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AI/ Machine Learning for Cataloguing, Classification, and Indexing
The emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming education through adaptive learning systems. These systems, based on AI algorithms, personalize the educational experience by adjusting to the needs and learning styles of each student. Using techniques such as machine learning and deep learning, they analyze large volumes of data to generate personalized learning itineraries, breaking with the homogeneous teaching model. Their implementation requires a suitable technological platform, a solid data infrastructure and the training of teachers in the use of these tools. The benefits are multiple: students receive real-time feedback and progress at their own pace, improving their motivation and learning effectiveness, while teachers can focus their efforts on higher value-added tasks and obtain valuable information on their students' progress, facilitating adaptive and personalized teaching.
Perkembangan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi telah membawa perubahan yang signifikan dalam berbagai sektor, termasuk dalam domain perpustakaan. Penerapan teknologi informasi dalam perpustakaan menjadi sangat penting untuk mengubah citra perpustakaan tradisional menjadi perpustakaan modern yang lebih responsif terhadap kebutuhan pemustaka. Kemajuan teknologi informasi juga memungkinkan peningkatan kualitas layanan perpustakaan. Dalam konteks ini, penggabungan keterampilan dan teknologi baru, yang dikenal sebagai kecerdasan buatan (Artificial Intelligence/AI), telah menjadi sebuah revolusi dalam layanan perpustakaan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode studi literatur untuk menyelidiki sistem informasi perpustakaan dalam era kecerdasan buatan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa berbagai bidang AI dapat diterapkan dalam mesin pengelola perpustakaan, termasuk sistem pakar, pemrosesan bahasa alami (NLP), struktur profesional (ES), jaringan saraf, agen cerdas, helmet, visi komputer, dan robotika. Penggunaan kecerdasan buatan juga telah diterapkan dalam layanan keamanan cerdas, di mana pengenalan wajah dan pengukuran suhu tubuh digunakan untuk melindungi pustakawan dan pemustaka, terutama selama masa pandemi COVID-19. Selain itu, AI juga memainkan peran penting dalam layanan perpustakaan, seperti layanan referensi menggunakan robot dan aplikasi sistem pakar, layanan penelusuran literatur dengan bantuan rak buku otomatis dan robot, serta layanan anak-anak yang dibantu oleh robot humanoid yang mampu mengajar kelas coding, bercerita, dan memberikan bantuan interaktif kepada anak-anak. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pengembangan sistem layanan perpustakaan dapat memanfaatkan kemajuan dalam teknologi AI. Kerjasama antara perpustakaan dan para ahli AI diperlukan untuk mengembangkan inovasi dalam layanan perpustakaan. Penelitian masa depan dapat memfokuskan pada penerapan AI dalam memprediksi kebutuhan pemustaka terhadap koleksi perpustakaan atau meningkatkan layanan lainnya dengan teknologi AI. Dengan demikian, perpustakaan dapat tetap relevan dan memberikan layanan yang sesuai dengan harapan dan kebutuhan pemustaka di era teknologi informasi saat ini.
Artificial Intelligence is now being applied with evidence in all facets of life, in the academic, health, economic sectors as well as in the library for efficiency and effectiveness. This study focused on the application of Artificial intelligence in libraries: prospects and challenges for Nigerian Academic Libraries. It was centered on how, and which areas in the library that artificial intelligence could be applied. It was found that artificial intelligence have different component such as the expert system, pattern recognition, natural language processing, as well robotics, and these different components of AI can be applied in Nigeria Academic libraries. For example, they could be applied in the area of acquisition of library materials, cataloguing, classification, indexing etc. Literature surveyed equally revealed that robotics is an example of artificial super intelligence with advantages that could revolutionize service delivery in academic libraries. Nigeria Academic libraries could use artificial intelligence in its operations irrespective of the challenges that may pose as barriers, because AI ensures efficiency, effectiveness and quality library service delivery.
