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Female Leadership and Everyday Hazards: Care Practices and Solidarity Networks in Campamento Dignidad
Abstract
Informal settlements are often excluded or marginalized from urban and risk governance despite the evidence of their high exposure to hazards as compared to other ways of inhabiting the city. In this chapter, we show how everyday life deploys during the COVID-19 pandemic in Campamento Dignidad, an informal settlement in Santiago de Chile facing state abandonment. This hazard-prone place has been self-managed through female leadership and community strategies, which unveil the care practices and solidarity networks driven by women. This allows us to problematize more generally gender categories related to risk governance and the importance of community engagement in risk management in informal settlements.
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"Los desastres no afectan a todos los grupos de población
por igual. La magnitud y naturaleza de sus impactos están en
directa relación con las inequidades existentes en la sociedad.
En este sentido, la población femenina, por múltiples causas
socioculturales y socioeconómicas, está en especial situación
de riesgo ante desastres. Sin embargo, la vulnerabilidad por
género intersecta con otros factores, tales como raza, etnicidad,
clase, edad, situación de discapacidad, entre otros. Frente a esta
situación, el presente documento propone que se introduzca
a las políticas de Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres (GRD) en
Chile, no sólo la perspectiva de género, sino que una perspectiva de género interseccional, complejizando la comprensión de
las inequidades de género desde una perspectiva que subraya
la apertura a la diferencia y su incorporación, teniendo siempre presente que las inequidades de género se construyen de
forma interconectada con otros determinantes de desigualdad.
Esto implica, para las políticas de GRD, reconocer y atender
de manera específica y diferenciada las características de los
distintos grupos de población, y en particular asumir el género
como una categoría heterogénea. Argumentamos que el no
reconocimiento de las inequidades existentes en la sociedad
puede desembocar en una profundización de las mismas"
Este trabajo plantea una estrategia de prevención del riesgo a escala local y sensible al generó, buscando contribuir a delinear formas de concretar procesos inclusivos de prevención y reducción de riesgos. La estrategia se basa en una investigación-acción participativa realizada entre 2018 y 2019 con mujeres de la Colonia Palma Sola FOVISSSTE, en la periferia de Acapulco de Juárez, México. Metodológicamente, el trabajo incluyó tres ejes complementarios de actuación: involucramiento y sensibilización, diagnóstico y planeación, y vinculación y acción. Este trabajo enfatiza la importancia de generar estrategias sostenidas por procesos de involucramiento que busquen entrelazar gestión del riesgo y desarrollo local, y procesos de vinculación que permitan la creación de alianzas con actores gubernamentales y no gubernamentales. También se subrayan tres desafíos clave entorno al desarrollo de procesos de prevención a escala local sensibles al género: romper con los estereotipos y roles de género, diseñar procesos y actividades a la medida de los intereses, necesidades y capacidades de las mujeres, y fomentar el empoderamiento de las mujeres, buscado en particular mejorar su autoestima y expandir sus capacidades para relacionarse y crear alianzas multisectoriales.
Recientemente, se ha problematizado cómo la Gestión de Riesgo de Desastres, o GRD, conceptualiza la resiliencia y los desastres en asentamiento informales. Mediante un estudio de caso cualitativo y una aproximación que problematiza la escala local, mostramos qué es considerado amenaza por la comunidad y de qué manera se gestiona. De esta manera evidenciamos que las comunidades se enfrentan a múltiples amenazas -pandemia, riesgo de aluvión, inseguridad alimentaria, escasez hídrica, inundaciones e incendios- que son gestionadas partir de estrategias que descansan en la organización comunitaria y redes de solidaridad externas e internas al territorio bajo liderazgos femeninos, colaboración equitativa, apoyo voluntario, identificación política y transmisión de conocimientos locales. Nuestros resultados sugieren dos grandes consideraciones a la GRD en asentamientos informales. Primero, que el concepto de resiliencia en tanto adaptación, debe expandirse a partir de voces subalternas y la noción de dignidad como categoría moral para la transformación, dejando de lado ideas de estabilidad y despolitización. Y segundo, que esta debe estimular políticas de desarrollo que se hagan cargo del problema habitacional y desigualdades de género, problematizando las formas particulares de relación y organización, y por ende, las categorías tradicionales de hogar.
