Disentangling Autonomy-Supportive and Psychologically Controlling Parenting: A Meta-Analysis of Self-Determination Theory's Dual Process Model Across Cultures

Abstract

Self-determination theory’s (SDT) dual process model claims that parental autonomy support relates positively to child well-being, while psychologically controlling parenting is linked positively to child ill-being. We tested these claims using a combination of one-stage and univariate meta-analytic structural equation modeling with moderation (k = 238; n = 1,040, N = 126,423). In the univariate models, parental autonomy support was linked positively with child well-being (r = 0.30 [95% CI 0.26, 0.33]) whereas parental psychological control was positively linked with child ill-being (r = 0.26 [0.23, 0.28]). Consistent with SDT’s dual process model, the one-stage model that controlled for the intercorrelations between predictors, showed that parental autonomy support and psychological control had distinct links to child wellness outcomes. Parental autonomy support was linked positively with child well-being, even when accounting for psychological control (r = 0.26 [0.20, 0.31]), and psychological control was positively linked to child ill-being, controlling for autonomy support (r = 0.20 [0.17, 0.23]). Crucially, the beneficial effects of parental autonomy support and the costs of psychological control applied across regions, degrees of national individualism and cultural hierarchy, as well as child developmental periods and sexes. These results help move the field beyond debates about whether autonomy is beneficial, toward questions about manifestations of autonomy across groups and variations in its optimal support.

Full text

PARENT AUTONOMY, CONTROL, AND CHILD WELL-BEING 1
©American Psychological Association, 2024. This paper is not the copy of record and
may not exactly replicate the authoritative document published in American
Psychologist. The final article is available, upon publication, at: 10.1037/amp0001389
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PARENT AUTONOMY, CONTROL, AND CHILD WELL-BEING 2
Abstract
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Public Significance Statement:0#4#
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!
!
044!

PARENT AUTONOMY, CONTROL, AND CHILD WELL-BEING 3
30#4>0)&$,?!
#44#
!=0self-determination theory@>C6H0
)&$.?dual process model>I5H60)&$*?
4#>IAJ!0)&$'?
##4>!0
)&&1?!4>5H60)&&$C 44
!0)&$1C!0)&&,C!0)&&.?#
. 704
896
>$,1,?0#44
!74
J444!
70#
#440
!"0#
A44#
05##440
J4!G
K#040#K
5>/!0)&$+?0#4!
9#GK#4#
K5>-!0)&$'?0
4!4#4>!!0
4#4?#5

PARENT AUTONOMY, CONTROL, AND CHILD WELL-BEING 4
!404
4J444
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J4>
4?00
#G!:0#
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4J4@
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Autonomy-Supportive and Psychologically Controlling Parenting in SDT
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4!
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PARENT AUTONOMY, CONTROL, AND CHILD WELL-BEING 5
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#@4G4K4
G
50#>-!0)&&1?!7
#4@
4054!
Parenting and Child Well-being and Ill-being in SDT
A#
50G
#4>6H0)&&&?!0
##44J
0#!0
4G4G00
>6H0)&&&?!4J5!
45#5#4
>2!0)&$.?!70
444>-!0)&&+?
>IAJ!0)&$'?!#04

PARENT AUTONOMY, CONTROL, AND CHILD WELL-BEING 6
5#54>LH
L50)&$(?G>2H40)&&&?!
Disentangling Autonomy Support and Psychological Control in Parenting
4
4!"A#
4450
#M44
!@
4N=4N#
40>
!0)&$.C!0)&$+?!7#0#
A!
44
#!A
>0)&$+?
!
4#>!!0
?>!!0#44?>0
)&$+?!440
!7J
0
!
7
0A4@#O4P
>!!0#4?O5P>!!0

PARENT AUTONOMY, CONTROL, AND CHILD WELL-BEING 7
4?>/!0)&$+0!)'?>!!0
4#4?!A
44
#4
A>?!75
#004
0##4!
0
!
4
!/#0#4
4#4!#
4not0##40
!704#
0#
#>:H/0)&)$?!
"4#5#
Hypothesis 1.5##4
#4!Hypothesis 2.5
#4##4!Hypothesis 3.#
0
#440#?#
4?4
>?>!!040

PARENT AUTONOMY, CONTROL, AND CHILD WELL-BEING 8
#4?!9G0#
444!
Assessing the Universal Effects of Autonomy-Supportive and Psychologically
Controlling Parenting
/$)>/*?#
##
4!:#G#
#4
44>4?0
>!!0?0#
G!
Does Region or Culture Moderate the Main Effects?
A4@
!4
#
4A>#0)&&(C5H20$,,$?!3G0
52>$,,$?Q@
04J!
04
#44
!