This study discusses Artificial Intelligence in Library; Managing Bibliographic Data With Knowledge Base System In library activities such as indexing, cataloging, literature selection, archiving and references can be assisted by an expert system. Building an expert system using the Knowledge Base System in the library must be supported by command languages, output formats, database coverage, and the existence of literature search facilities including operations to correct errors when searching for information. The research was conducted by collecting information from various sources, then examining library services that could utilize artificial intelligence and explained descriptively. It is not as easy as turning the palm of the hand to bring artificial intelligence in the library. But once it is done, the library becomes a center of knowledge that is not boring. Even libraries can be present online in cyberspace.
As the concept and implementation of cutting-edge technologies like artificial intelligence and machine learning has become relevant, academics, researchers and information professionals involve research in this area. The objective of this systematic literature review is to provide a synthesis of empirical studies exploring application of artificial intelligence and machine learning in libraries. To achieve the objectives of the study, a systematic literature review was conducted based on the original guidelines proposed by Kitchenham et al. (2009). Data was collected from Web of Science, Scopus, LISA and LISTA databases. Following the rigorous/ established selection process, a total of thirty-two articles were finally selected, reviewed and analyzed to summarize on the application of AI and ML domain and techniques which are most often used in libraries. Findings show that the current state of the AI and ML research that is relevant with the LIS domain mainly focuses on theoretical works. However, some researchers also emphasized on implementation projects or case studies. This study will provide a panoramic view of AI and ML in libraries for researchers, practitioners and educators for furthering the more technology-oriented approaches, and anticipating future innovation pathways.
In the past two decades, the rapid development of information technology has been widely used in individuals' daily lives, leading to a sea change. As a city at the forefront of artificial intelligence (AI) technology in China, Hangzhou first applied the technology to public library services to relieve the shortage of reference and circulation service resources caused by a large number of regular patrons. This chapter first introduced the application model of AI in various libraries worldwide, then focused on its application in a public library in China, a developing country. This chapter may shed light on the application of AI in other libraries in developing countries.
In the face of the ever-increasing document volume, libraries around the globe are more and more exploring (semi-) automated approaches to subject indexing. This helps sustain bibliographic objectives, enrich metadata, and establish more connections across documents from various collections, effectively leading to improved information retrieval and access. However, generally accepted automated approaches that are functional in operative systems are lacking. This article aims to provide an overview of basic principles used for automated subject indexing, major approaches in relation to their possible application in actual library systems, existing working examples, as well as related challenges calling for further research.
This paper presents a study of a strategy for automated cataloging within an OPAC or for online bibliographic catalogs generally. The aim of the analysis is to offer a set of results, while searching in library catalogs, that goes further than the expected one-to-one term correspondence. The goal is to understand how ontological structures can affect query search results. This analysis can also be applied to search functions other than in the library context, but in this case, cataloging relies on predefined rules and noncontrolled dictionary terms, which means that the results are meaningful in terms of knowledge organization. The approach was tested on an Edisco database, and we measured the system’s ability to detect whether a new incoming record belonged to a specific set of textbooks.
The study upon which this article is based was to explore the Cataloguing Practices in the City of Cape Town Metropolitan Libraries (CCTML). Cataloguing is a structured arrangement of the bibliographic details of all the information sources available in a library. It produces an inventory that serves as access points to the library resources. Focus group discussion and document analysis were used to collect data. The findings revealed some missing data on the catalogue records. Quality control mechanism used was peer review. The study recommended introduction of artificial intelligence in cataloguing to minimize human error and enhance production and the quality of the catalogue. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Cataloguing; Cataloguing robots; Fourth industrial revolution.
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to develop a model for automated classification of old digitised texts to the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC), using machine-learning methods.
Design/methodology/approach
The general research approach is inherent to design science research, in which the problem of UDC assignment of the old, digitised texts is addressed by developing a machine-learning classification model. A corpus of 70,000 scholarly texts, fully bibliographically processed by librarians, was used to train and test the model, which was used for classification of old texts on a corpus of 200,000 items. Human experts evaluated the performance of the model.
