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Citation: Sirror, H. Lessons Learned
from the Past: Tracing Sustainable
Strategies in the Architecture of
Al-Ula Heritage Village. Sustainability
2024,16, 5463. https://doi.org/
10.3390/su16135463
Academic Editor: Francesco
Asdrubali
Received: 19 April 2024
Revised: 21 June 2024
Accepted: 24 June 2024
Published: 27 June 2024
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sustainability
Article
Lessons Learned from the Past: Tracing Sustainable Strategies in
the Architecture of Al-Ula Heritage Village
Hala Sirror
Architecture Department, College of Architecture and Design, Prince Sultan University,
Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia; hsirror@psu.edu.sa
Abstract: The architecture of Al-Ula Heritage Village offers valuable lessons for sustainable strategies
adaptable to contemporary architecture. By studying the green strategies employed in Al-Ula
Heritage Village, insights into heritage villages’ future preservation and ecological development are
gained. This study investigates Al-Ula’s historical buildings’ environmental, cultural, and social
sustainable strategies. Ecological design principles include preserving natural conditions, urban
design, site planning, and human comfort. Cultural considerations incorporate embracing change,
integrating sustainable design strategies, protecting cultural heritage, engaging the community, and
leveraging digital preservation tools. Social sustainability involves preserving cultural heritage,
community engagement, and promoting social cohesion. A comprehensive conceptual framework
for environmental, cultural, and social sustainability is developed and employed. Primary data
from the Saudi Commission for Tourism and Antiquities and the existing literature on traditional
Saudi vernacular architecture are utilized. The findings highlight the effectiveness of ancient design
strategies such as topography preservation, non-disturbance of natural hydraulic processes, and the
integration of open spaces. Urban design principles like mixed-use development, pollution reduction,
and human comfort considerations are prevalent. The study outcomes emphasize the importance
of cultural and social considerations. The study concludes that green architecture can be achieved
through the thoughtful adaptation of traditional techniques, demonstrating how sustainable design
rooted in historical practices can serve as a model for future developments.
Keywords: Al-Ula Heritage Village; sustainable strategies; ecological sustainability; cultural sustain-
ability; social sustainability; sustainability conceptual framework
1. Introduction
The sustainable strategies used in the architecture of Al-Ula Heritage Village can be
traced by drawing upon lessons learned from various sources. The vernacular architecture
of the village integrates open spaces and inherently sustainable design strategies, con-
tributing to the village’s rehabilitation and positively impacting historic preservation, local
economic growth, and urban development [
1
,
2
]. The village’s vernacular architecture and
use of local construction materials reflect the local environment and social culture, making
it an essential part of Saudi national identity [
3
]. The preservation and reconstruction of ver-
nacular heritage architecture in hot, arid climates, such as Saudi Arabia, can have positive
social, economic, and environmental effects [
4
]. Preserved heritage areas strengthen social
and cultural identity, improve the financial sector, and provide better thermal conditions
and outdoor thermal comfort [
5
]. The application of urban sustainable design strategies
for the development and rehabilitation of heritage villages has been emphasized in the
literature [3,6,7]. Integrating bioclimatic and ecological elements into traditional design is
essential for future sustainability efforts [
8
]. The sustainable aspects of vernacular architec-
ture, such as local knowledge incorporating traditional wisdom and practices, are crucial
for developing sustainable methods tailored to specific contexts and regions [
9
]. The role of
vernacular architecture and urban design in promoting sustainability has been emphasized,
Sustainability 2024,16, 5463. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135463 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability
Sustainability 2024,16, 5463 2 of 20
especially compared to contemporary metropolitan areas, highlighting the valuable lessons
that can be drawn from vernacular architectural and urban strategies [10].
Moreover, the role of architecture as a cultural sustainability factor, which underlines
the fundamental role of architectural practices, has been stressed, emphasizing the signifi-
cance of architectural practices in contributing to sustainable development [
11
]. Addition-
ally, investigating climate-responsive solutions in vernacular architecture has demonstrated
the importance of adapting to climatic conditions for sustainable development [
12
]. Fur-
thermore, integrating environmental sustainability principles in adaptive reuse, which
embraces resource efficiency, waste reduction, and preserving valuable building materials
through interior architectural design, has been recognized as a strategy for achieving sus-
tainable design [
13
]. Consequently, traditional architecture in Jordan and Yemen, as seen
in the studies by Almatarneh [
14
] and Ahmed [
15
], demonstrates the integration of local
context, climate, culture, and indigenous knowledge to achieve sustainability. These tradi-
tional buildings incorporate energy efficiency, indoor environmental quality, and regional
materials [
14
,
15
]. Altassan’s study [
16
] on a heritage village in Saudi Arabia emphasizes
the importance of investing in eco-tourism and integrating cultural and environmental
elements to promote sustainability. Vitti’s paper [
17
] highlights the role of restoration
and conservation of historic buildings in providing models for new sustainable architec-
ture. Finally, Dweik’s research [
18
] on Palestinian villages showcases these communities’
self-sufficient and sustainable lifestyles, offering insights into sustainable strategies.
By studying and applying lessons learned from the past, Al-Ula Heritage Village can
develop sustainable strategies that respect its cultural heritage and promote environmental,
economic, and social aspects. Saleh et al. [
19
] explore the taxonomy of 21st-century archi-
tectural practices within sustainability and technology. By merging these perceptions, it is
evident that sustainable strategies in the architecture of Al-Ula Heritage Village can benefit
sustainability, with lessons learned from urban sustainable design, vernacular architecture,
climate-responsive solutions, adaptive reuse, and the cultural significance of architecture
contributing to sustainability. Although Al-Ula Old Village has immense importance in
heritage tourism and in documenting the history of vernacular architecture in Saudi Arabia,
there is a gap in the research carried out to study the sustainability of Al-Ula’s vernacular
architecture in depth. The study’s main objective is to trace the sustainable strategies in
Al-Ula Heritage Village by developing the conceptual framework of sustainable design
created by Kim and Righton [
20
]. Among other principles, the developed conceptual
framework proposes principles, strategies, and methods for human design and cultural
and social sustainability. These strategies and methods will be used as a guide to trace the
sustainable strategies adopted in Al-Ula Heritage Village.
2. Study Background
2.1. Introduction to Al-Ula
Al-Ula, located in the Wadi Al-Qura, has significant historical and geographical im-
portance in the Arabian Peninsula due to its underground water resources and strategic
location along the Frankincense Road [
21
]. As shown in Figure 1a,b, its location, approxi-
mately 325 km north of Madinah, 1100 km from Riyadh, and 110 km southwest of Tayma,
places it in a pivotal position within the region [
22
]. The valley-oriented Mayid’s sandstone
massif and the Harrat’ Uwayrid lava fields further contribute to the unique geographical
setting of Al-Ula [
23
]. This historical and geographical significance has played a crucial
function in the history of the Arabian Peninsula, making Al-Ula an essential part of the
region’s heritage and identity [24].
