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________________________________________________________________________
a Department of Eastern Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Government College University
Faisalabad, Pakistan.
b Department of Pharmacy, University of Poonch Rawalakot, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.
c Department of Pharmaceutics, Cadson College of Pharmacy, Kharian, Pakistan.
d Bahawalpur Medical and Dental College, Bahawalpur College of Pharmacy (BMDC Complex),
Pakistan.
e Abbas Institute of Medical Sciences, GC University Faisalabad, Layyah Campus. Layyah 31200,
Punjab, Pakistan.
f Swedish College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Science, Rahim Yar Khan Campus, Pakistan.
g Riphah International University, Islamabad.
h Akbar Institute of Medical Sciences Bahawalpur, Pakistan.
*Corresponding author: E-mail: drsabirachishti12@gmail.com;
Chapter 6
Print ISBN: 978-81-975566-7-8, eBook ISBN: 978-81-975566-0-9
From Rays to Protection: How Sun
Exposure Affects Our Skin and the
Importance of Sunscreen
Sabira Sultana a*, Shafaq Naz a, Naheed Akhtar b,
Musarrat Ijaz c, Sidra Huma d, Muhammad Shahzad Khan e,
Rizwana Dilshad f, Sumbal Tanveer g, Tamseela Shahzadi g
and Muhammad Saleem Qureshi h
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rudhr/v9/729
Peer-Review History:
This chapter was reviewed by following the Advanced Open Peer Review policy. This chapter was thoroughly checked to
prevent plagiarism. As per editorial policy, a minimum of two peer-reviewers reviewed the manuscript. After review and
revision of the manuscript, the Book Editor approved the manuscript for final publication. Peer review comments,
comments of the editor(s), etc. are available here: https://peerreviewarchive.com/review-history/729
ABSTRACT
Exposure to sunlight is essential for the synthesis of vitamin D, which plays a
vital role in maintaining bone health and immune function. However, excessive
sun exposure can lead to various detrimental effects on the skin, including
sunburn, premature aging, and an increased risk of skin cancer. To mitigate
these risks, the use of sunscreen has become a widely recommended preventive
measure. This study article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the
effects of sun exposure on the skin and the importance of sunscreen as a
protective measure. We explore the mechanisms by which ultraviolet (UV)
radiation from the sun interacts with the skin and discuss the adverse
consequences of prolonged exposure. Understanding the effects of sun
exposure on the skin and the importance of sunscreen is crucial for maintaining
healthy skin and preventing sun-related damage. Sunscreen, when used
correctly and in conjunction with other sun-protective measures, is a valuable tool
for minimizing the risks associated with excessive sun exposure.
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Keywords: Sun rays; ultraviolet radiation; sunscreen; sun block; skin problem.
1. INTRODUCTION
The sun's UV rays may cause significant harm to the complexion of human skin.
Melanin-containing cells are found in the epidermis, the skin's outermost layer.
Melanin blocks the sun's harmful rays to keep the skin healthy. These may cause
damage to the skin and hasten its aging process by burning it and decreasing its
suppleness [1]. Although prolonged exposure to the sun's UV radiation may
cause harm to the eyesight, skin, and immune system, everyone knows that sun
exposure is necessary to produce vitamin D (which aids calcium intake and
bones) [2]. Cancer may develop as a result of its etiology. Injuries and illnesses
of the skin have been linked to prolonged sun exposure [3]. Acute burning and
scanning of skin should cause harm to human skin. Melasma, photoaging, actinic
keratosis, and actinic folliculitis are potential side effects of prolonged exposure
to the sun (exposure to sunlight effect four to six hours, and patches will appear
in pink or pale colour can be found). Cancers such as cancer of the basal cells,
carcinoma of the squamous and malignant carcinoma are included [4]. It plays a
role in genetic disorders like xeroderma pigmentosa. Excessive sun exposure
may cause skin cancer, and persons with certain skin types are at a higher risk of
sunburn and other complications. Treatment of premature aging and skin
malignancies by limiting exposure to sunlight has been studied and shown to be
effective. The development of skin cancer may almost always be traced back to
prolonged exposure to sunlight [5]. Both burned from the sun and provoked
exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays are linked to an increased risk of skin cancer,
and sunscreen may help prevent both [5]. Mutations in p53 are associated with a
wide variety of skin lesions, including those seen in both rodents and humans, as
well as with local immunological depressions and the development of actinic
keratosis [6]. Vitamin D from the sun is helpful for healthy bone growth in
children. Damage to the skin from the sun's UV radiation is a real possibility. The
melanin pigment in the skin's outer layer is a natural defense against UV rays [7].
