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Cite as: Reddy, Noru Raja Sekhar, Beena Thomas, Gayathri G, Seeja G, and R Beena. 2024. “Study on Genetic Variability
and Heritability in F3 Population of Yard Long Bean (Vigna Unguiculata Subsp. Sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcourt) for Yield and Its
Components”. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 36 (7):482-93. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2024/v36i74756.
International Journal of Plant & Soil Science
Volume 36, Issue 7, Page 482-493, 2024; Article no.IJPSS.118577
ISSN: 2320-7035
Study on Genetic Variability and
Heritability in F3 Population of Yard
Long Bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp.
sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcourt) for
Yield and its Components
Noru Raja Sekhar Reddy a++*, Beena Thomas a#,
Gayathri G a#, Seeja G a† and R Beena b#
a Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Kerala Agricultural University,
Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala-695522, India.
b Department of Plant Physiology, College of Agriculture, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellayani,
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala -695522 India.
Authors’ contributions
This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. All authors read and approved the final
manuscript.
Article Information
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2024/v36i74756
Open Peer Review History:
This journal follows the Advanced Open Peer Review policy. Identity of the Reviewers, Editor(s) and additional Reviewers, peer
review comments, different versions of the manuscript, comments of the editors, etc are available here:
https://www.sdiarticle5.com/review-history/118577
Received: 13/04/2024
Accepted: 15/06/2024
Published: 18/06/2024
ABSTRACT
Yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcourt), is significant among
legume vegetable crops. Global warming and climate change can significantly impact its cultivation,
yield, and production. This study examined the F3 population of five yardlong bean families: F3-1,
Original Research Article
Noru et al.; Int. J. Plant Soil Sci., vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 482-493, 2024; Article no.IJPSS.118577
483
F3-2, F3-3, F3-4, and F3-5. The findings revealed that all five families exhibited high phenotypic
coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for yield per plant,
indicating substantial variability for these traits in their progenies. For all the characters under
consideration, the genotypic variation coefficient was lower than the phenotypic coefficient of
variation. High heritability, along with high genetic advance per mean (GAM), was observed in pod
weight, pods per plant, yield per plant, and vine length. This indicates significant potential for
selecting these traits within these specific populations due to the wide range of variation and the
influence of additive gene action. The study will help in selecting traits for further crop improvement
programs.
Keywords: Heritability; yardlong bean; phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV); genotypic coefficient
of variation (GCV); genetic advance as percent mean (GAM).
1. INTRODUCTION
“The yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp.
sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcourt; YB) is a significant
legume crop belonging to the Fabaceae family, a
chromosome number of 2n = 2x = 22. It is widely
grown in tropical and subtropical regions across
the globe. Renowned for its long, tender pods,
this crop is a staple in many diets and plays a
crucial role in sustainable agriculture due to its
nitrogen-fixing ability” [1,2]. The cultivation of
yard long bean is particularly significant in
regions where soil fertility and crop productivity
are major concerns [3,4]. Globally, Brazil is the
leading producer of yard long beans. In India,
which contributes about 28.12% of the world's
grain legume production, the annual yield is
approximately 23.37 million tonnes from around
29 million hectares of cultivated land [5]. “In
India, yardlong beans are predominantly grown
in Kerala, Karnataka, and Maharashtra. The
primary constraints of YB cultivation under low
rainfall conditions are low fertile lands, frequent
dry spells, poor availability of quality seeds, lack
of improved varieties, and a narrow genetic
base” [6-8]. There is an urgent need to enhance
the genetic potential of yard long bean for yield.
“The genetic improvement of yard long bean has
become a priority to meet the growing demand
and to enhance yield potential, resilience to
biotic and abiotic stresses, and nutritional
quality. One of the critical approaches to
achieving these goals is studying genetic
variability and heritability within breeding
populations” [9]. Understanding the genetic
architecture of yield and its contributing traits
can provide valuable insights for breeders
aiming to develop superior cultivars.
“To increase yield through selection, it's vital to
thoroughly grasp the genetic variability within the
germplasm and the heritability of desirable traits.
This requires a detailed examination of ancillary
characters to facilitate better selection. Hence,
this study aimed to explore the natural extent of
genetic variability in segregating populations of
YB, with a focus on pod yield and other yield
component traits for future breeding efforts”
[10,11].