G!>!!0"
H 0)&&1?!00#
@#0

PARENT AUTONOMY, CONTROL, AND CHILD WELL-BEING 9
G>6H 0$,1,?!7
0G
!70J
4
G>5H60)&&$C 44!0)&$1C!0
)&&,C!0)&&.?!G0#6
#0
>5H60)&&$?!M
4#G
>R!0)&$.?045
79>!0)&&,?!
40#
5> 44
!0)&$1?2>!0)&$)?!
7#5
#4
4!:>G4?0
0!:G
/!@>)&$&?G
G>?
00>?!
0#S4!>)&)(?0#
#J!#
#00%
00!"

PARENT AUTONOMY, CONTROL, AND CHILD WELL-BEING 10
#0#Hypothesis 4:600
0#
#44!
444
whether40whether
40#A
#4G
!
Does Child Developmental Stage or Sex Moderate the Main Effects?
G45##4G
45#44
>I5!0)&$)?!4
04G>"#!0
)&)*?0#> !0)&$(?!
0##
4!
4@4
4>!!0J!0)&&.?!
JC
!00G
#40
!Hypothesis 5:
G#54#
#4054#
4!#@4

PARENT AUTONOMY, CONTROL, AND CHILD WELL-BEING 11
##
G!
The Present Review
70#4
0#
5A##!:
54#
##44
J44
!>:
=.$&04##
?!#5
@#
!
Method
Eligibility Criteria
#4#>?
%#
40>4?#4%4!:
#4G000%4
00G!:44
4#5>!!00
G0?!:$1-)&)*!
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PARENT AUTONOMY, CONTROL, AND CHILD WELL-BEING 12
#670793=0!:
G
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)&)*=54#4
0#A!
4=$!
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44#4
G!###
4G
#!0#4#0
#0#!
67#=)!=
*GG!#
G4#4#
>nB(++?40#4#0
#>n B1)?!:#>#
4?0#!
A4!#40=
(040
4!#(0
00%
#A!09=
>)(!$.E'&E0
$$!$(E?0##

PARENT AUTONOMY, CONTROL, AND CHILD WELL-BEING 13
>')!'&E1+!.'E?!
445G0#0
40
##=.$&!
Data Extraction and Quality Assessment
#G
!G4)&E
!=*)0.&1G40'0+&,##>$,!,'E?!
#A$E#!#
#0!
Moderator Coding
=
+!:GG5$?>
4?0)?>/!0)&$&?0*?
>S4!0)&)(?0(?>Q@D$$
F0Q@D$)$1F0Q@D$,F?0+?G
>?0'?4>M
4?!:
4#440
004#400
0>8!!?0%0
!#
=.,01$&
!
Analytic Strategy

PARENT AUTONOMY, CONTROL, AND CHILD WELL-BEING 14
#6(!)!$>)&)$&')*?>60
)&)$?!metafor5#J>I40)&$&?!@
#3@z!3#0#
454!
Multivariate Meta-Analysis
:AmetaSEM5
>0)&$+4?00
#4
40!4#
#44
#440
!>!!0
#4?>!!04?#
4#>!!0?
>!!0#44?##
!/#0)*10
0@37G
5>37 ?!37 444
40#!37 4
#A>"!0)&)$C:!0)&)$?
4#>0)&)$?!

0A##
54#?#4
404?4##4

PARENT AUTONOMY, CONTROL, AND CHILD WELL-BEING 15
404A
!70
#4!
#and0
##@!0#
5OpenMx5>9
!0)&$'?!
Univariate Meta-analyses
:
#44$!
!0
#A>0)&$+?!
4#4!J
>$?0##>)?4#
>*?>0)&$+0)&$+4?!30#J0
,+E0#4#!
Moderation Analyses
J40##
>!!0##?44
>I/#!0)&&)?!
4#4>!!0?>!!0#
?#0#%#
!30#>!!0
$:4
#40#!=
1$&!
04#44
@!

