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Volume 4, Issue 2, P 355 – 368
355
A Multi-Stakeholder Approach for Ecotourism and
Heritage Conservation in Socotra Island
Layal Azan1, Mohammed M. Gomaa1,2
1 Department of Architecture, Dar Al-Hekma University, Jeddah 22246, Saudi Arabia.
2 Department of Architectural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Aswan University,
Aswan 81542, Egypt.
ABSTRACT
Socotra Island, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, faces unique challenges in
balancing tourism development with conservation efforts. This research focuses on
the conservation of Socotra through tourism development. It explores the concept
of ecotourism and its significance in promoting sustainable practices. This paper
addresses ecotourism development's social, economic, and environmental impacts
and highlights its benefits for local communities. This study analyzes the status of
tourism in Socotra and evaluates its effectiveness, considering the perspectives of
the local community, tour guides, tourism companies, and tourists. Finally, this
research highlights the potential for sustainable tourism development on Socotra
Island. It addresses key challenges, including effective tourism management,
coordination, waste disposal, and community involvement. This research
contributes to the growing body of knowledge on sustainable tourism development
in ecologically sensitive regions. By advocating for a collaborative approach, this
research offers valuable insights for policymakers, conservation practitioners, and
tourism stakeholders working in Socotra and similar destinations.
Keywords: Environment; Ecotourism; Local Communities; Community-Driven;
Tourism Infrastructure
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1. Introduction
Despite its importance, several challenges are associated with architectural and
urban heritage conservation [1]. One major issue is funding; many cities need
more resources to maintain their historic sites properly [2]. Additionally, there
may be conflicts between those who wish to preserve the past and those who
want to move forward with development projects that could damage or destroy
these sites [3, 4]. Furthermore, legal issues related to ownership rights may also
need to be addressed before work can begin on a site.
Ecotourism is becoming a headlight in the tourism environment worldwide [5],
emphasizing a symbiotic relationship between the tourists and the preset
environment as defined by the UNWTO in 2002 [6, 7]; ecotourism entails a
travel type that involves the aspect of nature based on the concept of sustainable
tourism [8]. Visitors come to ecotourism sites magnetically in a way that seeks to
revive their connection to nature, as well as the opportunity to be part of the
traditions of Indigenous people in an unspoiled natural world [5, 9]. At the heart
of everything is ecotourism, the principle of education and interpretation, and
understanding that leads to enlightenment concerning the environments one
interacts with [5].
While the growing international tourism is a boon that contributes to economic
development and helps the environment [10], it comes with many societal
challenges like resource depletion, inflation, and a strain on the local culture, as
noted by Moeurn, Khim, and Sovanny (2008, p. 18). Today, tourism is the most
visible performance indicator for almost every nation globally [7]. This is
accompanied by a strong understanding that sustainability should be very
important in implementing tourism practices. This is when ecotourism comes in
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as a big player, taking nearly 70 % of total tourism revenue in 2021 income. The
growth of interest in ecotourism across the globe, as people go for tourist
experiences related to wildlife safaris, national park visits, and even wildlife
spotting, characterizes the appeal of ecotourism to most contemporary-thinking
travelers [5, 7].
Perhaps, among all the natural area-oriented tourism destinations, there is
Socotra Island, which distinguishes itself for its exceptional biological diversity
and ecological value [11-13]. It is situated in the Arabian Sea, which is the home
of a variety of rare species that are present in the world only here [14]Socotra
has 37% of its plants, 90% of its reptiles, and 95% of its land snails that are
considered endemic species, which means that they can only be found in the
archipelago [14, 15]. Therefore, it is undoubtedly a global hotspot for
biodiversity. It offers beautiful wildlife scenery characterized by colorful coral
reefs, coastal fish, and amazing crustaceans [16, 17].
To ensure the ecological significance of Socotra is successfully protected,
sustainable nature-based tourism is being upgraded to be sensitive to the island's
different environment and cultural activities [16, 18]. The proposed management
plan for Socotra recommends that community-based tourism, such as small-scale
and community-driven development, should be a thrust in formulating tourism
development [12]. The plan capitalizes on including the local communities in
tourism activities, ensuring that tourism profits are equitably available to all the
stakeholders and are favorable for the environment [15, 17].
Even though sustainable tourism development is imaginable for Socotra, the
difficulties of educating people and spreading information about the island’s
opportunities still exist. According to Ahmed Abdullah Omer, Madhuri Sawant,
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and Rajesh Ragde (2023), the findings on tourists' awareness of the products in
the history and culture category of Socotra Island brands pointed to the negative
side of the lack of tourists' awareness [11, 19]. On the other hand, the importance
of nature-based tourism products was felt, indicating that it was a field of great
potential.