A burn may cause the skin to lose suppleness and age quickly.
The sun's light has both positive and negative effects on humans—radiation with
an ultraviolet (UV) spectrum. UV rays are divided into three categories, 1 UVA, 2
UVB, and 2 UVB.
Exposure to light, especially to UVA radiation, is quite prevalent. Less time in the
sun exposed to UVB rays means more powerful UVB rays. Ultraviolet C (UVC)
rays cause skin cancer. Thankfully, UVC rays do not pose a risk to us. These
rays are blocked by the ozone layer of the planet (the Troposphere soaks up all
harmful UV radiation). UV rays may penetrate human skin, making them invisible
to the naked eye [8].
The endothelium that makes up the skin's epithelial tissue. The dermis is the
second layer of skin and the innermost. In the dermis, we may see blood vessels
and nerves [9]. Darker skin is a pigmentation found in the cells of the epidermis.
Fair-skinned individuals burn more efficiently; thus, dark-skinned people have
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more melanin. Melanin aids our skin and converts sunlight into vitamin D [10]
Humans get sunburns, tans (a brown hue to the skin particularly evident in
exposure to the sun, resembling yellowish brown), and darken as our bodies
produce melanin to absorb UV radiation. Prolonged time in the sun exposes
more deep layers of skin to harmful UV radiation. Also known as sunburn, this
condition may lead to death, damage, or even cancer of the skin cells [11]. Skin
disease symptoms often manifest themselves within a couple of minutes of
exposure to sunlight. If the sun exposure is inadequate, you may experience
Migraines, fever, nausea, and exhaustion [12,13] If, for instance, your garment
has a tangled weaving that lets ultraviolet (UV) radiation through, even the
covered sections may burn. The planet's UV rays may potentially cause severe
retinal degeneration. In a matter of days, the skin's top layer may begin to peel as
the body starts healing. It might take a few days for severe sun exposure to
recover. During this time, most skin color swatches fade entirely [14]. Possessing
light complexion and red hair; a propensity of scorching; a bright, temperate, or
elevated climate; outdoor work; swimming, sprinkling oneself with vinegar or
baby oil, since wet skin burns more easily than dry skin; working in the sunlight
[15]. Constantly exposing bare skin to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or
artificial sources like tanning beds. Smoking while under the influence of a
substance that increases the risk of fire (photosensitizing medication) [16].
1.1 The Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on Life
Solar light has a major environmental impact that is implicated in different skin
disorders. The world solar spectrum is involved in (ultraviolet radiation and
infrared wavelengths) that include skin cell damage [17]. UV wavelength is the
most hazardous and most toxic. The sun is beginning UVA (ultraviolet) origin with
comparative terrestrial UVB content regard with 5-10%. UVA (315-400nm)
through deep into the skin relative to 80% of UVA extends to the dermal–the
epidermal junction and 10% of UVA reaches the hypodermis. UVA photons are
less energetic than UVB causing indirect damage and increased generation of
reactive oxygen and nitrogen species [18]. Biomolecule attacks result in different
types of DNA damage (DNA single-strand breaks, DNA inter stream cross-links,
and involvement in nucleotide base modification) and production of lipids and
oxidized fragments like lipid alkoxyl radicals aldehydes, alkanes, lipid (hydro
peroxides and epoxides modified proteins and saccharides in an example of UVB
is absorbed in epidermis 90% [19] in UVB is occupied by aromatic and based on
DNA heterocyclic as conclude that UVB photons absorbed cyclobutene
pyrimindine dimers and pyrimidine. Pyrimidine photoproducts are formed
radiations act as amino acids such as tryptophan and tyrosine and interact with
high energies [20] and formed, 6-formylindol, carbazole (FICZ) has been
acknowledging the importance, cellular signaling effect as amino acids
modification. It can be divided between UVA and UVB is also UVB in RONS
production as well skin cells are provided with different non-enzymes such as
ascorbic acid, tocopherol, ubiquinol and glutathione (GSH) conclude in enzyme
antioxidants such as catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) [21] glutathione
peroxidase (GPX) that maintain the prooxidant /antioxidant balance by rapid
RONS elimination, resulting in cell and tissue stabilization [22].