Findings
Results suggest that machine-learning models can correctly assign the UDC at some level for almost any scholarly text. Furthermore, the model can be recommended for the UDC assignment of older texts. Ten librarians corroborated this on 150 randomly selected texts.
Research limitations/implications
The main limitations of this study were unavailability of labelled older texts and the limited availability of librarians.
Practical implications
The classification model can provide a recommendation to the librarians during their classification work; furthermore, it can be implemented as an add-on to full-text search in the library databases.
Social implications
The proposed methodology supports librarians by recommending UDC classifiers, thus saving time in their daily work. By automatically classifying older texts, digital libraries can provide a better user experience by enabling structured searches. These contribute to making knowledge more widely available and useable.
Originality/value
These findings contribute to the field of automated classification of bibliographical information with the usage of full texts, especially in cases in which the texts are old, unstructured and in which archaic language and vocabulary are used.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the emerging trends and applications of computing in libraries. It involves programming computers to do things, which if done by humans, would be said to require intelligence. The ultimate promise of artificial intelligence in libraries is to develop computer systems or machines that think, behave, and in fact rival human intelligence, and this clearly has major implications on librarianship. The application of artificial intelligence in the library has become pervasive. They include expert systems for reference services, book reading and shelf-reading robots, virtual reality for immersive learning among others. Although the incorporation of artificial intelligence in libraries can be perceived to alienate librarians from their users, it will probably help libraries do more rather than taking over the jobs of librarians. It will enhance their services delivery. Artificial intelligence will greatly improve library operations and services and will upgrade and heighten the relevance of libraries in an ever-changing digital society
The application of artificial intelligence involves the areas such as artificial intelligence, expert system, artificial neural network, fuzzy logic, image processing, natural language processing, speech recognition, robotics etc. Though these areas are not separate, at times two or more applications are contributes to enrich the library services. In this article, the authors have explored the various possible applications of artificial intelligence as mentioned above. In addition, authors explain the possible areas where few of these applications can be implemented which enhances the quality of services and thereby create the potential impact of AI on library services.
Classification and Cataloguing
Information Communication Technology (ICT) gave the pace to library in needful manner under the fifth law of library science, and automatisation gave the fine touch to documentation management by using classification schemes. Although in the present age automatic classification is still far away, but the emergence of vary databases of libraries show the new way of classification of library documents by using the web tools. These web tools included in this paper are freely accessible without any login credentials. Use the said online tools for reference and match them with original classification scheme, in case of any dilemma.
With introducing and developing AI logic, this science as a branch of computer science could impact and improve all sciences which used computer systems. LIS also could get benefit from AI in many areas. This paper survey applications of AI in library and information science and introduce the potential of library system to apply AI techniques. Intelligent systems have contributed for many librarian purposes like cataloging, indexing, information retrieval, reference, and other purposes. We applied Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) as a primer method for identification of the most applicable AI techniques categories in LIS. ESs are the most usable intelligent system in LIS which mimic librarian expert's behaviors to support decision and management. AI also can utilize in many areas such as speech recognition, machine translation and librarian robots. In this study four criteria for the application of AI in the library systems in Iran was considered and it is determined in three area included public services, technical services, and management services. Then, degree of development these services was studied using taxonomy method. The results showed that most developed Recommender Systems (RM) in library systems in Iran and Natural Language Processing (NLP) is the most undeveloped criterion.
Purpose
This study compared the cataloguing and classification curriculum offered in South African LIS schools and the job market requirement for cataloguers in South Africa. It was instigated by the changes that have occurred in the LIS field over the past decade, especially in cataloguing and classification.
Design/methodology/approach
An interpretive, qualitative approach was used, and content analysis was used as a research and data analysis method. Data were obtained from three sources: cataloguing and classification course outlines obtained from six LIS schools, 18 interviews conducted with professional cataloguers, and 10 job advertisements obtained through newspaper scanning and from the LIASA listserv.