This paper delves into the intricacies of Socotra's tourism landscape, exploring
the intersection of ecotourism principles, biodiversity conservation, and
community-based development. Furthermore, it aims to assess the current state
of tourism infrastructure on Socotra and evaluate tourists' perceptions and
awareness of the island's offerings. By understanding these dynamics, the paper
seeks to inform strategies for sustainable tourism development that maximize the
benefits for local communities while safeguarding Socotra's unique natural and
cultural heritage.
2. Materials and Methods
This research seeks to comprehend the dynamic interaction among Socotra
tourism, conservation, and local communities. It adopts a multifaceted
methodology integrating diverse data collection techniques. The approach entails
conducting qualitative interviews with experts, stakeholders, and tourists.
Additionally, case studies are analyzed alongside the distribution of quantitative
surveys to tourism agencies, tourists, and local communities.
First, local and international case studies were analyzed. A local case study
examined a campsite in the Dehmiry site on Socotra Island. The study analyzed
the design, materials, structure, and program of the campsite, with a focus on its
impact on the community and environment. In addition to the local case study,
analyses were conducted on case studies from the Maldives and Jordan. The
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Maldives case study highlighted the potential negative impacts of prioritizing
tourism over traditional industries, emphasizing adverse effects on both the
economy and society [20, 21]. The emphasis on tourism over local needs and
environmental conservation was seen as detrimental in the long term.
Conversely, the Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature (RSCN) in Jordan
serves as an example of conservation through tourism [22]. The RSCN aims to
align conservation initiatives with socio-economic progress, fostering greater
public support and engagement for safeguarding the natural environment in
Jordan and neighboring nations [22].
2.1 Case Study Region
The Dehmriy campsites are a local case study built by the community and
designed by an architect, eco-tourism, and landscape development expert for
natural and cultural sites (Figure 1) [23-25].
Figure 1. Master plan of Dehmiry campsites.
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Furthermore, online interviews were conducted with various specialists and
experts, including eco-tourism and landscape development experts for natural
and cultural sites and a tourism management specialist at Socotra University.
These in-depth, semi-structured interviews delved into tourism dynamics on the
island, covering its development, management, and sustainability practices.
Additionally, interviews were conducted with local tour guides and tourism
agencies to understand their range of programs, activities, and perceptions
regarding the impact of tourists on the island.
Furthermore, deterministic surveys were sent online between October and
December 2023 to estimate tourist destination viewpoints from diverse
stakeholders. The poll created a sample of 65 participants in one month. Among
the respondents, the major group, 38.5% or 25, were guides, the second major
group, 24.6% or 16, were agents, and the minor group, 36.9% or 24, were
tourists. Surveys were developed and pinned on tourists to check the level of
satisfaction and the propensity to interact with locals of tourists who visited
Socotra. The surveys aimed at exploring sustainable and authentic experiences.
These surveys not only aimed at revealing the tourist's tendency to learn about
the culture of the local communities on the island of Socotra; they also studied
their gazing mood toward preserving the island's natural environment. Surveys
were sent to arrive at the views of local tourism agencies about the degree to
which the impact of the tourists in Socotra might alter the destination's
attractiveness over time.
The surveys concerned the stakeholders' experiences, beliefs and imaginations as
the tourism business participants. Besides that, questionnaires were provided to
the local guides regarding their engagement with tourists whenever they are
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around, the experience they get from being with tourists, and the perception of
tourists regarding their traditions and daily lives. The study aimed to discover the
benefit or harm tourism inflicts on its host community.
3. Results and Discussion
The discussion from the semi-structured interviews highlighted the challenges
hotel owners face in Hadibu's capital due to fewer customers, as tourists are
more drawn to the region's natural attractions. Diksam, a mountainous plateau
central to Socotra, Yemen, stands out for its rare flora, particularly the Dragon's
Blood Tree. The region, home to 20 tribes, features caves, valleys, and stunning
landscapes with cool temperatures blanketed by clouds and mist. This
picturesque destination attracts tourists visiting Socotra, with all tourists
exploring its enchanting scenery. Diksam, with a population of approximately
5,327 people, supports essential infrastructure such as schools, healthcare
facilities, and mosques, while residents primarily engage in livestock herding.
One of the tourism management specialists at Socotra University acknowledges
the tourism sector's challenges. Inadequate focus, experience, and coordination
among local authorities, stakeholders, and tourism enthusiasts hinder effective
tourism management on the island. They suggested that the Ministry of Interior
should enhance its efforts and coordination to address these issues. Tourists rely
heavily on tourism agencies and their resources due to the lack of available
assistance and guidance.
Local communities and villages surrounding campsites impose taxes on tourism
agencies and visitors for utilizing specific services and supporting environmental
conservation initiatives. Nevertheless, certain tourism agencies evade these
designated campsites, failing to contribute funds to local conservation projects
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despite tourists' willingness to pay for comprehensive packages, including
campsite stays. This avoidance, coupled with cleanliness and maintenance issues
at the campsites, results in the proliferation of waste and pollution, depriving
local communities of potential benefits. Such actions may lead to stakeholder
conflicts and impede advantages for these communities and villages.