Sustainability 2024,16, 5463 3 of 20
Sustainability 2024, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 21
(a) Location of Madinah Province (b) Location of Al-Ula City
Figure 1. (a,b) Location of Al-Ula Governate.
The dense urban fabric of the old village of Al-Ula, also known as Al-Deira, is com-
posed of two historic neighborhoods: the Al-Halaf Quarter, south of the Citadel “Qalat
Mussa Ibn Nussair”, and the Ashqaiq Quarter, north of the Citadel (see Figure 2a,b). The
urban area spans 67,286 square meters and includes 908 housing units and public build-
ings connected by narrow paths (see Figure 3b), totaling over 3135 linear meters, and
around 260 covered lanes, such as Tayara and Skifa [25].
(a) (b)
Figure 2. (a,b) Geographical location of Al-Ula Old Village within the Al-Ula governate of Madinah
city. Google Earth Maps (2023).
Figure 1. (a,b) Location of Al-Ula Governate.
The dense urban fabric of the old village of Al-Ula, also known as Al-Deira, is com-
posed of two historic neighborhoods: the Al-Halaf Quarter, south of the Citadel “Qalat
Mussa Ibn Nussair”, and the Ashqaiq Quarter, north of the Citadel (see Figure 2a,b). The
urban area spans 67,286 square meters and includes 908 housing units and public buildings
connected by narrow paths (see Figure 3b), totaling over 3135 linear meters, and around
260 covered lanes, such as Tayara and Skifa [25].
Sustainability 2024, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 21
(a) Location of Madinah Province (b) Location of Al-Ula City
Figure 1. (a,b) Location of Al-Ula Governate.
The dense urban fabric of the old village of Al-Ula, also known as Al-Deira, is com-
posed of two historic neighborhoods: the Al-Halaf Quarter, south of the Citadel “Qalat
Mussa Ibn Nussair”, and the Ashqaiq Quarter, north of the Citadel (see Figure 2a,b). The
urban area spans 67,286 square meters and includes 908 housing units and public build-
ings connected by narrow paths (see Figure 3b), totaling over 3135 linear meters, and
around 260 covered lanes, such as Tayara and Skifa [25].
(a) (b)
Figure 2. (a,b) Geographical location of Al-Ula Old Village within the Al-Ula governate of Madinah
city. Google Earth Maps (2023).
Figure 2. (a,b) Geographical location of Al-Ula Old Village within the Al-Ula governate of Madinah
city. Google Earth Maps (2023).
Sustainability 2024,16, 5463 4 of 20
Sustainability 2024, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 21
(a)
(b)
Figure 3. (a) Top view of Al-Ula Old Village (Google Earth Maps, 2023). (b) Overall master plan.
Source: [26].
Figure 3. (a) Top view of Al-Ula Old Village (Google Earth Maps, 2023). (b) Overall master plan.
Source: [26].
Sustainability 2024,16, 5463 5 of 20
2.2. History of Al-Ula Old Town
The old village of Al-Ula holds significant historical and archaeological importance,
being classified as one of the world’s three most important Islamic archaeological cities [
16
].
The village represents a distinctive model for Islamic cities, with its construction dating
back to the seventh century AH/thirteenth AD and its houses being built from the ruins of
ancient buildings, particularly from the Khraibeh area. The deliberate damage by some
individuals and the lack of interest in the village, a common challenge faced by heritage
sites, has led to its abandonment and the destruction of many landmarks, including the
historic castle of Musa bin Nusair. One example is the removal of timber logs to ignite a
fire. Another example is using stone ruins to build new houses in nearby urban areas. The
presence of inscriptions, writings, and decorations on many of its stones further emphasizes
the historical and cultural significance of the village.
Al-Ula Heritage Village is a typical Arabian village where people from the oasis lived
until the 20th century and relocated some eight decades ago due to economic, environ-
mental, and social factors that prompted residents to seek better opportunities and living
conditions elsewhere. It was built on an elevated valley area to prevent damage from
potential floods in the rainy season. The village had more than 1000 houses built adjacent to
each other at its highest expansion, creating a wall-like structure around the city to protect
the population because of the proximity and crowdedness of dwellings. It is in the Wadi
Al-Qura, a north–south-oriented valley between the Harrat ‘Uwayrid lava fields on the
west and the Jibal Ath-Thumayid sandstone massif. This valley played a significant role
because of its underground water supplies that sustain the growth of crops, palm trees,
and other vegetation and its strategic position along the center road (Figure 4).
Sustainability 2024, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 21
2.2. History of Al-Ula Old Town
The old village of Al-Ula holds significant historical and archaeological importance,
being classified as one of the world’s three most important Islamic archaeological cities
[16]. The village represents a distinctive model for Islamic cities, with its construction da-
ting back to the seventh century AH/thirteenth AD and its houses being built from the
ruins of ancient buildings, particularly from the Khraibeh area. The deliberate damage by
some individuals and the lack of interest in the village, a common challenge faced by her-
itage sites, has led to its abandonment and the destruction of many landmarks, including
the historic castle of Musa bin Nusair. One example is the removal of timber logs to ignite
a fire. Another example is using stone ruins to build new houses in nearby urban areas.
The presence of inscriptions, writings, and decorations on many of its stones further em-
phasizes the historical and cultural significance of the village.
Al-Ula Heritage Village is a typical Arabian village where people from the oasis lived
until the 20th century and relocated some eight decades ago due to economic, environ-
mental, and social factors that prompted residents to seek beer opportunities and living
conditions elsewhere. It was built on an elevated valley area to prevent damage from po-
tential floods in the rainy season. The village had more than 1000 houses built adjacent to
each other at its highest expansion, creating a wall-like structure around the city to protect
the population because of the proximity and crowdedness of dwellings. It is in the Wadi
Al-Qura, a north–south-oriented valley between the Harrat ‘Uwayrid lava fields on the
west and the Jibal Ath-Thumayid sandstone massif. This valley played a significant role
because of its underground water supplies that sustain the growth of crops, palm trees,
and other vegetation and its strategic position along the center road (Figure 4).
Figure 4. The old town’s response to the new Al-Ula and the farms. Source: [26] Mortada (2020).
Tilting from the Al-Ain side, as depicted in Figure 5a and b, the houses extend toward
the street from the southern side of the village, Roqaya, where the nucleus of the urban
village in the south was its cemetery, linking to farms on the eastern side. As the town was
connected to the farms, there was no road in that area; the farms surrounded Al-Ain, and
the central and northern regions were all lands (see Figure 4). With the development of
time and the increase in the urban area, the village extended towards the water of Al-Ain
and its environment. The mountains limited urbanization on the western side, so the vil-
lage could not extend here. In Rakia, the market area towards the south, the cemetery was
one of the determinants of growth, so the village expanded on the eastern side (Figure 5a).