Findings
The results indicate that LIS schools teach basic and advanced cataloguing and classification theory and practical topics. The main objective of the courses is to teach students knowledge organisation. The subjects are offered at bachelor’s degree and postgraduate diploma levels. Tools such as AACR2, RDA, MARC21, DDC and LCSH are mainly used to teach the courses. Professional cataloguers and job advertisements indicate that employers require the knowledge and skills to use above mentioned tools. Job advertisements also indicate that a national diploma and two years’ work experience are the minimum requirements for employing cataloguers.
Practical implications
This paper will inform academics whether they are teaching the relevant curriculum. If not, they will have to implement changes or improvements to the current curriculum. It will also help employers get a picture of what is offered in LIS schools and make judgments on whether it is relevant in the job market or not.
Originality/value
This paper has compared what is offered in LIS schools and what is required in the job market and found that there is match between what is offered and required, although there are areas to be improved. This is first paper to establish that link in South Africa.
Existing cataloging interfaces are designed to reduce the bottleneck of creating, editing, and refining bibliographic records by offering a convenient framework for data entry. However, the cataloger still has to deal with the difficult task of deciding what information to include. The SciELO Suggester system is an innovative tool developed to overcome certain general limitations encountered in current mechanisms for entering descriptions of library records. The proposed tool provides useful suggestions about what information to include in newly created records. Thus, it assists catalogers with their task, as they are typically unfamiliar with the heterogeneous nature of the incoming material. The suggester tool applies case-based reasoning to generate suggestions taken from material previously cataloged in the SciELO scientific electronic library. The system is implemented as a web service and it can be easily used by installing an add-on for the Mozilla Firefox browser. The tool has been evaluated through a human-subject study with catalogers and through an automatic test using a collection consisting of 5742 training examples and 120 test cases from 12 different subject areas. In both experiments the system has shown very good performance. These evaluations indicate that the use of case-based reasoning provides a powerful alternative to traditional ways of identifying subject areas and keywords in library resources. In addition, a heuristic evaluation of the tool was carried out by taking as a starting point the Sirius heuristic-based framework, resulting in a very good score. Finally, a specially designed cognitive walk was completed with catalogers, providing additional insights into the strengths and weaknesses of the tool.
In this paper an attempt has been made to trace the different applications of Artificial Intelligence to the libraries. The various concepts such as expert system, natural language processing, pattern recognition and robotics and their application to the libraries have enumerated. The advantages and disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence have also been discussed.
Artikel ini membahas tentang kecerdasan buatan dalam perpustakaan dan beberapa contoh penerapannya dalam perpustakaan. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah terdapat beberapa bidang dalam kecerdasan buatan yang dapat diterapkan di perpustakaan. Masing-masing dari bidang tersebut mempunyai peluang untuk diterapkan di perpustakaan. Penerapan ini akan berpengaruh pada citra perpustakaan karena pada jaman sekarang ini masih jarang perpustakaan yang menerapkan kecerdasan buatan. Dalam pemanfaatan ini, pustakawan bertindak sebagai inisiator dan teman diskusi bagi ahli teknologi informasi untuk mewujudkan perpustakaan dengan menerapkan kecerdasan buatan di dalamnya. Dengan menerapkan kecerdasan buatan pada masa ini tentunya perpustakaan akan menjadi pelopor perpustakaan yang melek akan kecerdasan buatan.
Purpose
This study investigates the level of artificial intelligence (AI) awareness among library leaders, practitioners and scientists of Indonesian academic libraries to elucidate the benefits of AI implementation and its necessary infrastructure and challenges.
Design/methodology/approach
The study adopted a purposive sampling technique to select the 38 participants and thematic analysis to analyze the data, identifying eight themes: understanding of AI, AI adoption, benefits of AI, competencies needed to support AI, facilities to support AI, factors supporting AI adoption, AI-inhibiting factors and expectations of AI.
Findings
Different viewpoints provided full awareness among library stakeholders and sufficient information to begin AI initiatives in Indonesian libraries as leaders, practitioners and scientists had a favorable, open and encouraging outlook on AI.