Landslide disaster risks increase worldwide, particularly in urban areas. To design and implement more effective and democratic risk reduction programs, calls for transdisciplinary approaches have recently increased. However, little attention has been paid to the actual articulation of transdisciplinary methods and their associated challenges. To fill this gap, we draw on the case of the 1993 Quebrada de Macul disaster, Chile, to propose what we label as the Geo-Social Model. This experimental methodology aims at integrating recursive interactions between geological and social factors configuring landslide for more robust and inclusive analyses and interventions. It builds upon three analytical blocks or site-specific environments in constant co-determination: (1) The geology and geomorphology of the study area; (2) the built environment, encompassing infrastructural, urban, and planning conditions; and (3) the sociocultural environment, which includes community memory, risk perceptions, and territorial organizing. Our results are summarized in a geo-social map that systematizes the complex interactions between the three environments that facilitated the Quebrada de Macul flow-type landslide. While our results are specific to this event, we argue that the Geo-Social Model can be applied to other territories. In our conclusions, we suggest, first, that landslides in urban contexts are often the result of anthropogenic disruptions of natural balances and systems, often related to the lack of place-sensitive urban planning. Second, that transdisciplinary approaches are critical for sustaining robust and politically effective landslide risk prevention plans. Finally, that inter- and trans-disciplinary approaches to landslide risk prevention need to be integrated into municipal-level planning for a better understanding of—and prevention of—socio-natural hazards.
Many disaster risk reduction (DRR) initiatives, including land use planning, tend to ignore existing long-term inequalities in urban space. Furthermore, scholars working on urban disaster governance do not adequately consider how day-today DRR governing practices can (re)produce these. Hence, following a recent interest in the political dimensions of disaster governance, this article explores under what conditions the implementation of DRR land uses (re)produce spatial injustice on the ground. We develop a theoretical framework combining politics, disaster risk, and space, and apply it to a case study in Santiago, Chile. There, after a landslide disaster in the city's foothills in 1993, a multi-level planning arrangement implemented a buffer zone along the bank of a ravine to protect this area from future disasters. This buffer zone, however, transformed a long-term established neighbourhood, splitting it into a formal and an informal area remaining to this day. Using qualitative data and spatial analysis, we describe the emergence, practices, and effects of this land use. While this spatial intervention has proactively protected the area, it has produced further urban exclusion and spatial deterioration, and reproduced disaster risks for the informal households within the buffer zone. We explain this as resulting from a gover-nance arrangement that emerged from a depoliticised environment, enforcing rules unevenly, and lacking capacities and unclear responsibilities, all of which could render DRR initiatives to be both spatially unjust and ineffective. We conclude that sustainable and inclusive cities require paying more attention to the implementation practices of DRR initiatives and their relation to long-term inequities.
Facing climate emergency and disaster risks, cities are developing governing arrangements towards sustainability and resilience. Research is showing the ambivalent results of these arrangements in terms of inclusion and (in)justice, as well as their outcomes in emptying the ‘properly political’ through depoliticised governing techniques. Acknowledging this post-political thesis, however, critical analyses must also engage with re-politicization and focus on disruptive and transformative governance efforts. This article addresses the dual dynamics of de—and re-politicisation, focusing on the interplay of different modes of governing urban risk. We follow the political philosophy of Jacques Rancière and related interpretations in critical urban studies to recover the politics of the city. We focus on a post-disaster area in the foothills of Santiago, Chile. After a 1993 disaster, the State constituted a mode of governing risks based on physicalist interventions that discouraged local conflicts. This techno-managerial policing order made risks invisible while favouring real estate development. However, we show how local initiatives emerge in the interstices of formal and informal arrangements that contest this course. This emerging mode of governing risk, we argue, has the potential to recover incrementally urban politics and disrupt the dominant one through an egalitarian principle on the margins. Our contribution shows that, although these modes of governance coexist and are still evolving, advancing more just and inclusive cities require moving beyond consensus-based governance and focusing on the role of dissent and disruptive politics.