Genetic parameters like the genotypic coefficient
of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of
variation (PCV) are valuable for assessing the
variability within germplasm. Burton [12]
suggested that considering both GCV and
heritability estimates can provide a more
accurate estimation of the progress expected
from phenotypic selection. Values for heritability
and genetic advances are more dependable for
predicting gains under selection compared to
heritability estimates alone. Thus, this study was
conducted to enhance YB genetically by
assessing genetic variability and heritability in
selected F3 families.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Plant Material
The material for investigation was collected at
the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding
(GPB), College of Agriculture (COA), Vellayani,
Kerala, India. The experimental material
consisted of five families., F3-1, F3-2, F3-3, F3-4,
and F3-5. The F3 populations were grown as
families, and the F3 populations were sown
following a spacing of 1.5m between the rows
and 0.45m between the plants within a row.
Agronomic practices were done as per the
Package of Practices Recommendations Crops
2016 of Kerala Agricultural University [13].
2.2 Experimental Design
The experiment was conducted at the GPB, COA,
Vellayani, from February to May 2024. Five
Noru et al.; Int. J. Plant Soil Sci., vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 482-493, 2024; Article no.IJPSS.118577
484
replications of each family with five progenies per
replication were laid out in a compact family block
design. Data were recorded for yield and yield
attributing traits viz., days to 50% flowering, pod
length, pod width, pod weight, pods per plant,
yield per plant, vine length, harvest index, and
crop duration. The data thus generated were
subjected to statistical analysis.
2.3 Statistical Analyses
The data were subjected to analysis of variance
(ANOVA). The mean values were compared at a
p < 0.05 significance level. The study was done
using the GRAPES (General R-based Analysis
Platform Empowered by Statistics,
(www.kaugrapes.com) software V:1.10 [14].
The mean values obtained for each character
were subjected to analysis of variance using a
compact family block design according to the
model described by Chandel [15]. The study
was carried out in two stages as families. The
analysis variance (ANOVA) of families was
analyzed in compact family block design with r
replications, as shown in Table 1.
The progenies under each family were
analyzed separately for each character. The
ANOVA for progenies was conducted, as
shown in Table 2.
Where,
r = Number of replications
f = Number of families
p = Number of progenies within each family
M4 = Mean sum of squares due to
replications
M5 = Mean sum of squares due to families
M6 = Mean sum of squares due to main plot
error
σ2e1= Error variance for families
σ2e2= Error variance for progenies
σ2r = Variance between replications
σ2p = Variance between progenies
Before comparing, a homogeneity test of error
variance for progenies was carried out for each
character by applying Bartlett’s homogeneity
test described by Panse and Sukhatme [15].
From Table 2, the following statistics were
computed.
(1) Standard error of the mean (S.Em) = √M6/r
(2) Critical difference (C.D.)=
(3) Coefficient of variation (C.V.) % =√M6 /
(Mean of progenies) * 100
Phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of
variation (PCV and GCV) were calculated
following equations 1 and 2. Broad-sense
heritability (h^2 (bs)) was determined using the
equation 3 provided by Lush [16]. The genetic
advance was estimated from the heritability
estimates using equation 4 proposed by
Johnson [17]. Genetic advance per mean is
computed by using equation 5.
(Equation 1)
(Equation 2)
(Equation 3)
(Equation 4)
(Equation 5)
Table 1. Analysis of variance in compact family block design with r replication
Source
Degrees of freedom
Mean Squares
Expected mean squares
Replications
(r-1)
M1
σ2e1 + σ2 r
Families
(f-1)
M2
σ2e1 + σ2 f
Error
(r-1) (f-1)
M3
σ2e1
Table 2. Analysis of variance for progenies
Source
Degrees of freedom
Mean Squares
Expected mean squares
Replications
(r-1)
M4
σ2e2 + pσ2 r
Progenies within
families
(p-1)
M5
σ2e2 +r σ2 p
Error
(r-1) (p-1)
M6
σ2e2
Noru et al.; Int. J. Plant Soil Sci., vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 482-493, 2024; Article no.IJPSS.118577
485
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Analysis of Variance
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was done to know
the variations among the progenies based on the
nine morphological traits. The analysis of
variance for all the characters studied in five
families of YB was presented in Table 3. The
analysis of variance between families revealed
that the mean squares due to crosses were
significant for pods per plant.
Bartlett’s test for error variances for five families
indicated that the error variances were
homogeneous for the characters pod width, vine
length, and harvest index and other characters
like days to 50% flowering, pod length, pod
weight, pods per plant, yield per plant and crop
duration are not homogenous between families
and all characters are homogenous within each
family.
Before comparing, a homogeneity test of error
variance for progenies was carried out for each
character by applying Bartlett’s homogeneity test
described by Panse and Sukhatme[18]. Between
families, Bartlett’s test for error variances for five
families indicated that the error variances were
homogeneous for the characters pod width, vine
length, and harvest index and other characters
like days to 50% flowering, pod length, pod
weight, pods per plant, yield per plant and crop
duration are not homogenous between families.