Research limitations/implications
The study does not investigate variations in perspectives between the participants, but it examines their understanding of AI and elaborates the results into the concept of an intelligent library. Moreover, this study only uses samples from academic libraries.
Practical implications
Libraries can take these results into consideration before implementing AI, especially in technology and facilities, librarian competency with regard to AI and leadership roles in AI projects.
Social implications
Library boards and library associations can use this research as a source to create guidelines about AI implementation in academic libraries.
Originality/value
The study addresses the gap in the research on university libraries' readiness and awareness to implement AI, especially in developing countries.
This chapter will focus on what computer vision is, why we need it, the evolution of the technology, its different applications, and how it is used in Augmented Reality.
Manual subject indexing in libraries is a time-consuming and costly process and the quality of the assigned subjects is affected by the cataloger’s knowledge on the specific topics contained in the book. Trying to solve these issues, we exploited the opportunities arising from artificial intelligence to develop Kratt: a prototype of an automatic subject indexing tool. Kratt is able to subject index a book independent of its extent and genre with a set of keywords present in the Estonian Subject Thesaurus. It takes Kratt approximately one minute to subject index a book, outperforming humans 10–15 times. Although the resulting keywords were not considered satisfactory by the catalogers, the ratings of a small sample of regular library users showed more promise. We also argue that the results can be enhanced by including a bigger corpus for training the model and applying more careful preprocessing techniques.
This paper focuses on the opportunities and challenges associated with transforming academic library operations with artificial intelligence (AI). In the quest to render fast, effective and efficient services, academic libraries have adopted different technologies in the past. Artificial intelligence technology is the latest among the technologies currently being introduced in libraries. The technology which is considered an intelligent system, come in the form of robots and expert systems which have natural language processing, machine learning and pattern recognition capabilities. This paper examined the features of AI, the application of AI to library operations, examples of academic libraries with AI technologies in Sub-Saharan Africa, the need for AI in libraries and the challenges associated with the adoption of AI in libraries. The study concluded that AI holds a lot of prospects for the improvement of information services delivery in African academic libraries. Consequently, its adoption is a sinequanon to delivering robust library services in the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR).
A survey was conducted during May and early June of 2019, examining how non-MARC descriptive metadata workflows for digital projects are organized in academic libraries. It examined: (1) the extent to which cataloging librarians have transitioned to "metadata librarians"; (2) the extent to which non-MARC metadata activities are distributed within cataloging units and shared with cataloging paraprofessionals; (3) the extent to which such tasks are shared with library personnel in units outside of cataloging departments; and (4) the degree of satisfaction with metadata workflows. The present study also attempts to explore issues of concern to catalogers regarding such workflows.
With the popularization of open borrowing, it is urgent for major libraries to explore new collection classification and identification systems to assist or replace librarians in their daily book cataloguing work. The messy books can be marked according to invisible colors, which puts forward a new method of library classification. In the algorithm used to detect image edges, by looking for the traditional sensitivity measurement system, the best parameters are applied to the wrong book image edges, and the test results are verified to find the best parameter range. A two-dimensional algorithm is used to segment the information element matrix to reduce sound. The results show that the image edge test is effective and reduces the influence of noise on the image test. The self-adjustment control algorithm of a single neuron is used to control the robot orbit, which makes the robot not only react quickly, but also reduce a small part of the error in meeting the actual needs of the robot. The effect on the result is getting smaller and smaller.