En este ensayo se propone una reflexión sobre el estallido social chileno de 2019 a partir de la visión normativa de igualitarismo relacional de Elizabeth Anderson. Si la base de la protesta social fue una rebelión frente a situaciones y relaciones de abuso, desigualdad e indignidad, el igualitarismo relacional sería una perspectiva teórica que permitiría articular y responder a esas demandas. En este trabajo se argumenta que el ideal de igualdad democrática, entendido como el opuesto a una sociedad basada en relaciones jerárquicas, sugiere una hoja de ruta promisoria para el estallido y que trasciende las usuales disputas ideológicas chilenas en torno al rol del Estado y el mercado.
Many disasters take place in urban areas, affecting millions of people each year through loss of life, serious injury and loss of assets and livelihoods. Poorer groups are generally most affected. The impact of these disasters and their contribution to poverty are underestimated, as is the extent to which rapidly growing and poorly managed urban development increases the risks. But urban specialists do not see disasters and disaster prevention as being within their remit. At the same time, few national and international disaster agencies have worked with urban governments and community organizations to identify and act on the urban processes that cause the accumulation of disaster risk in and around urban areas. This paper summarizes the discussions from a workshop funded by UNDP on the links between disasters and urban development in Africa, highlighting the underestimation of the number and scale of urban disasters, and the lack of attention to the role of urban governance. It notes the difficulties in getting action in Africa, since the region’s problems are still perceived as “rural” by disaster and development specialists, even though two-fifths of its population live in urban areas. It emphasizes the need for an understanding of risk that encompasses events ranging from disasters to everyday hazards and which understands the linkages between them – in particular, how identifying and acting on risks from “small” disasters can reduce risks from larger ones. It also stresses the importance of integrating such an understanding into poverty reduction strategies.
Gendered disaster social science rests on the social fact of gender as a primary organizing principle of societies and the
conviction that gender must be addressed if we are to claim knowledge about all people living in risky environments. Theoretically,
researchers in the area are moving toward a more nuanced, international, and comparative approach that examines gender relations
in the context of other categories of social difference and power such as race, ethnicity, nationality, and social class.
At a practical level, researchers seek to bring to the art and science of disaster risk reduction a richer appreciation of
inequalities and differences based on sex and gender. As the world learns from each fresh tragedy, gender relations are part
of the human experience of disasters and may under some conditions lead to the denial of the fundamental human rights of women
and girls in crisis.
Prólogo a la versión enlínea de 2015
Pan,Techo y Poder: el Movimiento de Pobladores en Chile 1970-3.
Buenos Aires: Ediciones S.I.A.P, 1974.
Este libro narra unos acontecimientos ocurridos durante los años en los que Chile era presidida por Salvador Allende, encabezando la coalición de partidos llamada Unidad Popular - trágicamente derrocada por el levantamiento militar liderado por el General Augusto Pinochet. De 1970 a 1973 la mayoría de los partidos animaban al pueblo a organizarse tanto como militantes de sus partidos como miembros de movimientos populares. Como era predecible, éstos desbordaron el marco partidario, generándose espontáneamente, provocados por problemas sociales antiguos - la perdurable falta de vivienda – y crisis nuevas como la creciente falta de comestibles, debido al sabotaje de la distribución y los transportes. En particular, los comandos comunales emergieron como la encarnación del concepto político innovador de que había que unir a los trabajadores de las fábricas con los vecinos que vivían a su alrededor. Estos habían empezado a organizarse bajo el gobierno de la Democracia Cristiana en Juntas de Vecinos y Centros de Madres, y la izquierda radical percibía que las poblaciones mas desorganizadas y marginales se fortalecerían si se pudieran unir de alguna forma con los obreros de su vecindad.
Estas luchas y nuevas organizaciones se llamaron el Movimiento de Pobladores, señalando que eran actividades protagonizadas por los sectores más pobres de la población, que en el caso de Santiago se agrupaban en casitas y campamentos a lo largo de las carreteras que irradiaban desde el centro de la ciudad en las cuatro direcciones, y proliferaban en los espacios entre calles informales sin pavimentar que surgían entre los radios. Va sin decir que no pudieron resistir al embiste de la dictadura que reprimió tanto a sus participantes como a sus redes y su mero concepto.