PARENT AUTONOMY, CONTROL, AND CHILD WELL-BEING 16
?4%4
!#4>!!0#?
%#!:
45!p 
#4#4
>0)&$+?0#!#
0##
>I40)&$&?!#
#0#
#!
Assessment of Bias
44#@
>6HM50)&)$?!7#
#
5!74#4
0#44!
Open Science Practices
306
444=3#5
>%%!%#)%?!
Results
:)*14+$0$0&(&
J!4$)'0()*>
J?!#9>(1!,1E?0#
4:>)(!&1E?0>$'!.*E?#*1

PARENT AUTONOMY, CONTROL, AND CHILD WELL-BEING 17
!#>.'!(.E0kB$1)?0#4
>)*!+*E0kB+'?!
>1)!*+E0kB$,'?0>$.!'+E0kB()?!
Systematic Review
3$0
!>!!089H
:"0##4?#
!4G#>!!0600!?J
!#4G%
!#4G4>
##?04G##45
#>!!0#
54#
4?04G#
!
#50##
00
!#5
4##4
4##4!0
=0#0
G4!
4
A#44!"
##45>

PARENT AUTONOMY, CONTROL, AND CHILD WELL-BEING 18
$$?!G0
#4
4!70')
50$(&
0*'40)$5#40$..540
(&4!4!D79637L86$/6F
Multivariate Meta-analysis
:A
#44
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PARENT AUTONOMY, CONTROL, AND CHILD WELL-BEING 19
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37L86)F
Univariate Meta-analyses
Parental Autonomy Support and Child Well-being
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PARENT AUTONOMY, CONTROL, AND CHILD WELL-BEING 21
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0
!7#0
4!
=0=,0
Q@0Q@0Q74@0Q@0#
!4Q@
###4
00C#0##
4>!!040!?!4Q@
0#4#
05
#4!#
#4Q74@Q@#!/#0
Q74@>!!00G0
04?Q@>!!000
4%?#!
75
!5#
40#
>I40)&$&?!>
#44=
$&!#00
#40rB&!$1D,+E7&!)+0&!$$F!?D796" )"=8/6F
Discussion

PARENT AUTONOMY, CONTROL, AND CHILD WELL-BEING 22
7#0#@
#440G4!
:#5##4
>/$?0###
4>/)?!
0G>/*?!
#0>/(?0
0G>/+?!940#4
0
#4#!
4#
#544J4!
Support for the Dual Process Model
=G4
J4!
#444and>!0
)&$+?!#4
#>I5!0)&)&?0
#>G!0)&)*?!
K#
0K5
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#44J
>H60)&&&CL5HJ0)&&,?!

PARENT AUTONOMY, CONTROL, AND CHILD WELL-BEING 23
4A05
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=
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3G0
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M 4>)&$.?0G0
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44
M!70
0#
>!0)&&1?!70
:L>)&)(?##
#4#@!
040!
G##
##!70
44G0
!7#4
5
#4!G#
##
40G!:

PARENT AUTONOMY, CONTROL, AND CHILD WELL-BEING 24
40
0#44#4!
Cross-Cultural Implications
=
#4G0
>5H20$,,$?!0
#5#
!J44
4#40
!70#04
5:8
!0#544:0
!
Sensitivity Analyses: Ensuring Robustness and Generalizability
=K=.$&K
#4
4!:#0
!3G0#454#
#40##
!#J0M4
5#40> H
20)&))?05#5>/!0)&)(?!
4#4
!#
##4!/#04@

PARENT AUTONOMY, CONTROL, AND CHILD WELL-BEING 25
#5#4!
44440#4
G4>2!0)&))?!A0
#0
>2!0)&))?!
G
!
:
#405
4#4!##
#
!#
#5#
4>!!0!0$,,)?0
44!
Implications for Parenting
7#4
>!!00G?0#
40#
N7@#0!
G00
!44
!704
#00!75#

PARENT AUTONOMY, CONTROL, AND CHILD WELL-BEING 26
0#
##54!
Limitations
###!30
#4#4!
#4
44
!=>!!0
?0#05uni
!=0#GVK
>L0)&$)?K4
5!-05#
#40##45#
>!!0!0)&$.C:HL0)&)(?!L
45450@4
!
05#!
#544
49004G04
4#4
4A0=00
!
=#44
4!:4#4%
40#5#G

PARENT AUTONOMY, CONTROL, AND CHILD WELL-BEING 27
0
00
G!:
04!W04
4G
!30#!:
0440#$1$
>$.!(E?##505!
Conclusions
:#
#400!
7#@#4!
:#
!400#
000
#!=
##
A4#
!
References
"0R!0H 0!>)&&1?!:5N65
@!Child Development0 79>)?0)',)1*!
"40"!2!>$,,'?!6!Child
Development0 67>'?0*),'**$,!%%!%%%!%$&!)*&.%$$*$.1&

