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Die Natur und Bedeutung der Reflexion und das Führen eines Reflexionstagebuchs: Was können wir gewinnen, wenn wir reflektierend über unsere Ziele schreiben?
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Background
Novice midwives at one NHS Trust undertook a 12-month preceptorship programme, designed to support them to consolidate their education and develop their competence. The study was commenced following concerns voiced by new midwives about levels of support during their transition, and also because of a high rate of attrition of newly qualified midwives at the Trust.
Aims
The aim of the study was to evaluate the experiences of newly qualified midwives during their preceptorship at the Trust.
Methods
A qualitative research design was applied. A sample of eight midwives provided data collected using a process of semi-structured interviews.
Findings
The findings of the research demonstrated that most of the midwives felt well-supported by their colleagues. However, although a preceptorship programme was in place at the Trust, barriers to implementing the programme included staffing levels, time for consolidation, not receiving protected time with preceptors and differences to allocated supernumerary time.
Conclusions
Recommendations were made for practice to include effective monitoring of the programme, and the provision of a specific Trust guideline for the preceptorship of newly qualified midwives. Providing individualised preceptorship pathways with supernumerary time in each clinical area was also recommended.
Although widely employed in professional practice of all kinds, ‘reflection’ and ‘reflective practice’ can be considered ‘success words’. That is, they elicit positive and supportive responses and yet the concepts are vague, ill-defined, contradictory and reflective skills can be hard to teach. Using examples from education and somatic movement therapy, we argue that a purely analytical approach to reflective practice that involves reflecting on thoughts alone is likely to lead into a negative cycle of rumination. Falling into this cycle of rumination, self-focus has been linked to depression, neuroticism, anxiety and the like. In contrast, an embodied reflective practice focuses on an increased self-awareness grounded in physical sensation, although including images, thoughts and feelings. This embodied self-awareness can increase adaptive empathy, and a focus on embodied experience can lead to a decrease in rumination. Embodied self-awareness can be taught, and this, in turn, can be used to teach the skills of an embodied reflective practice, which could be beneficial for both self-development and professional practice.
In this paper, I explore reflective practice literature and the elements of critical reflection, and I reflect on my experiences of learning and using a critical reflection approach to better understand a significant incident. This reflective paper is written from my personal perspective as a social worker using Fook and Gardner’s model of critical reflection to provide a framework to reflect, explore and learn from my own experiences. The Fook and Gardner approach to critical reflection encourages deconstruction and analysis of a personal or professional experience to understand the different assumptions, relationships and influences embedded within it and how it affects our practice. As new understandings emerge, the individual is able to reconstruct this incident and develop new techniques to deal with a similar incident in the future.
The ability to reflect is a precondition for professional growth. Pedagogical courses for academic staff provide opportunities to support the development of university teachers' reflective skills and habits of reflection. The present paper discusses the impact of using reflective activities for making meaning of one's teaching practice through an analysis of reflections written during pedagogical courses. The data were collected from 92 participants who participated in a pedagogical course offered to five cohorts from 2005 to 2007. Through analysis of academics' reflections on metaphors and teaching cases their personal teaching theories and teaching challenges are revealed.Õppejõu professionaalse arengu eelduseks on tema reflekteerimisoskus. Pedagoogilistel kursustel pakutakse õppejõududel mitmesuguseid võimalusi refleksioonioskuste arendamiseks ja reflekteerimisharjumuste kujunemiseks. Artiklis arutletakse pedagoogiliste kursuste käigus kirjutatud refleksiooniülesannete analüüsi põhjal, kuidas erinevate refleksiooniharjutuste kasutamine võimaldab õppejõududel teadvustada oma õpetamisarusaamasid ning mõtestada oma õpetamispraktikat. Andmeid koguti 92 õppejõult, kes osalesid pedagoogilistel kursustel aastatel 2005–2007. Õppejõudude metafooride, professionaalse arengu joone ja õpetamislugude analüüsi põhjal toodi välja nende olulisemad õpetamisarusaamad ning keerulised õpetamissituatsioonid. Samuti tuuakse esile, mida õppejõudude koolitajad võiksid samalaadseid ülesandeid rakendades arvesse võtta.
Reflective practice is becoming the favoured paradigm for continuing professional development in higher education. However, some authors have suggested that we have an insufficiently rigorous understanding of the process and too few descriptions of what actually occurs. Moreover, some commentators have identified a cognitivist strain in much reflective practice which has directed attention away from doing. This paper seeks to redress this balance by focusing on acting and reflecting though a case study of two professional development courses using the reflective practice model in HE. From the data we derive a typology which emphasises the temporal dimensions of reflective practice noting that while some acting may be immediate some reflection is deferred. We argue that a refocusing on action is important in response to the idealist turn of much thinking on reflective practice. We conclude that our reframing might have implications for the design of CPD for higher education lecturers.