En este sentido el libro es una aportación tanto a la historia chilena vista desde abajo como a la historia de los movimientos sociales en general, y latino-americanos en particular.
El libro fue escrito por tres investigadores que vivían en Santiago de Chile durante el Gobierno de la Unidad Popular (1970-3) y el golpe de estado del General Pinochet que lo derrocó. Investigaban y a la vez participaban en los movimientos populares en torno a la vivienda , los comandos comunales y las juntas de abastecimiento popular. Jill Hamberg, por modestia, no quiso aparecer como co-autora. Fue escrito durante el año que siguió al golpe cuando los autores se encontraron exiliad@s en Buenos Aires, y a petición de Marta Schteingart, entonces Directora Ejecutiva de la Sociedad Inter-Americana de Planificación – cuya feliz idea seguimos agradeciendo.
Debemos recordar, más de 40 años mas tarde, a dos personas que fueron claves en la generación de este trabajo: Santos Romeo, líder del Comando Comunal de Cerillos-Maipú, del sindicato de su fábrica y de su toma por los trabajadores, que murió noblemente resistiendo al golpe militar; y Eder Sader, profesor del Centro Inter-disciplinario de Desarrolllo Urbano (CIDU), que encabezó la investigación sobre Cerillos-Maipú que inspiró posteriormente este estudio, tristemente fallecido en 1988.
Esta fotocopia se pone a disposición de los investigadores a raíz de las peticiones recibidas, ya que este libro ya no se puede comprar.
Monica Threlfall, Londres, noviembre de 2015. M.Threlfall@londonmet.ac.uk
Purpose
Based on the research, the authors identify how four key concepts in disaster studies—agency, local scale, memory and vulnerability—are interrupted, and how these interruptions offer new perspectives for doing disaster research from and for the South.
Design/methodology/approach
Meta-analysis of case studies and revision of past and current collaborations of authors with communities across Chile.
Findings
The findings suggest that agency, local scale, memory and vulnerability, as fundamental concepts for disaster risk reduction (DRR) theory and practice, need to allow for ambivalences, ironies, granularization and further materializations. The authors identify these characteristics as the conditions that emerge when doing disaster research from within the disaster itself, perhaps the critical condition of what is usually known as the South.
Originality/value
The authors contribute to a reflexive assessment of fundamental concepts for critical disaster studies. The authors offer research-based and empirically rich redefinitions of these concepts. The authors also offer a novel understanding of the political and epistemological conditions of the “South” as both a geography and a project.
This book brings feminist theories and concepts to the sociology of risk in an attempt to carve out a framework for intersectional risk theories in times of ambivalence.
The authors purport that risk is pervasive in the Global North, and is fast becoming a hegemonic governing principle. In order to understand this crucial aspect of society, sociological risk theories and risk analysis must go beyond power and social inequalities, to incorporate an intersectional risk approach that takes into account gender, race and other critical perspectives. Their proposed framework will provide the tools to assess how risk is situated in different configurations of power, revealing cracks and openings in the weft of power and rethinking risk governance in contemporary society.
By utilising an intersectional and nuanced analysis, the everyday understanding, practices and discourses of risk can be explored and better understood. This book will be of interest to scholars and students who value the importance of establishing interdisciplinary networks between risk theory, sociology, politics and more in order to study the contemporary world.
The need to ‘disaster proof’ development is increasingly recognised by development agencies, as is the need to engender both development and disaster response. This unique book explores what these processes mean for development and disasters in practice. Sarah Bradshaw critically examines key notions, such as gender, vulnerability, risk, and humanitarianism, underpinning development and disaster discourse. Case studies are used to demonstrate how disasters are experienced individually and collectively as gendered events. Through consideration of processes to engender development, it problematizes women’s inclusion in disaster response and reconstruction. The study highlights that while women are now central to both disaster response and development, tackling gender inequality is not. By critically reflecting on gendered disaster response and the gendered impact of disasters on processes of development, it exposes some important lessons for future policy. This timely book examines international development and disaster policy which will prove invaluable to gender and disaster academics, students and practitioners.Disasters are increasingly becoming important within development rhetoric and practice, and this important study will be essential for gender and development academics and students to gain a greater understanding of the area.
