementation part yet since the
delivery of the training program did not transpire yet.
Objectives of the Study
The aim of this study is to identify the training that should be done, specifically to
the household members of the 4Ps beneficiaries of the Municipality of Bustos in Bulacan
through a needs analysis. Another target of this study is the design, development and
evaluation of a training module that will be employed to train the respondents on basic
and advanced motorcycle repair based on the needs assessment that transpired.
Statement of the Problem:
The main problem of the study is how to design, develop and evaluate a training
module on basic and advanced motorcycle repair based on the needs assessment that
transpired. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:
1. How may the knowledge of the respondents on basic and advanced motorcycle
repair be described?
2. How may a training module on basic and advanced motorcycle repair be designed
and developed?
3. How may the evaluation of the designed and developed module be described in
terms of:
3.1. Content ;
3.2 Format;
3.3 Presentation and Organization; and
3.4 Accuracy and Up-to-datedness of Information
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
This scholarly work will employ both the descriptive quantitative design and the
developmental research design. The quantitative part was utilized in describing the
training needs of the respondents and profiling the evaluation scores of the experts in
terms of the designed and developed training module. Moreover, in terms of the
designing, developing and evaluating the training module, the developmental research is
used (42: Developmental Research, 2001). The processes involved in developmental
research as contrary to a simple instructional development are the systematic designing,
developing and evaluating instructional programs, processes and products (Seels &
Richey, 1994).
Population and Sample of the Study
The population of the study is composed of the members of the household in
Poblacion, Bustos, Bulacan who are beneficiaries of the government’s 4Ps program. The
respondents are 18 years old and above. Convenience sampling was employed and 34
respondents from different households participated who are interested to join the training
program. Out of the 34 respondents, 20 are females and 14 are males. Moreover, 6
experts from the faculty of Industrial Technology were also participants of the study who
evaluated the designed and developed module.
Instruments of the Study
A thirty-item test that covers concepts in basic and advanced motorcycle repair
was used in this study. Moreover, the instrument employed to evaluate the module is the
Department of Education’s Rating Sheet for PRINT Resources which is composed of four
criteria: content; format, presentation and organization and accuracy and up-to-
datedness.
Data Analysis and Statistical Treatment
The researchers identified the items with the least number of correct responses.
The result of the test is the basis in designing and developing the module. Subsequently,
descriptive statistics is used to describe the evaluation of the experts on the designed
and developed module. For the content criterion, it should have at least a score of 21 out
of 28 points to pass the criterion. For the format, 54 points out of 72 points to pass. On
the other hand, for presentation and organization it should be 15 points out of 20 points
to pass the criterion. Moreover, for accuracy and up-to-datedness of information must
have a perfect score of 24 out of 24 points to pass the criterion.
Ethical Considerations
Participation in the survey is totally voluntary. They were sought a consent that
also seeks them to declare that they have no conflicts of interest. After signing the consent
form, they can still withdraw any time without any consequence. In accordance with the
Data Privacy Act (DPA) of 2012 and its related laws and regulations, the responses will
be kept anonymous and confidential. The respondents were made aware that there are
no risks involved in participating in this study.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Research Objective 1: How may the knowledge of the respondents on basic and
advanced motorcycle repair be described?
The respondents (n=34) on the average marked a score of 8.12 out of 30 points in
the test about basic and advanced motorcycle repair having a standard deviation of 2.87.
The lowest score is 2 while the highest score obtained is 12. This result shows that there
is a learning gap from the respondents in terms of the concepts of basic and advanced
motorcycle repair. This would establish the need of the respondents to have a training
program on the said topics because on the average the respondents have low prior
knowledge.
On the other hand, the five (5) items that got the lowest correct scores are about:
how to adjust the valve clearance (3); stroke cycle (3); diagnosis of no compression (4);
intake valve function (5); and sign of TDC compression stroke (6). The results of the test
are also salient in the design and development of the module.
According to Berry (2008), the pre-test is used to establish a subject-knowledge
baseline and to judge the learners’ depth of understanding about the concept. Teachers
should carefully review pretest findings before instruction (Kelly, 2019). In a recent study,
it was revealed that there is growing data about the impact of pretesting and
prequestioning on learning transfer and memory (Pan & Carpenter, 2023).