The main purpose of this paper is to assess and examine the possible application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools in Pakistani academic libraries, particularly those areas of library technical and library user services where AI could be applied in the near future. A secondary purpose is to bring the library perspective on AI to the forefront of the scholarly world. This is a self-exploratory study, in which a qualitative approach interview has been conducted with 10 chief librarians/library heads (5 public + 5 private sectors) from universities regarding their views on the adoption of artificial intelligence tools in Pakistani academic libraries. Results are tabulated in a descriptive format. Librarians are aware of AI technologies. Services based on Natural Language Processing (NLP) are used in libraries, e.g. Google Assistant, Voice Searching, and Google Translate. Pattern recognition methods, such as text data mining, are also used to retrieve library material and conduct online searching. Big data is accessed via services such as cloud computing, OneDrive, and Google Drive. There is a very low level of awareness of robotics and chatbots. This study provides librarians with suggestions as to how AI tools could be used in libraries which either have yet to adopt AI technologies or wish to implement more advanced tools. Pakistani library schools could collaborate with computer science departments to establish AI Labs in the respective library and information science (LIS) departments/libraries. AI challenges funding and technological skills are the key problem to implement with AI in the University Libraries.
Purpose
This paper reviews literature on the application of intelligent systems in the libraries with a special issue on the ES/AI and Robot. Also, it introduces the potential of libraries to use intelligent systems, especially ES/AI and robots.
Design/methodology/approach
Descriptive and content review methods are applied, and the researchers critically reviewed the articles related to library ESs and robots from Web of Science as a general database and Emerald as a specific database in library and information science from 2007–2017. Four scopes considered to classify the articles as technology, service, user and resource. It is found that published researches on the intelligent systems have contributed to many librarian purposes like library technical services like the organization of information resources, storage and retrieval of information resources, library public services as reference services, information desk and other purposes.
Findings
A review of the previous studies shows that ESs are a useable intelligent system in library and information science that mimic librarian expert’s behaviors to support decision making and management. Also, it is shown that the current information systems have a high potential to be improved by integration with AI technologies. In this researches, librarian robots mostly designed for detection and replacing books on the shelf. Improving the technology of gripping, localizing and human-robot interaction are the main concern in recent librarian robot research. Our conclusion is that we need to develop research in the area of smart resources.
Originality/value
This study has a new approach to the literature review in this area. We compared the published papers in the field of ES/AI and robot and library from two databases, general and specific.
In recent years, the amount of video content created and uploaded to the Internet has grown exponentially. Video content has unique accessibility challenges: indexing, transcribing, and searching video has always been very labor intensive, and there were no automated ways of searching videos for specific content. New software tools that use deep learning methods are automating some of these processes, making video content more discoverable and useful. There are also many new tools for processing and manipulating video in interesting ways. This column will briefly discuss the idea of deep learning and how deep learning tools can be used to transcribe, translate, search, and even manipulate videos. It will suggest ways that librarians can use these tools to help their institutions better manage video content. It also includes a list of video-related software tools.
A new edition of this best-selling textbook reintroduces the topic of library cataloging from a fresh, modern perspective.
Not many books merit an eleventh edition, but this popular text does. Newly updated,Introduction to Cataloging and Classificationprovides an introduction to descriptive cataloging based on contemporary standards, explaining the basic tenets to readers without previous experience, as well as to those who merely want a better understanding of the process as it exists today. The text opens with the foundations of cataloging, then moves to specific details and subject matter such as Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR), Functional Requirements for Authority Data (FRAD), the International Cataloging Principles (ICP), and RDA.
Unlike other texts, the book doesn't presume a close familiarity with the MARC bibliographic or authorities formats; ALA'sAnglo-American Cataloging Rules, 2nd Edition, revised (AACR2R); or the International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD). Subject access to library materials is covered in sufficient depth to make the reader comfortable with the principles and practices of subject cataloging and classification. In addition, the book introduces MARC, BIBFRAME, and other approaches used to communicate and display bibliographic data. Discussions of formatting, presentation, and administrative issues complete the book; questions useful for review and study appear at the end of each chapter.
Purpose
The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive literature review on the utilisation of intelligent agent technology in the library environment.
Design/methodology/approach
Research papers since 1990 on the use of various intelligent agent technologies in libraries are divided into two main application areas: digital library (DL), including agent‐based DL projects, multi‐agent architecture for DLs, intelligent agents for distributed heterogeneous information retrieval and agent support to information search process in DLs; and services in traditional libraries, including user interface for library information systems, automatic reference services and multi‐agent architecture for library services. For each paper on the topic, its new ideas or models, referred work, analyses, experiments, findings and conclusions are addressed.