Figure 4. The old town’s response to the new Al-Ula and the farms. Source: [26] Mortada (2020).
Tilting from the Al-Ain side, as depicted in Figure 5a,b, the houses extend toward
the street from the southern side of the village, Roqaya, where the nucleus of the urban
village in the south was its cemetery, linking to farms on the eastern side. As the town was
connected to the farms, there was no road in that area; the farms surrounded Al-Ain, and
the central and northern regions were all lands (see Figure 4). With the development of time
and the increase in the urban area, the village extended towards the water of Al-Ain and its
environment. The mountains limited urbanization on the western side, so the village could
not extend here. In Rakia, the market area towards the south, the cemetery was one of the
determinants of growth, so the village expanded on the eastern side (Figure 5a).
Sustainability 2024,16, 5463 6 of 20
Sustainability 2024, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 21
(a) (b)
Figure 5. (a,b) View of Al-Ula’s natural boundaries [27].
2.3. Weather Conditions
The average annual temperature in Al-Ula is around 25 degrees and varies signifi-
cantly between seasons (Figure 6a). The average monthly temperature in summer is 32
degrees due to orthogonal radiation. The effect of the sun depends on the clarity of the
air, and the hot continental dry winds contribute to the average maximum temperature.
The temperature can reach 40 degrees but reduces to 25 degrees with elevation and falls
smoothly. Figure 6b shows the monthly average rainfall. The monthly average humidity
is depicted in Figure 7a. The climate of Al-Ula in the winter tends to be cold, with a
monthly average of 15 degrees, dropping to 9 degrees in January (Figure 7b).
(a)
(b)
Figure 5. (a,b) View of Al-Ula’s natural boundaries [27].
2.3. Weather Conditions
The average annual temperature in Al-Ula is around 25 degrees and varies significantly
between seasons (Figure 6a). The average monthly temperature in summer is 32 degrees due
to orthogonal radiation. The effect of the sun depends on the clarity of the air, and the hot
continental dry winds contribute to the average maximum temperature. The temperature
can reach 40 degrees but reduces to 25 degrees with elevation and falls smoothly. Figure 6b
shows the monthly average rainfall. The monthly average humidity is depicted in Figure 7a.
The climate of Al-Ula in the winter tends to be cold, with a monthly average of 15 degrees,
dropping to 9 degrees in January (Figure 7b).
Sustainability 2024, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 21
(a) (b)
Figure 5. (a,b) View of Al-Ula’s natural boundaries [27].
2.3. Weather Conditions
The average annual temperature in Al-Ula is around 25 degrees and varies signifi-
cantly between seasons (Figure 6a). The average monthly temperature in summer is 32
degrees due to orthogonal radiation. The effect of the sun depends on the clarity of the
air, and the hot continental dry winds contribute to the average maximum temperature.
The temperature can reach 40 degrees but reduces to 25 degrees with elevation and falls
smoothly. Figure 6b shows the monthly average rainfall. The monthly average humidity
is depicted in Figure 7a. The climate of Al-Ula in the winter tends to be cold, with a
monthly average of 15 degrees, dropping to 9 degrees in January (Figure 7b).
(a)
(b)
Figure 6. (a) Monthly average temperature in Al-Ula; (b) monthly average rainfall. Source: [28].
Sustainability 2024,16, 5463 7 of 20
Sustainability 2024, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 21
Figure 6. (a) Monthly average temperature in Al-Ula; (b) monthly average rainfall. Source: [28].
(a) Monthly average humidity
(b) Wind direction
Figure 7. (a) Average humidity in Al-Ula; (b) wind direction. Source: [29].
3. Materials and Methods
In the quest to identify the sustainable strategies adopted in Al-Ula Heritage Village,
the first stage of the research involved analyzing the fundamental theoretical and meth-
odological ideas of sustainable design and examining historical data on traditional build-
ings. The primary secondary information source was a report published in 2011 by the
Saudi Commission for Tourism and Antiques [30]. This report’s primary goal was to rec-
ord an information database of Al-Ula’s heritage houses, created from analyses of the vil-
lage houses, including examples of still-remaining buildings investigated on-site. Simul-
taneously, the researcher examined missing elements using existing documentation and
studies in traditional Saudi vernacular architecture. The disclosed details pertained to the
sustainable characteristics and tactics for constructing traditional Al-Ula dwellings. Data
were analyzed to determine the sustainable concepts, tactics, and methodologies.
Tomovska and Radivojevic [31] adopted the approach described by Kim and Righton
[20], who originally proposed three principles of sustainability in architecture: economy
of resources, life cycle design, and humane design, as shown in Figure 8. Several other
authors highlighted these principles and adopted them in their research. For instance,
Bakri [32] and Yildiz et al. [33] described the sustainable design elements as a guiding
conceptual framework consisting of three principles (conservation of resources, life cycle
Figure 7. (a) Average humidity in Al-Ula; (b) wind direction. Source: [29].
3. Materials and Methods
In the quest to identify the sustainable strategies adopted in Al-Ula Heritage Vil-
lage, the first stage of the research involved analyzing the fundamental theoretical and
methodological ideas of sustainable design and examining historical data on traditional
buildings. The primary secondary information source was a report published in 2011 by
the Saudi Commission for Tourism and Antiques [
30
]. This report’s primary goal was
to record an information database of Al-Ula’s heritage houses, created from analyses of
the village houses, including examples of still-remaining buildings investigated on-site.
Simultaneously, the researcher examined missing elements using existing documentation
and studies in traditional Saudi vernacular architecture. The disclosed details pertained
to the sustainable characteristics and tactics for constructing traditional Al-Ula dwellings.
Data were analyzed to determine the sustainable concepts, tactics, and methodologies.
Tomovska and Radivojevic [
31
] adopted the approach described by Kim and Righton [
20
],
who originally proposed three principles of sustainability in architecture: economy of
resources, life cycle design, and humane design, as shown in Figure 8. Several other
authors highlighted these principles and adopted them in their research. For instance,
Bakri [
32
] and Yildiz et al. [
33
] described the sustainable design elements as a guiding
conceptual framework consisting of three principles (conservation of resources, life cycle
design, and humane design), strategies related to these principles, and methods related
to these strategies. Additionally, Vezzoli et al. [
34
] introduced the concept of Design for
Sustainability 2024,16, 5463 8 of 20
Sustainability, emphasizing the importance of generating solutions that benefit society, the
natural environment, and economic systems. This emphasis aligns with the overarching
goal of sustainable design highlighted in the Sustainable Architecture Module by Kim
and Rigdon, focusing on creating environmentally, socially, and economically sustainable
designs. Moreover, Ndlangamandla and Combrinck [
35
] explore the environmental sus-
tainability of construction practices in informal settlements, emphasizing the importance of
sustainable construction methods in addressing environmental challenges. This aligns with
the broader context of sustainable architecture education and design principles advocated
by Kim and Rigdon in the Sustainable Architecture Module.