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Oxidative stress results in relative species origin of anti-oxidant depletion
biomolecule is conducted to alternative several enzyme activities and regulate
the gene expression in various (Young, Claveau et al. 2017) pathway [23] for
instance, inflammatory cytokines, nitrogen-activated protein kinase, mitogen-
activated protein kinase, matrix metalloproteinase, nuclear factor-KB, nuclear
factor erythriod-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) and phase 2 detoxifying enzyme and
implicate the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate quinone
oxidoreductase (NQO1) heme oxygenase -1 (ho-1), glutathione transferase and
gluthathione reductase (GSR).
1.2 "Safeguarding Your Skin: The Importance of Sun Ray
Protection"
The individual can be protected from sunburn, even on overcast or hazy days.
During cloudy days, sun exposure is reduced by roughly 20%. Exercise caution
near any reflective surface, such as water, snow, pavement, or sand, is essential.
More ultraviolet radiation is present at greater altitudes [24]. Take care to stay out
of the sun from 10 a.m. until 4 p.m. Try to avoid doing any outside activity during
these periods when the sun is at its highest [25]. No amount of tanning will
protect you against sunburn in the long run. Be sure to use sunscreen in addition
to your self-tanning lotion if you plan on spending time outside [26]. Make liberal
use of sunscreen. Even on overcast days, protect your lips and skin from UV
damage by using skincare products and sunblock with at least an SPF of 30 that
are both moisture. To shield from UVA and UVB rays, look for a product with a
broad spectrum. There is a 97% reduction in UVB radiation SPF 30 [27]. No
sunscreen is available that can completely protect from the sun's UVB radiation.
Sunscreen should be applied liberally to dry skin for at least 30 minutes before
going outside [28].
Age spots, sagging skin, dryness, and a decrease in the fat that gives skin its
natural smoothness are among the most noticeable changes with age. The
epidermis, the dermis, and the subcutaneous layer comprise the three primary
layers of the skin. The epidermis gradually thins with age, while the total number
of cell divisions stays constant [29,30].
At any age, sunblock use is among the most effective and simple measures to
safeguard skin's health and attractiveness. Regular use of sunscreen protects
against sunburn, skin cancer, and accelerated aging that may result from too
much time spent in the sun. Sunscreens protect the skin from UV rays by
deflecting, absorbing, or scattering the light [31]. Sunscreens have been
promoting the type of resilience against the sun by more significantly enhancing
sun components' defense. Several studies have shown the many health benefits
associated with sunscreen usage. Higher social status is given to women and
those with lighter complexion who value education. Sunscreen shields the skin
from the sun's potentially damaging ultraviolet rays. DNA damage in
keratinocytes causes cancer, swelling, discoloration, accelerated aging, and
impaired immunity [32]. Skincare products include pharmacological (organic) or
mechanical (inorganic) substances to function as a barrier against ultraviolet
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radiation, which is light with wavelengths shorter than visible light and is further
subdivided into ultraviolet A (UVA 1, UVB2), ultraviolet B (UVB), and ultraviolet C
(UVC). Sunscreens include filters that protect against ultraviolet radiation from all
three wavelengths (UVA, UVB, and UVA2) [33]. Aromatic chemicals like
oxybenzone, avobenzone, octocrylene, and encapsulation used in chemical
filters prevent the stimulation of lower energy states by high-intensity UV light. At
the end of the conversion process, the molecules revert to their ground states,
releasing their stored energy as longer wavelengths of light, like infrared (heat).
Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide are examples of physical sunblock filters that
reflect or refract UV light away from the skin. Some research has demonstrated
that since the particles in micronized titanium dioxide sunscreen are so small,
they act like semiconductor metals, dispersing UV radiation throughout the
electromagnetic spectrum. Natural sunscreen ingredients include aloe vera,
tomatoes, pomegranate (Punica granatum), green tea, grapes, almonds, and
more. According to observational research, most customers only use 20%-50%
of the amount of sunscreen that is advised. Underapplication of sunscreen is
avoidable; however, higher SPF sunscreens may help. A sunscreen labeled as
having an SPF of 50 may only have an SPF of 25 when applied in the sun [34].