Research Objective 2: How may a training module on basic and advanced
motorcycle repair be designed and developed?
In designing and developing the module, the researchers followed the ADDIE
(Analyze, Design, Development, Implement and Evaluate) model of construction of
instructional materials. However, the piloting of the developed module was not employed
in this study, the module was subjected first to the evaluation of experts before the pilot
testing of the material in the second phase of this study. Furthermore, this study only
employed the ADD part of the ADDIE model, since the objective of the study is limited to
the design and development of the module. A second phase study of implementation and
evaluation of its effectiveness will follow this present study.
The designed and developed module on basic and advanced motorcycle repair
started with a training needs of the respondents. Based on the results the authors
designed the format of the module. Based on the results of the needs analysis through a
test, the researchers have identified the characteristics of the participants. The
participants are 4Ps beneficiaries with varying age group and gender. The developed
module’s medium of instruction is in Filipino to set language appropriateness to the target
beneficiaries for a more comprehensive content. The title of the module is MODYUL
PARA SA PINADALING PAG-AAYUS AT PAGMEMENTENA NG MOTORSIKLO which
translates a module that simplifies the instructions of the fundamentals of motorcycle
repair. The module started with an introduction and followed by a pre-test to measure the
prior knowledge of the target users. Then the basic techniques and operations of
motorcycle repair were discussed followed by the safety procedures, followed by a pre-
test. The module is designed with an objective, introduction, pre-test, lesson proper and
post-test. The module is composed of seven (7) parts such as: The Work Shop and Basic
Information; Tools and Equipment; Fundamentals of Motorcycle Engine; Engine
Lubrication System; Carburetor Cleaning; Valve Adjustment; and Motorcycle Engine
Overhauling.
Research Objective 3: How may the evaluation of the designed and developed
module be described in terms of content.
Table 1
Summary of the Evaluation of Experts in Terms of Content
CRITERIA
MEAN
1. Content is suitable to the student's level of development
4.00
2. Material contributes to the achievement of specific objectives of the
subject area and grade/year level for which it is intended.
4.00
3. Material provides for the development of higher cognitive skills such as
critical thinking, creativity, learning by doing, inquiry, problem solving etc.
3.67
4. Material is free of ideological. cultural, religious, racial, and gender
biases and prejudices
4.00
5. Material enhances the development of desirable values and traits
3.83
6. Material has the potential to arouse interest of target reader.
4.00
7. Adequate warning/cautionary notes are provided in topics and activities
where safety and health are of concern
4.00
TOTAL
27.5
It can be gleaned in Table 1 the evaluation scores of the experts in terms of the
content of the designed and developed module. On the average, the score is 27.5 out of
28 which means that the module passed the content criterion. However, the lowest score
(M = 3.67) was marked in terms of the provision of content that develops higher cognitive
skills. Since the content of the module requires more on psychomotor skills and
manipulative skills, its content was designed appropriately to develop the said skills. The
content validity of the module is critical that ensures the quality standards are obtained
(Tarmizi & Janan, 2022). Moreover, according to Sifa et al. (2021), they emphasized the
effectiveness of a well designed and developed module in enhancing the learning
process.
Table 2
Summary of the Evaluation of Experts in Terms of Format
CRITERIA
MEAN
1.1 Size of letters appropriate to the intended user
3.83
1.2 Spaces between letters and words facilitate reading
3.83
1.3 Font is easy to read
4.00
1.4 Printing is of good quality (i.e., no broken letters, even density, correct
alignment, properly placed screen registration)
4.00
2.1 Simple and easily recognizable
4.00
2.2 Clarify and supplement the text
4.00
2.3 Properly labelled or captioned (if applicable)
4.00
2.4 Realistic/appropriate colors
4.00
2.5 Attractive and appealing
4.00
2.6 Culturally relevant
3.83
3.1 Attractive and pleasing to look at
4.00
3.2 Simple (i.e., does not distract the attention of the reader).
4.00
3.3 Adequate illustration in relation to text
4.00
3.4 Harmonious blending of elements (e.g., illustrations and text).
3.83
4.1 Paper used contributes to easy reading
3.83
4.2 Durable binding to withstand frequent use
3.83
5.1 Easy to handle
4.00
5.2 Relatively light
4.00
TOTAL
70.98
Table 2 revealed the evaluation scores of the designed and developed module in
terms of format. On the average, the total score of the format quality of the module is
70.98 out of 72 points that means the module passed this criterion. According to Burt and
Burt (2023), during the planning stage of developing and mapping out a module one of
the factors to be considered is its format.