Despite long-standing commitment to the notion of critical reflection across the healthcare professions it is unusual for critical theory and practice to be taught as explicit subjects in healthcare higher education. There is evidence to show that reflective techniques such as critical portfolios and reflective diaries can help students to consolidate and assess their learning of a discipline and its practices. Yet, there are also known drawbacks of critical reflection, including over self-critical inspection and the infinite regress of reflection on action. This paper offers a theoretically informed model of critical reflection which encompasses different purposes (thinking, learning and assessment of self and social systems), together with different forms of reflection (personal, interpersonal, contextual and critical). Explicitly teaching critical reflection is a logical step towards students being able to recognise and negotiate complex ethical and professional issues. However, teaching critical reflection creates challenges for curricula design, assessment and professional development.
We examined one of the processes thought to underpin Karasek and Theorell’s job demands–control–support model (1990). This is that control and support accentuate better well-being by fostering problem-focused coping with work demands. We also examined whether other forms of coping implemented through control and support are related to indicators of well-being. In a daily diary study of 29 workers in a public hospital, we found higher levels of subsequent goal attainment were associated with problem-focused coping implemented by executing control. Problem-focused coping implemented by eliciting support was associated with higher concurrent and subsequent levels of pleasant affect. We found other forms of coping were also associated with affect and goal attainment. The results have implications for elaboration of the DCS model.
Reflection has gained increasing attention in theory, practice and education in social and behavioral sciences. In this study, we systematically review empirical research on the concept of reflection within educational contexts in social work, psychology and teacher education to discern trends regarding the educational purposes attributed to reflection. Based on an inductive analysis of 42 relevant studies, we found that reflection is attributed diverse -and sometimes opposing-educational purposes. Furthermore, we distinguished three dimensions to which these purposes are primarily related: a personal, interpersonal and socio-structural dimension. Our findings illustrate both a conceptual and an empirical complexity and openness of reflection as an educational notion. Based on these results, we argue for the explicit articulation of the value and theoretical bases underpinning one's conceptualization of reflection when it is operationalized both in research and in practice.
This paper explores the use of painting with a group of pre-registration nursing students, as one-approach educators might use to encourage deeper thinking and reflection. During the second week of their course, the students were asked to paint a picture of what they believed nursing to be, using colour to capture their feelings associated with nursing. On completion of their paintings, the students shared their ideas and beliefs with the group. This process was repeated at the start of the second year when, on completion of a second painting, their first picture was returned; with time devoted for the students to analyse both paintings and write a reflective account. Analysis was required on three levels: (1) to examine the content of each picture; (2) to explain why they had painted particular images, and explore factors influencing changes or similarities between pictures; and (3) at a deeper level, begin exploring how their values and beliefs had shaped their paintings. Through a facilitated group, students shared their analysis and associated feelings with their peers, the latter being encouraged to ask questions and discuss arising issues to develop their reflective and analytic skills. Examining personal and peer experience enables students to begin to recognise where, in terms of self and self in relation to others, they need to focus their attention. The findings provide tentative evidence that such innovative approaches, together with careful facilitation, can promote deeper insight into self and their chosen career.
In 1932, Cambridge University Press published Remembering, by psychologist, Frederic Bartlett. The landmark book described fascinating studies of memory and presented the theory of schema which informs much of cognitive science and psychology today. In Bartlett's most famous experiment, he had subjects read a Native American story about ghosts and had them retell the tale later. Because their background was so different from the cultural context of the story, the subjects changed details in the story that they could not understand. Based on observations like these, Bartlett developed his claim that memory is a process of reconstruction, and that this construction is in important ways a social act. His concerns about the social psychology of memory and the cultural context of remembering were long neglected but are finding an interested and responsive audience today. Now reissued in paperback, Remembering has a new Introduction by Walter Kintsch of the University of Colorado, Boulder.
This article unveils a diary methodology exploring accounts of ongoing experiences during the final furlong of university life and examines the role of diary keeping for gaining insights into stress and coping with performance-related and general life stressors. The focus is on thirty young people who, following a year working in industry, were in the midst of their final year of university study—undergoing coursework assessments, preparing for final examinations, making key career choices, and taking part in the whole process of job applications, assessment centres, and interviews. All were attending a course exploring theoretical and practical approaches to self-awareness and interpersonal skills development. The article shares insights regarding the use of diaries for the exploration of stress and coping from the perspective of both the researcher and the diarist.
Reflective learning is the process of internally examining and exploring an issue of concern, triggered by an experience, which creates and clarifies meaning in terms of self, and which results in a changed conceptual perspective. We suggest that this process is central to understanding the experiential learning process. In this article, we describe the process of reflective learning as identified through analysis of three distinct sets of data, including sequential interviews, single interviews, and written questionnaires, using three separate samples. The sequential interviews revealed a pattern of becoming aware of one's own reflective learning patterns and deciding to use them consciously. Then, the six stages in the reflective learning process are abstracted and described. Implications of the process for personal change and growth, for facilitating learning from experience and changing perspectives, and for further research are also discussed.
