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Protesta Social (entrada del Prontuario de la Democracia)

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Johan Gordillo-García at Independent Researcher
Johan Gordillo-García
  • Independent Researcher
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Abstract

En un sentido básico, la protesta social es una forma no institucional de presentación de demandas; es decir, la gente protesta cuando carece de canales formales para hacer una exigencia o cuando considera que los canales formales no son útiles para ese fin. En un sentido más amplio, el concepto hace referencia a una forma de resistencia frente al poder; por ejemplo, algunos grupos sociales suelen protestar cuando las autoridades gubernamentales cometen agravios en su contra o en contra de otros grupos, independientemente de si los canales institucionales son eficaces. Finalmente, en un sentido más complejo, la protesta social puede ser un vehículo de representación democrática para grupos que no se consideran representados por las instituciones establecidas. Estos tres sentidos de la definición no son mutuamente excluyentes; lo normal es que se superpongan, pero su distinción es útil con fines analíticos. Tres casos hipotéticos, pero no alejados de la vida real. Primero: un gobierno local aprueba la construcción de un edificio de lujo con capacidad para 5,000 habitantes en una colonia con cierto grado de marginación en la que ya viven 2,000 personas. Las vecinas y los vecinos de la colonia no fueron consultados sobre la construcción, por lo que perciben la decisión como un agravio y quieren exigir la cancelación del permiso; sin embargo, en ocasiones anteriores se han acercado al gobierno local para solicitar algunos servicios básicos y la respuesta ha sido insatisfactoria. Entonces, esta vez deciden que los mecanismos oficiales son insuficientes y deciden cerrar la avenida más transitada de la colonia con el fin de demandar al gobierno local detener el proyecto y consultarlos. Segundo escenario: un grupo de mujeres en una ciudad se entera mediante la prensa de que en otra ciudad encarcelaron a una joven por abortar porque la ley penaliza la interrupción del embarazo. Ellas deciden trasladarse a esa otra ciudad y marchar no sólo para exigir la liberación de la detenida, sino para mostrar su oposición a la criminalización de las decisiones que ellas toman sobre sus propios cuerpos. Tercero, se avecinan elecciones presidenciales en un país y ninguna de las candidatas ni candidatos ha hablado sobre los derechos de los pueblos originarios. Ante esto, los concejos de gobierno de varias comunidades deciden acordonar durante un día, sin pronunciar una sola palabra, la sede del último debate de las campañas. Al terminar su bloqueo, pintan en las paredes la leyenda "No nos representan". En los tres casos, las personas recurrieron a diferentes formas de protesta social con fines también diferentes. En el primero, se trata de un mecanismo primordialmente utilizado para presentar demandas a un gobierno por fuera de los canales oficiales; en el segundo, la protesta no sólo se utiliza para plantear una exigencia, sino para mostrar el
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PROTESTA SOCIAL
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Referencias
f"2126 & i$%211$6 & O9$%)$ & /)<2++6 & N24$13*$% & j2++92*2(6 & N2($7#*%2 & V$2(M6 & D & N3$88$%
L*%)42(<@&KJKX@&Qj"[&^29"-($-*21&G(2B$*+H&^29"-($3*-&a21*+*2%-2&$1&$&E[",N3$<2
G("-211S@&Democratization&Kk&WI\H&kkIlYJm@
]("11+2D6& R*-h6 &D &V$(*" &^*$%*@ &KJXY@ & QR23["(h1& $%)& C*2+)1S@& /% &The Wiley Blackwell
Companion to Social Movements6&2)*3$)"&7"(&^$B*)&N%"[6&N$($#&N"0+26&j$%17232(
n(*21*6&D&j"++D&V-]$99"%6&XIXlZZ@&!"#%&c*+2D&o&N"%1&L3)@
^$B*216 & E#"9$16 & j"++D & /B$ & aD$%6 & D & O+2A$%)(" & V*+-.$)21 & G2P$@ & KJXZ@ & QG("32136& N"-*$+
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