The FDA officially recognized the Solar Protection Factor (SPF) to measure
Sunscreen's efficacy in 1978. Sunscreens are now formally approved by Health
Canada for usage throughout the country. Canada reached a national agreement
on sun protection messaging in 2016, ensuring that nationwide public health
campaigns had a unified message. The FDA & the Canadian government have
updated their sunscreen labels during the previous five years [35]. Future
research should aim to create compounds or mixtures with many uses,
demonstrating the aforementioned biological capabilities [36]. When reporting the
SPF of natural extracts and combinations, it is helpful also to provide information
about any other beneficial physical activities that may be just as important in
preventing UV-related skin problems. According to the statistics, skin cancer is
the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States [37].
Before they are 70, one in five Americans will be diagnosed with skin cancer.
Ninety percent of skin cancers that are not melanomas are caused by sun
exposure. UV radiation from the sun is a significant contributor to the high
mortality rate from skin cancer in the United States. Experts in the effects of
ultraviolet light and pioneering treatment methods collaborated on this study.
The public health implications of monitoring sun exposure and sunscreen usage
are growing. There are currently no population-based studies on sunscreen
usage in Saudi Arabia. The researchers wanted to find out how well the general
populace of Saudi Arabia understood the connection between too much time in
the sun and an increased risk of skin cancer and how sun-safe they were.
Sunscreens have been shown to prevent cell damage consistent with
tumorigenesis in an animal model 16,17a well-undertaken community-based 4.5,
according to some research conducted in the 1980s and 1990s. Among 1621
adult Australians, those who were randomly allocated to apply Sunscreen every
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day had forty percent fewer instances of squamous cell carcinoma than those
who were assigned to use Sunscreen only when they felt it was necessary (rate
ratio 0.61, ninety-five percent confidence interval (CI) 0.46 to 0.81). It may have a
crucial role in inducing the slow progression of basal cell carcinoma [38].
1.3 Classification of Sun Screen
sunblock agents may be categorized according to their composition and reaction
method. The active ingredients in sunscreens absorb, reflect, and disperse the
sun's Rays. Molecular and Heterogeneous filters may be found in both natural
and synthetic sunscreens. Sunscreens with chemical ingredients absorb the
most energetic wavelengths of the sun's rays [39]. while reflecting and scattering
the lower-energy ones. Chemical sunscreens often include organic molecules
that shield the skin from harmful UV rays. The effectiveness of an inorganic
compound may be improved by boosting the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) by
applying microparticles of the mixture to the epidermis, the skin's outermost layer
[40]. Organic filters include substances that absorb only specific ultraviolet light
frequencies according to their molecular composition [41]. The low-energy filter
goes via an energy uplift. According to the filter's efficiency, one of three things
may happen once this intense energy level is reached: The energy received by a
photostable filter is released as heat into the environment, bringing the system
back down to its initial minimal energy threshold (ground state). It is very effective
in reabsorbing UV light. When exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light, a photo-unstable
filter undergoes chemical changes or deterioration. It has lost the ability to absorb
UV light. To filter out the light, in its excited state, the filter communicates with
nearby molecules, such as Sunscreen, oxygen, hair, proteins, and lipids. As a
result, reactive species are created, which might have potentially harmful
biological consequences [42].
2. ORGANIC FILTERS
2.1 Types of Organic Filters
Dibenzoylmethane derivatives: These compounds can be absorbed in the UV-
A region, but they break down in the presence of solar irradiation, reducing their
effectiveness as a sunblock. When exposed to light, these derivatives undergo
photo fragmentation, producing free radicals that may harm the skin [43,44].
Benzophenone derivatives: These derivatives of benzophenone absorb or
scatter ultraviolet light, primarily UV light. The cytotoxic effects of these
compounds were described by A. Matsumoto et al., 2003
2.2 Synthetic analogs of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA)
This derivative is effective in soaking up UV-B rays. Since it reaches the dermal
fatty layer and stays there, it is accessible in alcohol with a concentration of 70%
at 2-5%. PABA causes photosensitivity responses. Photoallergic reactions occur
due to PABA [1].