In an age of increasing technology, the possibility that typing on a keyboard will replace handwriting
raises questions about the future usefulness of handwriting skills. Here we present evidence that brain
activation during letter perception is influenced in different, important ways by previous handwriting of
letters versus previous typing or tracing of those same letters. Preliterate, five-year old children printed,
typed, or traced letters and shapes, then were shown images of these stimuli while undergoing
functional MRI scanning. A previously documented ‘‘reading circuit’’ was recruited during letter
perception only after handwriting—not after typing or tracing experience. These findings demonstrate
that handwriting is important for the early recruitment in letter processing of brain regions known to
underlie successful reading. Handwriting therefore may facilitate reading acquisition in young children.
This paper describes the successful application of reflective learning journals to promote critical self-awareness and improve both individual and team performance among members in 11 management undergraduate teams conducting management research projects. Qualitative analyses of the journals revealed several major themes; for example, management skills development, leadership, team communications, stresses of team work, and individual versus team work. Analyses of the journaling evaluation data showed that participants found journaling a useful learning tool. Recommendations are presented for those interested in using reflective learning journals to improve individual and team performance.
Reflection is the practice of analyzing our actions, decisions, or products by focusing on the process for achieving them. This article describes three types of reflection (reflection-on-action, reflection-in-action, and reflection-for-action) and a workshop that helps teachers gain insight into beneficial teaching and learning practices. (MLH)
Partant de l'hypothese de Langeveld (M. J.) selon laquelle les relations eleve-maitre ne peuvent etre eclairees que si l'on admet la nature normative de la reflexion et de l'action pedagogiques, l'A. tente de determiner phenomenologiquement les normes de l'activite pedagogique dans les activites quotidiennes avec l'enfant sur le terrain et a domicile
This article summarizes some of the ways that ‘mindfulness’ starts to appear in Western psychotherapy and medicine, showing that it has become a legitimate area of scientific inquiry and that it shares common objectives with Western treatment approaches. It then explores its origin in Buddhism as well as the meaning of the concept and aspects of its practice. Claiming that the use of mindfulness can move psychodynamic therapy from a ‘thinking’ to an ‘observing’ mode, the role and power of the Buddhist concept of an ‘internal observer’ is explained and discussed. Then the author outlines the reasons why body psychotherapy is particularly predisposed to embrace mindfulness as a core concept and shows how, using the example of the Hakomi® Method, it would have a deep impact on the way psychodynamic therapy is conducted. He argues that the therapeutic relationship would have to be shaped according to a radical understanding of ‘acceptance’ and an ‘experimental’ attitude.
After an initial consideration of psychological experimentation, the author describes a long series of experiments in the fields of perception, imagination, and remembering, using material which approximated that found in everyday life. The work on perceiving utilized chiefly geometrical diagrams; and that on imagination, ink-blots. The results in these two cases revealed the influence of the subjects' attitudes and indicated their tendency to introduce previously learned material. In the experiments on remembering two methods were used, one the method of repeated reproduction by a given subject and the other the method of serial reproduction where the material reproduced by one subject became the learning material for a second subject whose recall constituted the learning material for a third subject, etc. This latter series of experiments showed that proper names and titles are very unstable in recall, that there is a bias toward the concrete, that individualizing aspects of the material (stories) tend to be lost, and that abbreviations and rationalizations occur. Throughout the book emphasis is placed on the social determinants of the manner and matter of recall, a point of view which is supported in the anthropological material cited. "Remembering is not the re-excitation of innumerable fixed, lifeless and fragmentary traces. It is an imaginative reconstruction, or construction, built out of the relation of our attitude towards a whole active mass of organized past reactions or experience, and to a little outstanding detail which commonly appears in image or in language form." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The focus of the paper is a review of the more problematical aspects of introducing a critical perspective into the practice and content of management education. As an introduction, the author summarizes the arguments for critical reflection in the education of managers, the characteristics which distinguish it from ‘reflection’– the more familiar concept in the literature – and ‘critical thinking’. The ways that a critical perspective can be reflected in educational method as well as in the content of the curriculum are also elaborated before describing the problems and complications of implementing such an approach from accounts in the literature of adult and management education. The paper outlines the reasons why critical reflection might be resisted, the mental or social disruption which can result from its application and the implications of both for the practice of management teachers.
Reflection is claimed as a goal in many teacher preparation programs, but its definition and how it might be fostered in student teachers are problematic issues. In this article, a report is provided of a review of literature on reflection, in particular focusing on strategies which assist its development in preservice programs. Next there is outlined a research project where types of reflection have been defined and applied to an analysis of student writing. Finally, the authors propose a framework for types of reflection as a basis for further research development in teacher education.
Building on the concepts of professional competence that he introduced in his classic The Reflective Practitioner, Schon offers an approach for educating professional in all areas that will prepare them to handle the complex and unpredictable problems of actual practice with confidence, skill, and care.
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