Sustainability 2024, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 21
design, and humane design), strategies related to these principles, and methods related to
these strategies. Additionally, Vezzoli et al. [34] introduced the concept of Design for Sus-
tainability, emphasizing the importance of generating solutions that benefit society, the
natural environment, and economic systems. This emphasis aligns with the overarching
goal of sustainable design highlighted in the Sustainable Architecture Module by Kim and
Rigdon, focusing on creating environmentally, socially, and economically sustainable de-
signs. Moreover, Ndlangamandla and Combrinck [35] explore the environmental sustain-
ability of construction practices in informal selements, emphasizing the importance of
sustainable construction methods in addressing environmental challenges. This aligns
with the broader context of sustainable architecture education and design principles ad-
vocated by Kim and Rigdon in the Sustainable Architecture Module.
Other aspects of sustainability not included in Kim and Righton’s conceptual frame-
work are cultural and social sustainability considerations, which are the leading deriva-
tives of most environmentally sustainable strategies investigated in the framework. Thus,
for the intended identification of sustainable strategies in building the heritage houses of
Al-Ula, the conceptual framework of sustainable design created by Kim and Righton [20]
was developed to include cultural and social aspects determined by logical argumenta-
tion. Resource economics refers to minimizing the consumption of natural resources by
reducing, reusing, and recycling materials within a facility. Life cycle design offers a
framework for examining the construction process and its ecological consequences. Hu-
mane design emphasizes the relationships between humans and the natural environment.
The principles can provide a comprehensive understanding of the environmental effects
of architectural consumption on a local and global scale. This study centers on the devel-
opment of the third principle, humane design, as outlined in Table 1.
Figure 8. Principles of sustainability in architecture. Source: [20].
Figure 8. Principles of sustainability in architecture. Source: [20].
Other aspects of sustainability not included in Kim and Righton’s conceptual frame-
work are cultural and social sustainability considerations, which are the leading derivatives
of most environmentally sustainable strategies investigated in the framework. Thus, for
the intended identification of sustainable strategies in building the heritage houses of
Al-Ula, the conceptual framework of sustainable design created by Kim and Righton [
20
]
was developed to include cultural and social aspects determined by logical argumentation.
Resource economics refers to minimizing the consumption of natural resources by reducing,
reusing, and recycling materials within a facility. Life cycle design offers a framework
for examining the construction process and its ecological consequences. Humane design
emphasizes the relationships between humans and the natural environment. The principles
can provide a comprehensive understanding of the environmental effects of architectural
consumption on a local and global scale. This study centers on the development of the
third principle, humane design, as outlined in Table 1.
This study focused on examining the correlation between the attributes of the heritage
houses in Al-Ula and sustainable concepts, strategies, and methodologies. The sustainable
practices used in the example of Al-Ula heritage dwellings are detailed in Table 1. Interest
was expressed in the sustainable tactics and methods utilized in the Al-Ula dwellings,
which stem from the houses’ layout, design, construction qualities, cultural aspects, and
social approaches to sustainability. Five requirements are identified based on humane
design and cultural and social sustainability. The criteria selection includes sustainability
regarding many environmental aspects such as raw material extraction, manufacturing
processes, construction techniques, and construction waste management. When assessing
the ecological sustainability of Al-Ula Heritage Village, the parameters considered included
the conservation of natural surroundings, urban design and site layout, and human well-
Sustainability 2024,16, 5463 9 of 20
being. Kim and Righton [
20
] suggest three sustainability concepts in architecture: resource
efficiency, life cycle planning, and user-centered design. Resource economy focuses on
minimizing the use of natural resources by using strategies such as reduction, reuse, and
recycling within a building. Life cycle design offers an approach to examining the construc-
tion process and its ecological consequences. Humane design centers on the relationships
between humans and the environment. Other crucial aspects of sustainability include
cultural and social sustainability. Cultural sustainability encompasses four parameters:
embracing change, integrating sustainable design strategies, leveraging digital preservation
tools, and engaging the community.
Table 1. Sustainability design principle: strategies and methods. Source: initiated by [
20
] and
developed by the author.
Principle Ecological
Sustainability
Cultural
Sustainability
Social
Sustainability
Strategies Preservation of
Natural Conditions
Urban Design and
Site Planning Human Comfort Cultural Aspects Social Approaches
Methods
Respect for
topographical
contours
Non-disturbance of
natural hydraulic
process
Preservation of
existing flora and
fauna
Integration of design
with public transport
Promotion of
mixed-use
development
Avoidance of
pollution
contribution
Provision for
thermal, visual, and
acoustic comfort
Provision for a visual
connection with the exterior
Provision for fresh, clean air
Use of non-toxic and
non-outgassing materials
Accommodation of persons
with different physical
abilities
Embracing change
Integrating
sustainable design
strategies
Protection of cultural
heritage
Leveraging digital
preservation tools
Engaging the
community
Preservation of
cultural heritage
Community
engagement
Promotion of social
cohesion
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Ecological Sustainability
Human-centered design is the paramount premise of sustainable design. It focuses on
the sustainability of all components of the worldwide ecosystem, such as plants and fauna.
This principle stems from the humanitarian and philanthropic aim of honoring the life
and dignity of other living beings. This notion is based on maintaining the interconnected
components of ecosystems essential for human survival. In contemporary culture, over
70% of an individual’s life is often indoors. Architecture is crucial in creating constructed
environments that support occupants’ safety, health, comfort, well-being, and productivity.
The significance of environmental quality, being intangible, has frequently been disre-
garded in the pursuit of energy and environmental preservation, which, at times, appeared
to imply enduring discomfort. Exacerbating the issue, several architects have focused
primarily on aesthetics and design, neglecting to prioritize environmental quality within
and surrounding their constructed spaces. The following three ideas for humane design
aim to improve the relationship between buildings and the environment and between
buildings and their residents.
4.1.1. Preservation of Natural Conditions
The building designer should reduce the influence of a building on its indigenous
environment (e.g., existent geography, plants, fauna).
a. Respect for topographical contours
Figure 9a,b show that the Fortress of Musa bin Nasir is located on top of the rocky
massif (Jabal Umm Nasir) in the middle of the Al-Deira neighborhood, located at the
eastern end of the village and overlooking the agricultural area (Al-Basateen), as shown
in Figure 9b. The ancestral inhabitants of Al-Ula chose this location because it serves the
fortress’s protective function over the town. The fortress is built of sandstone and ascends
to the heritage village through a staircase built of stone. It was stated that building the
Sustainability 2024,16, 5463 10 of 20
fortress on a hill overlooking the town (Al-Deira) was one of the methods used to defend
and protect the village from dangers. This fortress was attributed to the Muslim leader
Musa bin Nasir.
b. Non-disturbance of natural hydraulic process
The village houses were constructed on a higher elevation in the valley to prevent
flooding in the rainy season. Additionally, most of the alleys have been paved with stone,
and there are sewers for draining rainwater as it descends the farms. This rain drainage
network, which passes from under the houses and corridors to the water collection in the
Ain Tadu’l, consists of trenches with a depth of no more than 40 cm of stone and a width of
not more than 50 cm, and their inclinations are in line with the inclinations of the corridors.
c. Preservation of existing flora and fauna
The village was linked to the farms on the eastern side, with no road. The farms
surrounded the eye and the entire central and northern region’s agricultural land [
36
].
