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Contribution to Egypt’s Flora: new records from Nile Islands, South Valley, Egypt
Abstract
The rate at which people are introducing species to formerly uninhabited places shows no signs of slowing down. Wild
plants can roam freely across international borders. From September 2021 to June 2023, 45 field excursions were made
to Egypt’s southern Nile Islands in the Aswan Governorate to undertake vegetation surveys. Depending on the literature
reviewed and herbaria consulted during this study, three plant taxa, as well as one additional genus (Macroptilium), found
during these field excursions were not previously recorded in the Egyptian Flora. These new records are Acanthospermum
hispidum (Asteraceae), Geranium carolinianum (Geraniaceae), and Macroptilium atropurpureum (Fabaceae). These plants
are classed as noxious weeds that harm agriculture. A complete description, occurrence and distribuion maps, plant photos
and illustrations are provided. This study underlines the importance of carrying out extensive and ongoing research on the
flora of Aswan’s Nile Islands to have a better knowledge of flowering plant distribution patterns. In addition, it might be
regarded as a great starting point for expanding floristic knowledge of this interesting territory and its surroundings.
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The current study is the first attempt to provide a comprehensive inventory of all newly recorded vascular plant taxa which were collected from Egypt after Boulos' Checklist 2009. The study was compiled by gathering several information sources such as relevant taxonomic publications, accessible online database, herbaria collections and field observations. The present study records 441 species and infraspecific taxa (309 species, 72 subspecies and 60 varieties) belonging to 83 families and 275 genera, representing 66 Monocots and 375 Eudicots. The study revealed the addition of five species viz. Ficus religiosa, F. elastica, Vigna vexillata, Sagittaria sagittifolia and carpobrous edulis; as well as nine families not previously recorded in the flora of Egypt. Amongst the taxa recorded,22 endemics in ten families and 23 near endemics in 15 families. The inventory of newly recorded taxa made in the present study confirms that the Egyptian flora requires significant updating, and this study might be regarded as a supplementary to Boulos' Flora of Egypt Checklist (2009), the authors also believe that the present checklist has filled the gaps existing in the data at the sub-regional administrative scale.
Through the collection of herbarium specimens in Bhutan over the years, new plant species are discovered nearly annually. Thus, this paper reports two new genera and 19 new records of flowering plant species from Bhutan. The new genera include Eurycorymbus of the family Sapindaceae and Homalium of the family Salicaceae. The new records of plant species are Eranthemum erythrochilum (Acanthaceae), Hemidesmus indicus (Apocynaceae), Ilex umbellulata (Aquifoliaceae), Canarium strictum (Burseraceae), Ehretia acuminate (Boraginaceae), Vaccinium sikkimense (Ericaceae), Nothapodytes foetida (Icacinaceae), Machilus edulis (Lauraceae), Grewia asiatica (Malvaceae), Hibiscus fragrans (Malvaceae), Cipadessa baccifera (Meliaceae), Baccaurea javanica (Phyllanthaceae), Canthiumera glabra (Rubiaceae), Homalium napaulense (Salicaceae), Eurycorymbus cavaleriei (Sapindaceae), Acmella radicans (Asteraceae), Silene latifolia (Caryophyllaceae), Cleome rutidosperma (Cleomaceae), and Cuphea carthagenensis (Lythraceae). Morphological determinations of the genera and species were carried out at the National Herbarium (THIM) of the National Biodiversity Centre of Bhutan. Brief descriptions of the species, phenology, and photo plates are provided in this annotated checklist.
Aims: Despite that vascular plants constitute an important component of overall global biodiversity and have been studied well over two centuries, the questions of "How many species of vascular plants are there in the world and how many of them have been discovered and described?" remain open. Here, we address the second of the two questions. Method: We synthesized four global plant databases. Results & Conclusions: Our study shows that for the entire global flora of vascular plants (including natural hybrids), 376,366 species have been discovered and validly described. When natural hybrids are excluded, the global flora includes 369,054 species of vascular plant species, of which pteridophytes (ferns and lycophytes), gymnosperms and angiosperms have 13,810, 1,172 and 354,072 species, respectively. The number of vascular plant species derived from our study is larger than any of the other four databases by at least 17,700 species.