PARENT AUTONOMY, CONTROL, AND CHILD WELL-BEING 28
"0!:!0J0!!0H60L!7!>)&$+?!@G
4#
NJournal of Educational Psychology0 107>*?0.+'
..&!%%!%%%!%$&!$&*.%&&&&&$.!
"#0! !00-!6!0"0!!0"50L!0906!0340
2!!0/0!0H606!!>)&)*?!AA
@G040
!The Gerontologist0$*+!
"0 !00!0H0"!>)&)$?!4
4A4
G!Psychological Bulletin, 147>.?0.&$.$1!
0"!0I50!0"0:!0"0 !00! !0I20-!0
J0"!0 0:!00 !0H0!>)&$+?!"
00!Motivation and
Emotion0 39>)?0)$')*'!%%!%%%!%$&!$&&.%$$&*$&$(,(+&$
0!:! !>)&$+?!Meta-analysis: A structural equation modeling approach!-
:H!
0!:! !>)&$+4?!5
A!Frontiers in Psychology0 50$+)$!
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0!:! !>)&)$?!A!7!!/>!?0
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50I!7!0H606!!>)&&$?!6
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Cross-Cultural Psychology0 32>+?0'$1'*+!

PARENT AUTONOMY, CONTROL, AND CHILD WELL-BEING 29
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>$,,*?!3M!
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PARENT AUTONOMY, CONTROL, AND CHILD WELL-BEING 30
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PARENT AUTONOMY, CONTROL, AND CHILD WELL-BEING 31
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PARENT AUTONOMY, CONTROL, AND CHILD WELL-BEING 32
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PARENT AUTONOMY, CONTROL, AND CHILD WELL-BEING 33
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PARENT AUTONOMY, CONTROL, AND CHILD WELL-BEING 34
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PARENT AUTONOMY, CONTROL, AND CHILD WELL-BEING 35
Figure 1.
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489H:"04G
#89H:"?!##4G%
>!!0#689H:"0
4G89H:"?!4G4
#4!#4
40##!
"G##45#!L
45#!
Figure 2. J 5
#:47"=
A"#
=!
Note. =96= B08=9=WB
07 "79LB40: "79LB#4!
0!
4M,+E!
#4
4J!

PARENT AUTONOMY, CONTROL, AND CHILD WELL-BEING 36

PARENT AUTONOMY, CONTROL, AND CHILD WELL-BEING 37
Table 1. Meta-Regressions for the Pooled Link Between Parental Autonomy Support and Child Well-being, and the Assessment of Five Possible
Moderators of the Pooled Effect
 5 
r
D,+E7F
z '

p
τ
(
)
)
)
τ
(
*
)
)
R
(
)
)
)
R
(
*
)
)
56
" (' $)& &!*&D&!)'0&!**F &!*$ &!&) U
&!&&$ &!&$ &!&)
6 (& $&. &!&$ &!&) &!&& $+!')
χ)
>)?B)!)'0
p
B&!*)
ZZZ $) )$ &!*(D&!)'0&!($F &!*+ &!&( U
&!&&$
ZZZ $( (. &!),D&!))0&!*+F &!), &!&( U
&!&&$
ZZZ9 )& *, &!).D&!)$0&!**F &!)1 &!&* U
&!&&$
7 (* $$) &!&$ &!&) &!&& $+!$.
χ)
>$?B)!*.0
p
B&!$)
ZZZ7 &!*+D&!).0&!(*F &!*. &!&+ U
&!&&$
ZZZ7 &!&$D&!&)0
&!&&F &!&$ &!&$ &!$)

PARENT AUTONOMY, CONTROL, AND CHILD WELL-BEING 38
 5 
r
D,+E7F
z '

p
τ
(
)
)
)
τ
(
*
)
)
R
(
)
)
)
R
(
*
)
)
56
/ (* $$) &!&$ &!&) &!&& .!**
χ)
>$?B$!1*0
p
B&!$1
ZZZ7 &!$,D&!&(0&!*(F &!)& &!&1 &!&$*
ZZZ/ &!&(D&!&)0&!$$F &!&( &!&* &!$.
 *1 ,1 &!&$ &!&$ )!() $.!)$
χ)
>$?B'!*$0
p
B&!&$)
ZZZ )1 '1 &!*(D&!),0&!*1F &!*+ &!&* U
&!&&$
ZZZ $) *& &!)*D&!$+0&!)1F &!)* &!&( U
&!&&$
G (* $$( &!&$ &!&) &!*1 )!&'
χ)
>$?B&!+,0
p
B&!((
ZZZ7 &!*.D&!$,0&!+)F &!*1 &!$& U
&!&&$
ZZZ3! &!$*D&!((0
&!)&F &!$* &!$. &!((
Note. "B#!k B40nB4!r B@0zB
3@J0B3@J0pBp!R2(2) B#
0R2(3) B4#0 56B