Moreover, the southern part of Adur market is called Al-Manakhah, where livestock
brought in from the desert are displayed.
Sustainability 2024, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 21
4.1.1. Preservation of Natural Conditions
The building designer should reduce the influence of a building on its indigenous
environment (e.g., existent geography, plants, fauna).
a. Respect for topographical contours
Figure 9a,b show that the Fortress of Musa bin Nasir is located on top of the rocky
massif (Jabal Umm Nasir) in the middle of the Al-Deira neighborhood, located at the east-
ern end of the village and overlooking the agricultural area (Al-Basateen), as shown in
Figure 9b. The ancestral inhabitants of Al-Ula chose this location because it serves the for-
tress’s protective function over the town. The fortress is built of sandstone and ascends to
the heritage village through a staircase built of stone. It was stated that building the for-
tress on a hill overlooking the town (Al-Deira) was one of the methods used to defend and
protect the village from dangers. This fortress was aributed to the Muslim leader Musa
bin Nasir.
(a) Top View of Fortress (b) Side View of Fortress
Figure 9. Fortress of Musa bin Nasir on Umm Nasir Mountain [27].
b. Non-disturbance of natural hydraulic process
The village houses were constructed on a higher elevation in the valley to prevent
flooding in the rainy season. Additionally, most of the alleys have been paved with stone,
and there are sewers for draining rainwater as it descends the farms. This rain drainage
network, which passes from under the houses and corridors to the water collection in the
Ain Tadu’l, consists of trenches with a depth of no more than 40 cm of stone and a width of
not more than 50 cm, and their inclinations are in line with the inclinations of the corridors.
c. Preservation of existing flora and fauna
The village was linked to the farms on the eastern side, with no road. The farms sur-
rounded the eye and the entire central and northern region’s agricultural land [36]. More-
over, the southern part of Adur market is called Al-Manakhah, where livestock brought
in from the desert are displayed.
4.1.2. Urban Design and Site Planning
Collaborative planning can help lower energy and water consumption in neighbor-
hoods, cities, and larger geographical areas. The outcome may be an improved urban set-
ting that is devoid of pollutants and hospitable to nature.
a. Integration of design with public transport
The town of Al-Ula is characterized by its narrow streets, zigzag paths, and the in-
conspicuous nature of the squares. Individuals’ private property (houses) are located
alongside public property (roads), and roads are generally classified into the following
categories:
1. Permeable roads (with open ends), whose widths increase so that animals can walk
with luggage (Figure 10a,b).
Figure 9. Fortress of Musa bin Nasir on Umm Nasir Mountain [27].
4.1.2. Urban Design and Site Planning
Collaborative planning can help lower energy and water consumption in neighbor-
hoods, cities, and larger geographical areas. The outcome may be an improved urban
setting that is devoid of pollutants and hospitable to nature.
a. Integration of design with public transport
The town of Al-Ula is characterized by its narrow streets, zigzag paths, and the incon-
spicuous nature of the squares. Individuals’ private property (houses) are located alongside
public property (roads), and roads are generally classified into the following categories:
1.
Permeable roads (with open ends), whose widths increase so that animals can walk
with luggage (Figure 10a,b).
2.
Non-permeable roads (with closed ends) are roads for a group of buildings, and
houses on both sides of those roads serve a group of common properties and may not
allow the passage of animals loaded with luggage (Figure 10a,b). Such roads have
several features:
•They make the streets quieter and safer for residents.
•
They stimulate population interaction through short, non-contact methods and
promote interaction without direct physical touch between residents.
•They provide a sense of local identity.
b. Promotion of mixed-use development
The old town of Al-Ula was characterized by functional integration: all of the uses re-
quired by the residents were concentrated where residential use naturally prevailed. It was
a residential and commercial area, as shown in Figure 11. In addition to the mountainous
Sustainability 2024,16, 5463 11 of 20
area that divided the region into two parts or neighborhoods, the Al-Ain area (Ain Ta’dal)
was a water source for the inhabitants of the old town of Al-Ula.
c. Avoidance of Pollution Contribution
The alleys are long, winding, and narrow; some permeate each other and are roofed,
except for some parts that allow the entry of light and air, and their width ranges between
two and three meters. The broken lines of pedestrian corridors discourage the movement
of winds inside them, in addition to providing a degree of shade and natural protection
inside the corridors. The efficiency of these corridors increases when they become roofed
or semi-roofed, as they provide natural protection for pedestrians from direct sunlight or
protection from dust suspended in the atmosphere. In the alleys, shown in Figure 10a, there
are decks where people sit, exchange conversations, and buy and sell items. Most of the
alleys were paved with stone, reducing the risk of dust from the heated floor, as shown in
Figure 12a–c.
Sustainability 2024, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 21
2. Non-permeable roads (with closed ends) are roads for a group of buildings, and
houses on both sides of those roads serve a group of common properties and may
not allow the passage of animals loaded with luggage (Figure 10a,b). Such roads have
several features:
• They make the streets quieter and safer for residents.
• They stimulate population interaction through short, non-contact methods and
promote interaction without direct physical touch between residents.
• They provide a sense of local identity.
(a)
(b) (c)
Figure 10. (a–c) Road types, dimensions, and network.
(a)
Permeable and non-permeable alleys.
(b) Maximum width and height for roads. (c) Road and alley network. (Red dots are the village’s
entrances to allies). Source: [30].
b. Promotion of mixed-use development
The old town of Al-Ula was characterized by functional integration: all of the uses
required by the residents were concentrated where residential use naturally prevailed. It
was a residential and commercial area, as shown in Figure 11. In addition to the moun-
tainous area that divided the region into two parts or neighborhoods, the Al-Ain area (Ain
Ta’dal) was a water source for the inhabitants of the old town of Al-Ula.
Figure 10. (a–c) Road types, dimensions, and network. (a) Permeable and non-permeable alleys.
(b) Maximum width and height for roads. (c) Road and alley network. (Red dots are the village’s
entrances to allies). Source: [30].