The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP) is a comprehensive list of scientifically described plant species, compiled over four decades, from peer-reviewed literature, authoritative scientific databases, herbaria and observations, then reviewed by experts. It is a vital tool to facilitate plant diversity research, conservation and effective management, including sustainable use and equitable sharing of benefits. To maximise utility, such lists should be accessible, explicitly evidence-based, transparent, expert-reviewed, and regularly updated, incorporating new evidence and emerging scientific consensus. WCVP largely meets these criteria, being continuously updated and freely available online. Users can browse, search, or download a user-defined subset of accepted species with corresponding synonyms and bibliographic details, or a date-stamped full dataset. To facilitate appropriate data reuse by individual researchers and global initiatives including Global Biodiversity Information Facility, Catalogue of Life and World Flora Online, we document data collation and review processes, the underlying data structure, and the international data standards and technical validation that ensure data quality and integrity. We also address the questions most frequently received from users.
The present study aims to update the list of the alien species in the Egyptian flora, which prepared from literature reviewing, field trips and herbaria consultation. The recent list includes 250 taxa (11.7% of the Egyptian flora); including 5 subspecies and two varieties; related to 161 genera and 41 families. Three state of alien species are recognized: causals (114 taxa), naturalized (129 taxa) and, invasive (7 taxa). The most represented life form is the therophytes. On the other hand, four geophytes-helophytes and three hydrophytes. Four major habitats supporting the distribution of these species: cultivated land, wetland, ruderal and natural habitats. The cultivated lands are the most represented. These alien taxa belong to 16 origins: 12 in the Old World (with 156 taxa) and four origin belong to New World (with 117 taxa), Pantropic (with four taxa) and palaeotropics (with 11 taxa). The same taxon may have more than origin. The most represented taxa were from South and Tropical America (58 taxa = 23.2 %), South Asia (51 taxa = 20.4 %) followed by Europe (38 = 15.2 %). Highest taxa were recorded in family Poaceae (74), Amaranthaceae s.l. (25), Fabaceae (23), Asteraceae (20), Solanaceae (16) followed Euphorbiaceae (10 taxa).
The present study was undertaken to survey the floristic composition in the islands and shorelines in Aswan Reservoir, south of the River Nile at Aswan Governorate, Egypt. Four elements of vegetation were analyzed: floristic composition, lifespan, life form, and phytogeographical affinities. A total of 165 species were recorded belonging to 134 genera in 45 families of vascular plants, of which six species were new to the flora of Aswan and Nubia (Amaranthus spinosus, Doellia bovei, Eleocharis parvula, Haematoxylum campechianum, Polygonum aviculare, and Pithecellobium dulce). The most represented families are Leguminosae, Poaceae, and Compositae. Species richness is highest in low-lying areas (shorelines) liable to flooding, compared to those of the islands in the river. The recorded flora consists of 50.91% perennials and 49.09% annuals. Therophytes and phanerophytes were the predominant life forms. Phytogeographical analysis revealed the prevalence of the pantropical (28.48%), palaeotropical (17.57%), and cosmopolitan (16.36%) plant species. Monoregional chorotype was represented by 29 species (17.58%) of the recorded flora with the Sudano-Zambezian species (11.52%) being the highest chorotype, while pure Mediterranean species were very poorly represented (3.63%). Biregional chorotype was represented by 25 species (15.15%), while the pluriregional chorotype was accounted for 2.43% of recorded species.
Abutilon grandifolium is reported for the first time for the flora of Egypt. The paper includes a comprehensive description, occurrence, comparison with closely related species, comments on habitat, and an updated identification key to the species of Abutilon in Egypt. In addition, photographs are given for easy identification.
Background: Geranium carolinianum L. (Geraniaceae) is widely used for a variety of diseases including herpetic keratitis, eczema, rheumatalgia etc. However, there is lack of relevant scientific research.Materials and Methods: GCE (125, 250, 500mg/kg body weight) was evaluated for its pharmacological properties by using the acetic acid-induced writhing test, the hot plate test and the fresh egg white-induced paw edema in rats. The dimethylbenzene-induced mouse inflammation model and the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced rat fever model were employed and the acute toxicity of GCE was alsoassessed.Results: The Geranium carolinianum aqueous extract (GCE) significantly inhibited the writhing responses in mice, increased reaction time of mice in the hot plate test, and suppressed the fresh egg white-induced paw edema in rats and the dimethylbenzene-induced ear edema in mice whilst attenuating LPS-induced fever in rats in a dose dependent manner. Furthermore, no deaths were observed when mice were orally administered GCE up to 14 g/kg body weight (approximately 553 times of clinical dose).Conclusions: GCE possesses analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities and is non-toxic at the doses used. The results of this study support the clinical use and effectiveness of Geranium carolinianum as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic agent in folk medicine.
Siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum) cv. Siratro fue una de las primeras leguminosas forrajeras tropicales liberadas para uso comercial en Australia en la década de 1960. Inicialmente se mostró muy promisorio tanto a nivel de estación experimental como en siembras comerciales. Mientras al comienzo las investigaciones mostraron que pastoreo intensivo tuvo efecto negativo en la productividad de la leguminosa, 15 años después habían incrementado las dudas sobre su persistencia en condiciones de pastoreo aún con cargas animales ligeras a moderadas. Como consecuencia, el uso comercial de Siratro ha venido declinando en forma marcada, aunque en áreas muy reducidas todavía se encuentran algunas siembras del cv. Aztec. En este documento se analizan algunas de las razones de este descenso en el uso de Siratro y sus implicaciones en las investigaciones sobre mejoramiento de pasturas mediante la introducción de leguminosas. En general, la investigación inicial en pasturas tropicales, tal como es el caso de Siratro, no tuvo en cuenta que las plantas originales de leguminosas herbáceas tienen un ciclo de vida reducido y que para garantizar la persistencia de una población es necesario que se desarrollen nuevas plantas mediante reproducción vegetativa o a partir de semillas. En numerosos estudios realizados durante un lapso de 20 años se demostró que, aunque Siratro forma nuevas plántulas de reemplazo, en la mayoría de los casos éstas no son suficientes para mantener una adecuada densidad por un período prolongado de tiempo. Para ilustrar esto se presentan datos de estudios sobre densidad de estolones, longevidad de plantas, bancos de semilla en el suelo y sobrevivencia de plántulas en diferentes condiciones de pastoreo y clima. La principal limitante fue que los bancos de semillas en el suelo fueron generalmente inadecuados para asegurar la persistencia de la población, especialmente en años secos, cuando las plantas no alcanzaron a fructificar o solo muy poco, además del riesgo de muerte de todas las plántulas provenientes de semillas germinadas durante un evento de precipitación aislado. La interrupción del pastoreo en otoño para aumentar la producción de semillas en la pastura mejoró la persistencia de la leguminosa, pero no en una forma lo suficientemente confiable para un uso generalizado de esta práctica. La principal enseñanza es que los estudios de evaluación no reconocieron en forma adecuada que las leguminosas en una pastura tienen que formar plantas nuevas para reemplazar las plantas originales después de muertas. Esto tiene implicaciones para los futuros trabajos experimentales, en términos de duración de los experimentos, sistemas de manejo, mediciones y observaciones que se deben hacer, y la necesidad de un mayor enfoque ecológico en la evaluación.
This paper investigates the development of Nile River islands in the first reach which extends between Aswan and new Esna barrages. A wide range of data compiled and used in this investigation which include produced maps in 1939, 1982 and 2003, and hydrological data. Compiled data drew a complete picture for up-to-date information on morphological changes since 1939. The analysis indicated that islands length; thus, area has reduced since 1939. Also, islands tend to reshape by elongating. The reduction in area is attributed in part to the merging of islands in either bank and adjustment of the river to the new flow conditions after the operation of High Aswan Dam. El-Mansouria Island which is the largest island in area was focused on. Recent human interferences accelerated the merging of island in the west bank. Consequently, river morphology has changed around the islands.
The greater Cairo area has many islands formed after the Aswan High Dam construction. Ministry of water resources and irrigation is interested in studying the development and evolution of these islands in order to reflect the esthetic aspects and improvement of the environment surrounding the islands. This study focuses on Shubra El-Khaima Island which is located upstream Delta Barrage in the back water curve region. The study aims to propose different alternatives for island development. GSTAR3.0 model is the most recent version of a series of numerical models for simulating flow of water and sediment transport and prediction of morphological changes in alluvial rivers. This model was used to simulate and examine different alternatives for Shubra island development on river morphology according to different discharges scenarios. The optimum alternative was proposed. Also, the future required precautions to mitigate the effects of this development on the stability of watercourse were suggested.
Physical dormancy in seeds of species of Geraniaceae is caused by a water-impermeable palisade layer in the outer integument of the seed coat and a closed chalaza. The chalazal cleft has been reported to be the water gap (i.e. location of initial water entry) in innately permeable seeds of Geraniaceae. The primary aim of this study was to re-evaluate the location of the water gap and to characterize its morphology and anatomy in physically dormant seeds of Geraniaceae, with particular reference to G. carolinianum.
Length, width, mass, anatomy and germination of two seed types (light brown and dark brown) of G. carolinianum were compared. Location, anatomy and morphology of the water gap were characterized using free-hand and microtome tissue sectioning, light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, dye tracking, blocking and seed-burial experiments.