PARENT AUTONOMY, CONTROL, AND CHILD WELL-BEING 39
4!7B#&!7B
$&!B\$$0B$)$10B$,
4!GB#&!3B
#A$&&E!##4
>!!0+?6Q@>kB$?Q@>k B*?CQ@>kB(?C4Q@>k
B(?!4Q@44!
Table 2.
Meta-Regressions for the Pooled Link Between Parental Psychological Control and Child Ill-Being, and the Assessment of Six Possible
Moderators of the Pooled Effect
 k n
r
D,+E7F
z '

p
τ
(
)
)
)
τ
(
*
)
)
R
(
)
)
)
R
(
*
)
)
56
" $.$ (,* &!)'D&!)*0&!)1F &!)' &!&$ U&!&&$ &!&$ &!&)
6 $+. ((1 &!&$ &!&$ &!1( &!&&
χ)
>*?B$!&$0
p
B&!1&
ZZZ )' ++ &!)+D&!)$0&!),F &!)' &!&) U&!&&$
ZZZ (& $&) &!)*D&!)&0&!).F &!)( &!&) U&!&&$

PARENT AUTONOMY, CONTROL, AND CHILD WELL-BEING 40
 k n
r
D,+E7F
z '

p
τ
(
)
)
)
τ
(
*
)
)
R
(
)
)
)
R
(
*
)
)
56
ZZZ . $1 &!)'D&!$10&!*(F &!)' &!&( U&!&&$
ZZZ9 1. ).* &!)+D&!)*0&!).F &!)' &!&$ U&!&&$
7 $'& (.$ &!&$ &!&$ &!&& (!&&
χ)
>$?B$!),0
p
B&!)'
ZZZ7 &!).D&!))0&!*)F &!)1 &!&* U&!&&$
ZZZ7 &!&&D&!&$0&!&&F &!&& &!&& &!)+
/ $'* (.1 &!&$ &!&) &!&& &!*'
χ)
>$?B&!*,0
p
B&!+*
ZZZ7 &!))D&!$&0&!**F &!)* &!&' U&!&&$
ZZZ/ &!&)D&!&*0&!&.F &!&) &!&* &!+*
 $(, (&( &!&$ &!&) &!)( &!&&
χ)
>)?B&!$)0
p
B&!,(
ZZZ )' .& &!)1D&!))0&!*(F &!), &!&* U&!&&$
ZZZ ,+ )*, &!).D&!)*0&!*&F &!). &!&) U&!&&$
ZZZ *) ,+ &!)'D&!)$0&!*)F &!). &!&* U&!&&$

PARENT AUTONOMY, CONTROL, AND CHILD WELL-BEING 41
 k n
r
D,+E7F
z '

p
τ
(
)
)
)
τ
(
*
)
)
R
(
)
)
)
R
(
*
)
)
56
G $'& (*1 &!&$ &!&* (!(+ &!&&
χ)
>$?B+!,'0
p
B&!&$+
ZZZ7 &!))D&!$10&!)'F &!)* &!&) U&!&&$
ZZZ3! &!&.D&!&$0&!$)F &!&. &!&* &!&$(
4 $.$ (,* &!&$ &!&) &!&& $!1&
χ)
>$?B$!,&0
p
B&!$.
ZZZ- $() *1& &!)'D&!)(0&!),F &!). &!&$ U&!&&$
ZZZ ), $$* &!))D&!$'0&!)1F &!)) &!&* U&!&&$
Note. "B#!k B40nB4!r B@0zB
3@J0B3@J0pBp!R2(2) B#
0R2(3) B4#0 56B
4!7B#&!7B
$&!B\$$0B$)$10B$,
4!GB#&!3B
#A$&&E!##6Q@>k B*?0
Q=@>k B(?0Q@>k B(?!

PARENT AUTONOMY, CONTROL, AND CHILD WELL-BEING 42