Sustainability 2024,16, 5463 12 of 20
Sustainability 2024, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 21
Land Use Key
Residential Religious Services
Commercial Cemetery Ain Tadu’l
Figure 11. Mixed land use in Al-Ula Old Village. Source: [30].
c. Avoidance of Pollution Contribution
The alleys are long, winding, and narrow; some permeate each other and are roofed,
except for some parts that allow the entry of light and air, and their width ranges between
two and three meters. The broken lines of pedestrian corridors discourage the movement
of winds inside them, in addition to providing a degree of shade and natural protection
inside the corridors. The efficiency of these corridors increases when they become roofed
or semi-roofed, as they provide natural protection for pedestrians from direct sunlight or
protection from dust suspended in the atmosphere. In the alleys, shown in Figure 10a,
there are decks where people sit, exchange conversations, and buy and sell items. Most of
the alleys were paved with stone, reducing the risk of dust from the heated floor, as shown
in Figure 12a–c.
Land-use Plan for
Old Al-Ula
Figure 11. Mixed land use in Al-Ula Old Village. Source: [30].
Sustainability 2024, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of 21
(a) Shaded alleys with decks (b) Stone-paved squares (c) Stone-paved and shaded alleys
Figure 12. (a–c) Stone pavements of alleys and squares. Source: [27].
4.1.3. Human Comfort
Designing sustainably does not have to sacrifice human comfort. Design should im-
prove work and home environments by enhancing productivity, alleviating stress, and
promoting overall health and well-being.
a. Provision for thermal, visual, and acoustic comfort
i. At t he plannin g l evel
Free and straight planning exposes various components, such as housing, streets, and
corridors, to many external environmental influences, such as direct or hot sunlight, radi-
ation transmission, or airborne soil. Compact alleys aim to reduce exposure to harsh ex-
ternal climatic conditions as much as possible and increase the amount of shadow, as
shown in Figure 13a–d. One of the advantages of integrated planning is that it reduces the
lengths of roads and corridors, and the broken lines of pedestrian corridors discourage
the movement of winds inside them, providing a degree of shade and natural protection
inside the corridors. The efficiency of these corridors increases when they become roofed
or semi-roofed, as they provide natural protection for pedestrians from direct sunlight or
protection from dust suspended in the atmosphere. There is a set of bioclimatic and field
studies for such enhancement.
The research revealed several findings, the most significant of which include the fol-
lowing:
• The use of shading is an absolute necessity to reduce the exposure of buildings to
direct sunlight.
• Blocks are distributed in residential neighborhoods so that they follow the system of
large courtyards and gradually move to small courtyards connected by shaded roads.
• Pedestrian paths are protected from climatic conditions by narrowing them, with
parts covered or shaded.
Figure 12. (a–c) Stone pavements of alleys and squares. Source: [27].
Sustainability 2024,16, 5463 13 of 20
4.1.3. Human Comfort
Designing sustainably does not have to sacrifice human comfort. Design should
improve work and home environments by enhancing productivity, alleviating stress, and
promoting overall health and well-being.
a. Provision for thermal, visual, and acoustic comfort
i. At the planning level
Free and straight planning exposes various components, such as housing, streets,
and corridors, to many external environmental influences, such as direct or hot sunlight,
radiation transmission, or airborne soil. Compact alleys aim to reduce exposure to harsh
external climatic conditions as much as possible and increase the amount of shadow, as
shown in Figure 13a–d. One of the advantages of integrated planning is that it reduces
the lengths of roads and corridors, and the broken lines of pedestrian corridors discourage
the movement of winds inside them, providing a degree of shade and natural protection
inside the corridors. The efficiency of these corridors increases when they become roofed
or semi-roofed, as they provide natural protection for pedestrians from direct sunlight or
protection from dust suspended in the atmosphere. There is a set of bioclimatic and field
studies for such enhancement.
Sustainability 2024, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 21
(a) Open-to-sky alleys (b) Shaded and open alleys
(c) Skylights within alleys (d) Shaded alleys with skylights
Figure 13. (a–d) Protection of pedestrian paths from climatic conditions. Source: [37].
ii. At the building design level
On a smaller scale is the building design; the methods used to naturally adapt build-
ings to the surrounding environment vary, as it is necessary to consider the house’s mass,
form, orientation, and treatment of its elements, such as walls, openings, and ceilings, as
well as the use of air intake elements such as inner courtyards.
Indeed, the internal climatic environment of the spaces overlooking the courtyard
inside the building is significantly enhanced, as seen on the upper courtyards shown in
Figure 14. Studies have shown that buildings with courtyards are highly preferable in hot,
non-desert regions. Significant portions of the courtyard are shaded throughout the day,
which helps alleviate thermal pressures on the rooms that face it during critical times.
Moreover, the courtyard protects the building from sand and dust storms.
Figure 13. (a–d) Protection of pedestrian paths from climatic conditions. Source: [37].
Sustainability 2024,16, 5463 14 of 20
The research revealed several findings, the most significant of which include the
following:
•
The use of shading is an absolute necessity to reduce the exposure of buildings to
direct sunlight.
•
Blocks are distributed in residential neighborhoods so that they follow the system of
large courtyards and gradually move to small courtyards connected by shaded roads.
•
Pedestrian paths are protected from climatic conditions by narrowing them, with parts
covered or shaded.
ii. At the building design level
On a smaller scale is the building design; the methods used to naturally adapt build-
ings to the surrounding environment vary, as it is necessary to consider the house’s mass,
form, orientation, and treatment of its elements, such as walls, openings, and ceilings, as
well as the use of air intake elements such as inner courtyards.
Indeed, the internal climatic environment of the spaces overlooking the courtyard
inside the building is significantly enhanced, as seen on the upper courtyards shown in
Figure 14. Studies have shown that buildings with courtyards are highly preferable in
hot, non-desert regions. Significant portions of the courtyard are shaded throughout the
day, which helps alleviate thermal pressures on the rooms that face it during critical times.
Moreover, the courtyard protects the building from sand and dust storms.
b. Provision for a visual connection with the exterior
In Al-Ula Heritage Village, achieving a visual connection with the exterior involves
using original natural stone. As emphasized in the context of architectural heritage, this
ensures physical and aesthetic appropriateness and contributes to the authenticity and
visual integration of the village with its natural surroundings.
c. Provision for fresh, clean air
The courtyard functions as a natural cooling system for the buildings, exchanging
warm air with cooler air during the night. The cold air, being denser, displaces the warm
air inside, aided by morning breezes and sunlight. During the early hours of the day, the
building’s interior warms up while the courtyard stays cool; such temperature difference is
because of the shading in the courtyard and the reduced reflection of sunlight, which helps
lower glare, regulate indoor temperature, and increase humidity. Narrow semi-shaded
alleys contribute similarly to courtyards and help remove dust and ventilate houses through
the stack effect. Cool air enters all lower parts of the houses to replace the hot air released
by high-level openings.
d. Utilization of toxic-free and non-outgassing materials
The dwellings are built with the resources available in the area. The most important
are the stones cut from the mountain and the loamy soil from which bricks are made and
used after drying in the sun (see Figure 15a–c). The thickness of the brick-bearing walls can
reach up to 80 cm. The internal partitions, built of mud mixed with reeds, are less thick.