Squatter settlements have formed around large cities throughout the world, mushrooming particularly since the end of World War II. In an excellent preview to a forthcoming book, Turner (1966) has discussed some common features among squatter settlements in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe. Morse (1965a) has also referred to squatter communities and to general characteristics of Latin American urbanization in an article in this journal. Without repeating the work of Turner and Morse I would like to present a preliminary survey of Latin American squatter settlements with a model of their formation, growth, and social development that contradicts many views held by planners, politicians, newspapermen, and much of the general population, including many residents of the settlements themselves.
Several writers have referred to various local names given to squatter communities: colonies proletarias in Mexico, barriadas brujas in Panama, ranchos in Venezuela, barriadas in Peru, callampas in Chile, cantegriles in Uruguay, favelas in Brazil, and, in other places, marginal areas, clandestine urbanizations, barrios of invasion, parachutists, phantom towns, etc. There are no general works on the subject, but some good descriptions of local conditions do exist. The major sources used are listed by country in note 2. Not many sources are available and, unfortunately, several appear only in mimeographed form. The reports point out that squatter populations consist mainly of low income families but all of the authors distinguish between squatter settlements and other types of lower class housing in tenements, alleys (callejones), shack yards tcoralones, jacales), and rented slum buildings. They agree, sometimes to their own surprise, that it is difficult to describe squatter settlements as slums. The differentiation of squatter settlements from inner-city slums is, in fact, one of the first breaks from the widely shared mythology about them. (See, for example, Patch, 1961; Mangin, 1965.) The purpose in noting this mythology is not merely to set up a straw man for the paper. A review of the “Chaos, Crisis, Revolution and Wither Now Latin America” literature, or, of most governmental, United Nations, or AID reports, or, of most newspapers and magazines in Latin America will show that it is the predominant position on squatter settlements.
Drawing on theory from anthropology, sociology, organisation studies and philosophy, this book addresses how the perception, communication and management of risk is shaped by culturally informed and socially embedded knowledge and experience. It provides an account of how interpretations of risk in society are conditioned by knowledge claims and cultural assumptions and by the orientationof actors based on roles, norms, expectations, identities, trust and practical rationality within a lived social world. By focusing on agency, social complexity and the production and interpretation of meaning, the book offers a comprehensive and holistic theoretical perspective on risk, based on empirical case studies and ethnographic enquiry. As a selection of Åsa Boholm's publications throughout her career, along with a newly written introduction overviewing the field, this book provides a unified perspective on risk as a construct shaped by social and cultural contexts.This collection should be of interest to students and scholars of risk communication, risk management, environmental planning, environmental management and environmental and applied anthropology.
Over the last two decades the different impacts of disasters on women and men have been acknowledged, leading to calls to integrate gender into disaster risk reduction and response. This paper explores how evolving understandings of ways of integrating gender into development have influenced this process, critically analysing contemporary initiatives to 'engender' development that see the inclusion of women for both efficiency and equality gains. It has been argued that this has resulted in a 'feminisation of responsibility' that can reinforce rather than challenge gender relations. The construction of women affected by disasters as both an at-risk group and as a means to reduce risk suggests similar processes of feminisation. The paper argues that if disaster risk reduction initiatives are to reduce women's vulnerability, they need to focus explicitly on the root causes of this vulnerability and design programmes that specifically focus on reducing gender inequalities by challenging unequal gendered power relations.
© 2014 The Author(s). Disasters © Overseas Development Institute, 2014.