General information regarding the tourists shows that 24 respondents
participated, with 54% between 26 and 45 years old and 58% female. Around
83% of the respondents stated that they stayed in Socotra for a week.
Approximately 37.5% of them travelled with friends, 29% alone, and 20% with
colleagues. About 70% visited Socotra for adventure purposes, while 28%
travelled for work or research. During their visits to Socotra cities, 62.5% were
very positively engaged with the community, nearly 30% were moderately
positively engaged, and 8.3% were neutral.
In the tourist surveys, the activities they participated in the most were stargazing,
guided nature hikes, and local food experiences. The least participated activities
were cultural festivals and events, traditional dances or music, and storytelling
sessions.
The highest percentage preferred camping in protected areas and wild camping.
Around 29.2% stayed in hotels in the capital of Socotra, Hadibu. When asked
about the type of accommodation they preferred, wild camping (58.3%),
camping in protected areas (79.2%), and guest houses (29.2%) were the most
popular choices.
The discussion section mentioned responses regarding reducing the impact on
ecology, costs and being closer to nature or culture. Visitors emphasized the
importance of preserving Socotra's natural aspect, avoiding overbuilding, and
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supporting sustainable, eco-friendly options that align with local culture.
Feedback on the overall experience of wild camping on Socotra Island varied.
Most respondents indicated they did not utilize local campsites in different island
locations. Opinions on the overall tourism infrastructure were divided, with
36.8% considering it good, 31.6% poor, and 15.8% fair (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Users’ Response to the overall tourism infrastructure.
Responses to the idea of introducing ecolodges to Socotra as part of the tourism
program were positive. This approach has the potential to achieve a balanced
approach to managing tourism (Figure 3). Overall, there was a positive reaction
to the concept of better tourism infrastructure.
Figure 3. Users’ Response to the idea of introducing ecolodges to Socotra.
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The tourism agencies and tour guides surveyed were distributed the same online
questionnaire to examine their perspectives on tourism, tourists, and their impact
on culture and nature. Additionally, their views on eco-lodges and tourism
infrastructure in aiding tourism management were explored.
Tourism agencies and tour guide surveys show that tourists are most involved in
activities such as stargazing, guided nature hikes, and local food experiences.
The least involved activities are traditional dances or music, cultural festivals
and events, with a neutral response towards storytelling sessions. When asked
about involving the local community and families in resort work, 81.3%
responded positively, indicating readiness to cooperate to promote sustainable
tourism. However, 93.8% believe the current quantity of hotels and resorts on
Socotra is insufficient to accommodate tourists, suggesting that introducing
resorts could alleviate pressure on tourism agency owners.
Various reasons were cited for introducing eco-lodges on Socotra as part of
tourist programs (Table 1). Responses to preserving and celebrating Socotra's
cultural heritage through tourism varied between positive and negative
sentiments (Figure 4). In discussing how tourism benefits the local community,
respondents expressed positivity regarding economic opportunities and support
for small businesses.
In the discussion section, insights from foreign tour guides highlight concerns
and suggestions. One tour guide suggested focusing on hotels near Socotra's
capital and improving existing campsites rather than introducing eco-lodges.
They cited challenges with basic facilities like toilets, even at current campsites,
and expressed skepticism about the immediate feasibility of introducing eco-
lodges.
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Table 1. Introducing ecolodges to Socotra for tourists as a part of the tourist
program.
Very
supportive
Supportive
Neutral
Not
supportive
Strongly
not
supportive
Tourism
Agencies
37.5%
12.5%
1%
31.3%
18.8%
Tour guide
24%
28%
32%
4%
12%
Another emphasized integrating facilities with the natural environment using
local plants and building materials. A third tour guide pointed out the importance
of architectural harmony with local housing styles, advocated for solar power
over generators, and addressed sustainable waste management challenges
currently lacking on the island. These perspectives underscore diverse opinions
and practical considerations for sustainable tourism development on Socotra
Island.
Figure 4. Users’ responses to preserve and celebrate Socotra cultural
heritage through tourism.
4. Conclusions
This research emphasizes the critical need for a balanced and sustainable
approach to tourism on Socotra Island. The unique natural beauty of Diksam and
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the potential for eco-lodges suggest promising avenues for development.
Crucially, addressing challenges in tourism management, coordination, waste
management, and community engagement while ensuring that architectural
choices respect local vernacular architecture and the landscape is essential for
ensuring Socotra's long-term success as a sustainable and authentic tourist
destination. The research underscores the importance of learning from global
case studies and adopting best practices to preserve Socotra's unique natural and
cultural assets for future generations.
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