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Salicylate Derivatives: These salicylate derivatives are poor UV-B ray
absorbers. In this way, the degradation by sunlight of other photoprotectants may
be minimal [44].
Benzotriazoles: Mexoryl SX, a benzotriazole, is a photostable broad-spectrum
filter with excellent UV protection. Mexoryl SX, a trademark of L'Oreal, prevents
photoaging and photosensitivity [5].
Inorganic filters: UV light is reflected and scattered by inorganic filters, which
escape into the surrounding air. It blocks the sun's rays with an actual barrier.
These filters are termed broad spectrum since they shield against light over the
full ultraviolet spectrum. Titanium dioxide, along with zinc oxide, are two popular
inorganic filters.
2.3 Different Formulations of Natural Sunscreen Products
The excellent entrapment efficiency and enhanced skin permeability of nano-
formulations justify their usage. Preparing curcumin in liposomes makes it more
stable and soluble, which boosts its bioavailability. Liquorice pyrosomes have
improved the skin's ability to absorb and hold onto substances. Chunky fat
Luteolin nanoparticles prevent the transdermal patch from leaking the whole
medication simultaneously [17].
2.4 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN)
Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) are tiny spheres of lipid that float in a liquid
medium like water or an aqueous surfactant—Sub-micron colloidal carrier,
measuring between 50 and 100 nm in size. The Aloe vera solid lipid nanoparticle
was made using the micro emulsification method. The SPF 33 of Aloe vera-
loaded SLN was reported to be 16.92.44 in vitro and 14.813.81 in vivo by Lavita
et al. The Aloe vera-infused SLN was combined into a sunscreen lotion, and the
resulting SPF is comparable to commercially available sunscreens.
Nano-emulsion: The surfactant and co-surfactant pair stabilizes the interface
between the two immiscible liquids, in this case, water, and oil, and lowers the
interfacial tension between them. This dispersion is isotropic, and it is both
thermally and kinetically stable. A gel containing a Rambutan nano-emulsion was
developed. According to Muhtadi et al., [26] the SPF of The fruit of ram nano-
emulsion gel is 13.1200.001
Niosomes: Niosomes are vesicles made of the nonionic surfactant inosine that
encapsulate a solute solution in water containing a lipophilic component. Bilayers
can form in either a unilamellar or multilamellar structure. Black tea extract (BTE)
contains mainly caffeine and gallic acid, reportedly described by Meng et al.
Niosomes of BTE have been prepared for transdermal delivery, and the results
show that a substantial fraction of the caffeine and gallic acid are absorbed via
the skin Niosomes are a nonionic surfactant bilayer vesicular structure
surrounding a water-based solution of solutes and a lipophilic component. Both
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unilamellar and multilamellar bilayer structures are possible. Caffeine and gallic
acid were found to be the main components of Black Tea Extract (BTE), as
reported by Meng et al. Preparing Niosomes of BTE for transdermal
administration has resulted in a high cutaneous absorbing percentage of
espresso and gallic acid [30].
3. CONCLUSION
Sunscreen usage is a common practice among many undergraduate students,
indicating that they recognize its significance in safeguarding against harmful UV
radiation. Nevertheless, there is an opportunity to emphasize the regular and
proper application of sunscreen for maximum effectiveness. Implementing
educational initiatives and promoting healthy sun habits can contribute to
minimizing the potential risks of sun exposure and reducing the incidence of skin-
related health issues in this demographic. By focusing on improving sun
protection practices, we can contribute to better overall skin health and foster a
culture of preventative care among the youth.
FUNDING
The research, writing, and/or publication of this work were all done without any
financial assistance from the authors.
DISCLAIMER (ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE)
Author(s) hereby declare that NO generative AI technologies such as Large
Language Models (ChatGPT, COPILOT, etc) and text-to-image generators have
been used during writing or editing of manuscripts.
ETHICAL APPROVAL
Since the manuscript does not involve human and animal experimentation,
ethical approval is not necessary.
COMPETING INTERESTS
Authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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