Table 3
Summary of the Evaluation of Experts in Terms of Presentation and Organization
CRITERIA
MEAN
1. Presentation is engaging, interesting, and understandable.
4.00
2.There is logical and smooth flow of ideas.
4.00
3.Vocabulary level is adapted to target reader's likely experience and level
of understanding.
4.00
4. Length of sentences is suited to the comprehension level of the target
reader.
4.00
5. Sentences and paragraph structures are varied and interesting to the
target reader.
3.83
TOTAL
19.83
Table 3 summarizes the evaluation of the experts in terms of the presentation and
organization of the module. Overall, the module passed the criteria in terms of its
presentation and organization with a total score of 19.83 out of a perfect score of 20. On
the other hand, the least scored item (M = 3.83) falls on the variety of sentences and
paragraphs and how it is interesting to the target readers. According to Hativa (2000), an
alternative dimension of an effective teaching is to present materials in an interesting and
engaging manner. Moreover, Renkl and Scheiter (2015), states that learners find difficulty
with visual display because of interferences of extraneous yet perceived critical
information. Additionally, presentation sequence influences the method of reading the text
and the perception of the comprehension of the learners (Copeland & Gedeon, 2017).
Table 4
Summary of the Evaluation of Experts in Terms of Accuracy and Up-to-datedness of
Information
CRITERIA
MEAN
Conceptual errors.
3.33
Factual errors.
3.50
Grammatical errors.
3.50
Computational errors
3.67
Obsolete information.
3.67
Typographical and other minor errors (e.g., inappropriate or unclear
illustrations, missing labels, wrong captions, etc.).
3.83
TOTAL
21.5
The outline of the evaluation of experts in terms of accuracy and up-to-datedness
of information was shown in Table 4. The results revealed that in these criteria the module
failed to pass the standard since it marked only 21.5 out of the required perfect score of
24. The presence of some conceptual errors (M = 3.33) got the lowest mean, which
means that this criterion has the most errors as evaluated by the experts. The accuracy
of the content of a learning material is crucial and the information must be up to date
(Zabidi et al., 2017). Moreover, the accuracy of the information of is critical for easy
understanding and avoid misconception (Rahmawati et al., 2021).
Conclusion
This developmental research aimed to design, develop and evaluate a training
module on basic motorcycle engine repair for a training program designed for the indigent
residents of the municipality of Bustos, Bulacan based on the training needs analysis
conducted. The module is desihned with an introduction and followed by a pre-test to
measure the prior knowledge of the target users. Then the basic techniques and
operations of motorcycle repair were discussed followed by the safety procedures,
followed by a pre-test. The module is constructed with an objective, introduction, pre-test,
lesson proper and post-test. The module is composed of seven (7) parts such as: The
Workshop and Basic Information; Tools and Equipment; Fundamentals of Motorcycle
Engine; Engine Lubrication System; Carburetor Cleaning; Valve Adjustment; and
Motorcycle Engine Overhauling. The result of the evaluation of the module revealed that
the material passed the criteria in terms of content, format, presentation and organization.
However, the module failed to pass the criteria in terms of the accuracy and up-to-
datedness of information.
Recommendations
In the light of the above findings and conclusions, the following recommendations
are offered:
1. The module must be subjected to another cycle of evaluation after its revision
of the accuracy and update of information.
2. Implementation of the module and testing its effectiveness to the target
beneficiaries may also be conducted.
3. Training needs analysis may also be done to other 4Ps beneficiaries in other
barangays of the town of Bustos, Bulacan.
4. Similar studies may also be done in other fields that may also design and
develop of a module for a training program.
5. Create a training initiative that encourages not only technical skills but also
human dignity and economic empowerment.
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