Findings
The majority of the literature covers DLs and there have been fewer studies about services in traditional libraries. A variety of architecture, framework and models integrating agent technology in library systems or services are proposed, but only a few have been implemented in the practical environment. The application of agent technology is still at the research and experimentation stage. Agent technology has great potential in many areas in the library context; however it presents challenges to libraries that want to be involved in its adoption.
Practical implications
The survey has practical implications for libraries, librarians and computer professionals in developing projects that employ intelligent agent technology to meet end‐users' expectations as well as to improve information services within limited resources in library settings.
Originality/value
The paper provides a comprehensive survey on the development and research of intelligent agents in libraries in literature.
Issues, benefits and challenges of original cataloguing versus copy cataloguing: The experience at the Lagos State University
- Orbih
Orbih, D.E., Aina, A.J., 2014. Issues, benefits and challenges of original cataloguing versus copy cataloguing: The experience at the Lagos State University. International Journal
of Library and Information Science 6 (5), 88-97.
Gani Pramudyo Web: Katalog Perpustakaan dari Masa ke Masa. Diakses pada 31 Juli 2023
- G N Pramudyo
Pramudyo, G.N., 2016. Gani Pramudyo Web: Katalog Perpustakaan dari Masa ke Masa. Diakses pada 31 Juli 2023. Retrieved from https://www.ganipramudyo.web.id/2016/11/
katalog-perpustakaan-dari-masa-ke-masa.html
Adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) in library parlance: Issues and benefits
- Faga
AI in library science: Developing intelligent tools for cataloguing and information retrieval
- M Frąckiewicz
Frąckiewicz, M., 2023. AI in library science: Developing intelligent tools for cataloguing and information retrieval. Diakses 29 Juli 2023 dari https://ts2.space/en/ai-in-libraryscience-developing-intelligent-tools-forcataloguing-and-information-retrieval/
Natural language processing and digital library management system
- Karoo
Karoo, K., 2018. Natural language processing and digital library management system. International Journal of Science and Reserach (IJSR) 7 (11),
Teknologi Kecerdasan Buatan (Artificial Intelligence) dan Penerapannya di Perpustakaan
- Khulzannah
Expert systems in library and information systems
- Gupta
Gupta, P., 2021. Expert systems in library and information systems. International Journal for Research in Engineering Application & Management (IJREAM) 6 (12), 58-64.
https://doi.org/10.35291/2454-9150.2021.0087.
Application of expert systems in library and information services
- Njuku
Legal Vines : From Card Catalogs to Artificial Intelligence: Revolutionizing Library Automation
- J A Nwafor
Njuku, S.U., 2022. Application of expert systems in library and information services. Nigerian Academic Forum 29 (1),
Nwafor, J.A., 2023. Legal Vines : From Card Catalogs to Artificial Intelligence: Revolutionizing Library Automation. Retrieved from https://legalvines.ng/?p=503
Penggunaan Katalog Akses Publik Online pada Mahasiswa Perpustakaan dan Ilmu Informasi di Sourthern, Nigeria
- Abayigbodi
Abayigbodi, A.R., Ivwighreghweta, O., 2022. Penggunaan Katalog Akses Publik Online pada Mahasiswa Perpustakaan dan Ilmu Informasi di Sourthern, Nigeria. Jurnal
Pendidikan di Daerah Berkembang 29 (2), 137-142.
What is the future of cataloguing and cataloguers?
- M Gorman
Gorman, M., 1997. What is the future of cataloguing and cataloguers? In: Proceedings of the 63rd IFLA General Conference -Conference Programme and Proceedings.
Additions to the operating system concepts animations library and artificial intelligence concepts animations library
- S S Kote
Kote, S.S., 2015. Additions to the operating system concepts animations library and artificial intelligence concepts animations library.