The roof is made of palm trunks. Palm trunks can be divided into four parts according to
the need and are placed on the load-bearing wall at distances of 80 to 120 cm. Monolithic
boards of palm trunks or reed mats are placed on the trunks, followed by up to two clay
layers. The dimensions of the rooms and corridors are determined according to the lengths
of the palm trunks after they are cut. The dwellings consist of two levels connected by a
narrow staircase made of mudstone.
The mud construction method is reflected in the shape and mass of the dwelling
observable from the outside. It is noted that the openings are just holes in the walls without
glass or shutters, which can be covered at night in the winter with sheepskin or some
other material. The dwellings are accessed through narrow, partially covered alleys, with
an internal stairway from the small residential yard on the ground floor. The first floor
surrounds some residential rooms, and a fence or a high deck that obscures the view and
Sustainability 2024,16, 5463 15 of 20
casts its shadow over the residential yard and other housing elements. This shaded area
can be used to sit in during the day.
e. Accommodation of people with different physical abilities
The noticeable leveled ground of Al-Ula Village, except for one step in front of each
house, provides limited accessibility to people of different ages and physical abilities.
Additionally, compensation is made for the sloped nature of the ground, as shown in
Figure 16, which could be a little challenging for this sensitive portion of the community.
Sustainability 2024, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 15 of 21
Figure 14. Ruins of houses showing courtyards inside the buildings. Source: [27].
b. Provision for a visual connection with the exterior
In Al-Ula Heritage Village, achieving a visual connection with the exterior involves
using original natural stone. As emphasized in the context of architectural heritage, this
ensures physical and aesthetic appropriateness and contributes to the authenticity and
visual integration of the village with its natural surroundings.
c. Provision for fresh, clean air
The courtyard functions as a natural cooling system for the buildings, exchanging
warm air with cooler air during the night. The cold air, being denser, displaces the warm
air inside, aided by morning breezes and sunlight. During the early hours of the day, the
building’s interior warms up while the courtyard stays cool; such temperature difference
is because of the shading in the courtyard and the reduced reflection of sunlight, which
helps lower glare, regulate indoor temperature, and increase humidity. Narrow semi-
shaded alleys contribute similarly to courtyards and help remove dust and ventilate
houses through the stack effect. Cool air enters all lower parts of the houses to replace the
hot air released by high-level openings.
d. Utilization of toxic-free and non-outgassing materials
The dwellings are built with the resources available in the area. The most important
are the stones cut from the mountain and the loamy soil from which bricks are made and
used after drying in the sun (see Figure 15a–c). The thickness of the brick-bearing walls
can reach up to 80 cm. The internal partitions, built of mud mixed with reeds, are less
thick. The roof is made of palm trunks. Palm trunks can be divided into four parts accord-
ing to the need and are placed on the load-bearing wall at distances of 80 to 120 cm. Mon-
olithic boards of palm trunks or reed mats are placed on the trunks, followed by up to two
clay layers. The dimensions of the rooms and corridors are determined according to the
lengths of the palm trunks after they are cut. The dwellings consist of two levels connected
by a narrow staircase made of mudstone.
Figure 14. Ruins of houses showing courtyards inside the buildings. Source: [27].
Sustainability 2024, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 16 of 21
(a) Stairs made of stone leading to the roof (b) Roof construction method
(c) Roof construction method
Figure 15. (a–c) Building materials and construction methods. Source: [30].
The mud construction method is reflected in the shape and mass of the dwelling ob-
servable from the outside. It is noted that the openings are just holes in the walls without
glass or shuers, whi ch can be covered at night in the winter wi th sheepskin or some oth er
material. The dwellings are accessed through narrow, partially covered alleys, with an
internal stairway from the small residential yard on the ground floor. The first floor sur-
rounds some residential rooms, and a fence or a high deck that obscures the view and
casts its shadow over the residential yard and other housing elements. This shaded area
can be used to sit in during the day.
e. Accommodation of people with different physical abilities
The noticeable leveled ground of Al-Ula Village, except for one step in front of each
house, provides limited accessibility to people of different ages and physical abilities. Ad-
ditionally, compensation is made for the sloped nature of the ground, as shown in Figure
16, which could be a lile challenging for this sensitive portion of the community.
Figure 15. (a–c) Building materials and construction methods. Source: [30].
Sustainability 2024,16, 5463 16 of 20
Sustainability 2024, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 17 of 21
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 16. Stepped entrances and alleys. (a) Alleys and stepped entrances in front of houses. (b)
Leveled courtyard and stairs inside a house. (c) Stepped alley. Sources: [26,27].
4.2. Cultural Sustainability
4.2.1. Embracing Change
Cultural sustainability in Al-Ula Heritage Village can be achieved through a system-
atic approach that integrates various strategies and considerations. Preserving the vil-
lage’s heritage involves the physical structures and the intangible cultural aspects that
contribute to its identity and significance. By embracing change and fostering cultural re-
silience, heritage sites like Al-Ula can adapt to evolving circumstances while maintaining
their essence [38]. This adaptability is crucial for ensuring that cultural heritage remains
relevant and valued over time.
4.2.2. Integrating Sustainable Design Strategies
In the context of the Anthropocene era, where human activities significantly impact
the environment, it is essential to view heritage beyond natural or cultural distinctions.
Heritage sites like Al-Ula can serve as platforms for addressing broader social, economic,
and ecological challenges, contributing to sustainable development [39]. Implementing
urban sustainable design strategies can enhance heritage preservation’s environmental
and social aspects [3]. Such approaches involve analyzing site conditions, incorporating
sustainable design practices, and considering mobility paerns to create a more sustaina-
ble and resilient heritage environment.
4.2.3. Protection of Cultural Heritage
Furthermore, protecting traditional village cultural heritage within urban renewal
projects is vital for sustainable urban development. By preserving these sites, cities can
maintain their historical and cultural roots while promoting economic growth and tour-
ism [40]. This dual focus on heritage preservation and urban development highlights the
interconnectedness of cultural sustainability with broader societal and economic goals.
4.2.4. Leveraging Digital Preservation Tools
In the digital age, initiatives like the Jazeera Al Hamra (a former coastal village in Ras
Al Khaimah in the United Arab Emirates) Digital Heritage Project showcase innovative
ways to preserve tangible and intangible cultural heritage using digital technologies [41].
Digital preservation safeguards valuable knowledge and artifacts and ensures their
Figure 16. Stepped entrances and alleys. (a) Alleys and stepped entrances in front of houses.
(b) Leveled courtyard and stairs inside a house. (c) Stepped alley [26,27].