Treatment with dry heat caused a colour change in the palisade cells adjacent to the micropyle. When placed in water, the 'hinged valve' (blister) erupted at the site of the colour change, exposing the water gap. The morphology and anatomy in the water-gap region differs from those of the rest of the seed coat. the morphology of the seed coat of the water-gap region is similar in G. carolinianum, G. columbinum, G. molle and G. pusillum and differs from that of the closely related species Erodium cicutarium.
Dislodgment of swollen 'hinged valve' palisade cells adjacent to the micropyle caused the water gap to open in physically dormant seeds of G. carolinianum, and it was clear that initial water uptake takes place through this gap and not via the chalazal opening as previously reported. This water gap ('hinged valve gap') differs from water gaps previously described for other families in morphology, anatomy and location in the seed coat.
Non-native (alien, exotic) plant invasions are affecting ecological processes and threatening biodiversity worldwide. Patterns of plant invasions, and the ecological processes which generate these patterns, vary across spatial scales. Thus, consideration of spatial scale may help to illuminate the mechanisms driving biological invasions, and offer insight into potential management strategies. We review the processes driving movement of non-native plants to new locations, and the patterns and processes at the new locations, as they are variously affected by spatial scale. Dispersal is greatly influenced by scale, with different mechanisms controlling global, regional and local dispersal. Patterns of invasion are rarely documented across multiple spatial scales, but research using multi-scale approaches has generated interesting new insights into the invasion process. The ecological effects of plant invasions are also scale-dependent, ranging from altered local community diversity and homogenization of the global flora, to modified biogeochemical cycles and disturbance regimes at regional or global scales. Therefore, the study and control of invasions would benefit from documenting invasion processes at multiple scales.
A documantary floristic study was carried out on Egyptian Nubia before the formation of the artificial lake south of the Aswan High Dam. Three excursions were made from November 1963 to April 1964 to the villages of Afia, Geneina, Aniba, Ballana, Abu Simbel and Adendan which were richest in Agricultural land. About 6000 specimens were collected comprising 238 species of phanerogams, 171 genera and 55 families. 176 species are wild or naturalized, 62 species are cultivated. Three mosses and one fungus are also recorded. One species is new to science. Two genera, six species and one variety are entirely new to the flora of Egypt. 18 species are new to the area from Cairo to Wadi Halfa. For all species the locality, date of collection, state of the plant, habitat, Arabic and or Nubian name or names and local uses are given when available. Complete collections are deposited in the herbaria of the Faculty of Science, Cairo University and of the Desert Institute, Cairo.
Naturaland semi-natural plant communities occurring in the Nile Valley in Upper Egypt are described and their position in the zonation along the river bank interpreted. With the help of ordination and classification methods relationships among the 13 community types and their distribution along the predominating moisture gradient are elucidated. The vegetation of the Nile Valley can be described as a series of discrete plant community types on the basis of their floristic composition, structural components and habitat conditions. The communities can be grouped into four higher units, considered as formations: swamp, meadow, thorn-bush and riverain woodland.
Three main types of seed-discharge in Geranium are made the basis of its division into subgenera: Geranium subgenus Geranium, with a ballistic expulsion of the seed from the mericarp, termed ‘seed-ejection’; Geranium subgenus Robertium, with forcible discharge of the mericarp with the seed in it, separately from the awn, termed ‘carpel-projection’, and Geranium subgenus Erodioideae, with the seed-containing mericarp being thrown off with the attached awn, which becomes helically coiled, called the ‘Erodium-type’. Variants of the seed-ejecting type permit the division of Geranium subgenus Geranium into three sections. Other criteria are used to divide Geranium subgenus Robertium into eight sections and Geranium subgenus Erodioideae into two. Species are fully enumerated except for Geranium section Geranium, which comprises the bulk of the genus, and for which some tentative subgroups are given in an Appendix. Diversity of fruit-type in Geranium is greatest in the Mediterranean Region. Characters of the fruit in other genera of Geraniaceae are surveyed. Geographical distributions, chromosome numbers, pollen morphology and phytochemistry are reviewed. It is suggested that Erodium-type fruit discharge, shared with the four remaining genera of the family, is primitive, and that carpel-projection and seed-ejection arose from it separately, the latter probably more than once. The very large, mainly perennial, Geranium subgenus Geranium is contrasted with Geranium subgenus Robertium, half of which is hapaxanthic, and which occupies marginal habitats and shows greater morphological and chromosomal variation despite its being only one tenth the size. Geranium subgenus Erodioideae is smaller still and probably relictual.
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