The present perspective summarizes and projects the results of a two-day workshop held in 2013 with the presence of 21 known disaster risk specialists from academia and practice. Faced with the disconnect between ever-increasing and even-accelerating disaster losses and the declared progress in disaster risk management (DRM) practice over the last eight years, the document attempts to explain the current situation and project future needs in order to increase the saliency and effect of DRM. A review of current conceptual problems and their impact on knowledge and action, of the current role of DRM in society, of governance aspects and of the notion of transformative development and its relationship to DRM is provided. The critique of current practice and understanding of disaster risk then leads to an attempt to identify key needs for the future and changes that must be introduced in order for DRM to become more mainstream and effective. Among the more central concerns, the document points to the way in which disasters are still many times seen as exogenous happenings as opposed to social constructions, product of skewed development practices. This then is reflected in much governance practice and action that are flawed. The difficulty in moving from a reactive and corrective DRM practice to a more prospective, risk avoidance practice is also highlighted.
The purpose of this article is to advance a new understanding of gender as a routine accomplishment embedded in everyday interaction. To do so entails a critical assessment of existing perspectives on sex and gender and the introduction of important distinctions among sex, sex category, and gender. We argue that recognition of the analytical independence of these concepts is essential for understanding the interactional work involved in being a gendered person in society. The thrust of our remarks is toward theoretical reconceptualization, but we consider fruitful directions for empirical research that are indicated by our formulation.
Gender awareness and sensitivity in disaster research and management remains uncommon and tends to focus on the developing rather than the developed world. This paper uses a feminist oral geography to present some findings about women’s experiences in two floods in Scotland. It is conceptualised around public and private (masculinised and feminised) space, problematising the private domain and presenting it, in the feminist research tradition, as a legitimate object of research. It shows the ordinary and everyday to be more opaque and complex than usually imagined and makes recommendations for their recognition and incorporation into disaster management. While there is a specific focus on the private domain of the home, this is not intended to reinforce gender stereotypes but simply to recognise the reality of many of the women interviewed. It concludes that disaster research generally has yet to advance much beyond the earliest stages of feminist studies which merely sought to make women visible in society.
The book is divided into two parts, reflecting stages in the gender planning process. Part 1, focusing on the conceptual rationale for gender planning in the Third World, examines feminist theories and WID/GAD debates in terms of their relevance for gender planning. The chapters cover: assumptions related to family structure and division of labour within the household; the concept of gender interests and their translation into planning terms as gender needs; and the interrelationship between different macroeconomic development models and policy approaches to Third World women. Part 2 looks at the gender planning process and the implementation of planning practice. It firstly characterises the emerging planning tradition of gender planning, and outlines its methodological tools, procedures and components. The next chapters focus on institutionalisation, operational procedures, and the role of training in gender awareness. The concluding chapter places gender planning in a wider political context, examining current Third World women's organisations and movements. -M.Amos
La pandemia en Toma Dignidad: re-pensando la Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres en asentamientos informales
- V Acuña
- L Juzam
- M Tironi
- S Valdivieso
LA RED: Antecedentes, formación y contribución al desarrollo de los conceptos, estudios y la práctica en el tema de los riesgos y desastres en América Latina
- A Lavell
La transversalización del enfoque de género en las políticas públicas frente al cambio climático en América Latina
- Casas Varez
Women, girls and disasters: a review for DFID. Report produced for the Department for International Development
- S Bradshaw
- M Fordham
(eds) Biodiversidad, género y cambio climático: Propuestas basadas en conocimiento. Iniciativa Latinoamericana y el Caribe
- V Carraro
- M Casas
- L Juzam
Modelo de gestión del riesgo de desastres en campamentos
- P Flores
- L Juzam
- F Miranda
No es amor, es trabajo no pagado: Un análisis del trabajo de las mujeres en el Chile actual
- Fundación Sol
Qualitative research from start to finish
- R K Yin
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La gestión del riesgo de desastres: Un enfoque basado en procesos. Secretaría General de la Comunidad Andina
- L Narváez
- A Lavell
- Pérez Ortega
El retorno de los campamentos: Cinco mitos que oscurecen el debate. CIPER académico/análisis
- M Pérez
- C Palma
Gender in a word perspective
- R Connell
Doing gender, doing difference: inequality, power, and institutional change
- S Fenstermaker
- C West
- D H Zimmerman
Gendered risks. Routledge-Cavendish
- K Hannah-Moffat
- O Malley
The second shift: working families and the revolution at home. Penguin
- A Hochschild
- A Machung