4.2. Cultural Sustainability
4.2.1. Embracing Change
Cultural sustainability in Al-Ula Heritage Village can be achieved through a systematic
approach that integrates various strategies and considerations. Preserving the village’s
heritage involves the physical structures and the intangible cultural aspects that contribute
to its identity and significance. By embracing change and fostering cultural resilience,
heritage sites like Al-Ula can adapt to evolving circumstances while maintaining their
essence [
38
]. This adaptability is crucial for ensuring that cultural heritage remains relevant
and valued over time.
4.2.2. Integrating Sustainable Design Strategies
In the context of the Anthropocene era, where human activities significantly impact
the environment, it is essential to view heritage beyond natural or cultural distinctions.
Heritage sites like Al-Ula can serve as platforms for addressing broader social, economic,
and ecological challenges, contributing to sustainable development [
39
]. Implementing
urban sustainable design strategies can enhance heritage preservation’s environmental
and social aspects [
3
]. Such approaches involve analyzing site conditions, incorporating
sustainable design practices, and considering mobility patterns to create a more sustainable
and resilient heritage environment.
4.2.3. Protection of Cultural Heritage
Furthermore, protecting traditional village cultural heritage within urban renewal
projects is vital for sustainable urban development. By preserving these sites, cities
can maintain their historical and cultural roots while promoting economic growth and
tourism [
40
]. This dual focus on heritage preservation and urban development highlights
the interconnectedness of cultural sustainability with broader societal and economic goals.
4.2.4. Leveraging Digital Preservation Tools
In the digital age, initiatives like the Jazeera Al Hamra (a former coastal village in Ras
Al Khaimah in the United Arab Emirates) Digital Heritage Project showcase innovative
ways to preserve tangible and intangible cultural heritage using digital technologies [
41
].
Digital preservation safeguards valuable knowledge and artifacts and ensures their ac-
cessibility for future generations, contributing to the long-term sustainability of cultural
heritage [42].
Sustainability 2024,16, 5463 17 of 20
4.2.5. Engaging the Community
Moreover, engaging the community through public education and technology, as seen
in projects like the android application for cultural conservation in Indonesia, can help raise
awareness and promote stewardship of heritage sites [
43
]. Involving local communities
in heritage preservation efforts fosters a sense of ownership and responsibility, leading to
more sustainable conservation practices.
4.3. Social Sustainability
Social sustainability in Al-Ula Heritage Village can be enhanced through a comprehen-
sive approach that considers preserving cultural heritage, community engagement, and
promoting social cohesion. Leveraging insights from various studies and frameworks can
provide valuable guidance on fostering social sustainability in heritage architecture and
urban environments.
4.3.1. Preservation of Cultural Heritage
One key aspect to consider is the adaptive reuse of heritage buildings, as highlighted
by [
21
]. Adaptive reuse improves material and resource efficiency and contributes to social
sustainability by retaining historical structures and promoting community engagement.
Preserving heritage buildings can enhance residents’ sense of identity and belonging,
fostering social cohesion and a shared heritage [
21
]. Furthermore, as discussed [
44
], the
attractiveness of adaptive heritage reuse can generate social benefits such as self-growth,
health benefits, and recreational values. By creating aesthetically pleasing and culturally
significant spaces, heritage architecture can serve as a hub for social interactions and
community activities, promoting social sustainability in Al-Ula Heritage Village [44].
4.3.2. Community Engagement
In addition, evaluating the social values and willingness to pay to conserve built
heritage [
45
] sheds light on the broader benefits of heritage conservation. Social values
derived from heritage conservation include individual benefits like greater self-esteem
and community benefits such as social cohesion and a sense of place. Understanding and
promoting these social values are essential for ensuring the long-term social sustainability
of heritage sites [45].
4.3.3. Promotion of Social Cohesion
Moreover, the role of community empowerment in sustainable cultural heritage man-
agement, as explored by Tsintskiladze [
46
], emphasizes the importance of engaging differ-
ent stakeholders in preserving and managing cultural heritage. Community involvement
enhances the understanding of cultural and social challenges and fosters collective respon-
sibility toward sustainable resource management, contributing to social sustainability in
heritage conservation efforts [46].
5. Conclusions
In conclusion, by integrating environmental, cultural, and social sustainability prin-
ciples, building designers can create sustainable and harmonious spaces that benefit in-
habitants and the surrounding ecosystem. Balancing the needs of the built environment
with ecological, cultural, and social considerations is essential for fostering resilient and
livable communities. In preserving natural conditions in urban settings, it is crucial for
building designers to minimize the impact of structures on the local environment. Mini-
mizing the impact on the ecological system involves respecting topographical contours,
as seen in the case of the Fortress of Musa bin Nasir, strategically positioned on a rocky
massif, which provided security and protected the village. Furthermore, maintaining the
natural hydraulic processes, such as preventing flooding through elevated construction
and rainwater drainage systems, is essential to uphold the ecological balance. Preserving
existing flora and fauna is another crucial aspect, as observed in the village of Al-Ula,
Sustainability 2024,16, 5463 18 of 20
where the connection between the town and surrounding farms was maintained without
disrupting the natural landscape. Urban design and site planning play a significant role in
achieving sustainability goals. Integrating design with public transport, promoting mixed-
use development, and avoiding pollution contributions are vital strategies. In terms of
human comfort, sustainable design should prioritize thermal, visual, and acoustic comfort.
By incorporating elements like shaded alleys, courtyards for natural cooling, and visual
connections with the exterior using local materials, designers can enhance the comfort and
well-being of occupants. Additionally, utilizing non-toxic and locally sourced materials in
construction, accommodating individuals with different physical abilities, and ensuring
fresh air circulation contribute to a healthy indoor environment.
By integrating cultural insights and frameworks into the planning and management of
Al-Ula Heritage Village, stakeholders can work towards enhancing social sustainability by
preserving cultural heritage, promoting community engagement, and fostering a sense of
identity and belonging among residents and visitors. Furthermore, achieving social sustain-
ability in Al-Ula Heritage Village requires a holistic approach considering environmental,
social, economic, and technological dimensions. By embracing change, integrating sustain-
able design strategies, leveraging digital preservation tools, and engaging the community,
heritage sites can thrive and contribute to the overall sustainability of their surroundings.
The study’s limitations included retrieving data about Al-Ula regarding sustainable
strategies from one comprehensive survey by the State Board for Antiques and Heritage.
Another limitation was the scarcity of studies related to the architectural side of the heritage
village. A third limitation is the need for an in-depth analysis of cultural and social
sustainability considerations, which could be more detailed in further research. Since
renovation work has been carried out in the old town to transform it into an international
heritage center to attract tourists, studies should include how to protect the place from
the adverse effects of heritage tourism on local sustainability and the environment. These
studies could have several branches, including economic, social, and heritage preservation.
Funding: The author would like to acknowledge the support of Prince Sultan University for paying
the publication fees.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: The author will make the data available upon request.
Conflicts of Interest: The author declares no conflicts of interest.
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