However, all progeny error variances within the
families are homogenous because these are F3
segregation populations [10,11,19,20].
Between families, all characters except pod
width, vine length, and harvest index, all five
families were significantly different. The ANOVA
among progenies within each family indicated a
significant difference between progeny means for
characters days to 50% flowering, pods per
plant, yield per plant, and crop duration in F3-1, in
F3-2 for pods per plant and vine length, in F3-3
for vine length. While in F3-4 and F3-5, no
progeny means were significantly different.
3.2 Genetic Parameters
Segregation, by allowing allelic recombination,
increases the variability among the population.
The estimates of genetic parameters viz.,
phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation
(PCV and GCV), heritability in a broad sense,
genetic advance, and genetic advance as
percent of mean were computed for nine
characters in five families of yard long bean
(Table 4). The PCV, GCV, heritability, and GAM
ranged from 1.54 to 50.30, 1.22 to 37.69, 47.23 to
88.21%, and 6.40 to 49.75%, respectively.
Different genotypes exhibit a broad spectrum of
variability across various traits. The presence of
extensive variability in quantitative traits has
been documented in yardlong beans [21-25].
Genetic Coefficient of Variation (GCV) provides
essential information for evaluating and
analyzing these traits' genetic variability range. In
contrast, the Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation
(PCV) assesses the extent of total variation
present [26,27].
3.3 Phenotypic and Genotypic Coefficient
of Variation (PCV and GCV)
High PCV and GCV were observed in yield per
plant for all five families (Fig. 1). Moderate PCV
was observed for days to 50% flowering by F3-5,
pods per plant by F3-1, F3-4, and both moderate
PCV and GCV were observed in F3-5, crop
duration by F3-3. All five families showed low
PCV and GCV in pod length, pod weight, vine
length, and harvest index. The analysis showed
that the phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV)
was slightly greater than the genotypic coefficient
of variation (GCV) for all traits. This suggests that
the characteristics are primarily influenced by the
genotypes with minimal environmental impact.
High PCV and GCV values were recorded for
yield per plant across all five families, consistent
with the results reported for cowpea and
vegetable cowpea yield (kg/plant) [21,28].
Moderate PCV was noted for days to 50%
flowering in F3-5 and pods per plant in F3-1 and
F3-4, while moderate PCV and GCV were
observed in crop duration for F3-5 and F3-3.
These observations align with the findings of
vegetable cowpeas and cowpeas [21,29,30].
Conversely, all five families exhibited low PCV
and GCV in traits such as pod length, pod
weight, vine length, and harvest index, which
agrees with the studies on bush cowpeas
[23,31,32].
3.4 Heritability (H2) and Genetic Advance
as Percent Mean (GAM)
For all characters, moderate to high heritability
was observed for all five families. In F3-1, the
highest heritability was observed in days to 50%
flowering, pod width, pod weight, pods per plant,
and crop duration. Moderate heritability was
observed in pod length, yield per plant, vine
length, and harvest index.
Noru et al.; Int. J. Plant Soil Sci., vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 482-493, 2024; Article no.IJPSS.118577
486
Table 3. Analysis of variance (mean squares) between families and between progenies within families of five F3 families for yield
contributing attributes in the yardlong bean
Source of
variation
Degrees of
freedom
Days to 50 %
flowering
Pod length
(cm)
Pod width
(mm)
Pod
weight
(g)
Pods per
plant
Yield per
plant (g)
Vine
length (m)
Harvest
index (%)
Crop
duration
(days)
Analysis of variances between families
Replication
4
57.12
18.57
1.09
5.9**
32.85
326.03
1.80
389.12**
48.73
Families
4
148.70**
43156**
0.95
51.81**
943.77**
3347429.29**
2.42
41.95
938.87**
Error
16
23.19
6.71
0.49
1.00
16.91
10227.22
1.80
11.75
23.66
Bartlett’s test
S
S
NS
S
S
S
NS
NS
S
Analysis of variances between progenies of different families
F3-1
Replication
4
25.36**
4.27
0.13
4.16
20.34*
21317.30*
0.63**
4.93
6.46
Progenies
4
22.96**
7.40
0.14
4.39
27.74**
8294.47
0.13
6.11
10.66*
Error
16
3.16
5.66
0.08
2.24
4.99
5603.48
0.10
5.19
3.41
Bartlett’s test
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
F3-2
Replication
4
36.76**
14.48
1.75*
1.48*
27.54*
15637.69**
0.81**
7.29
33.64
Progenies
4
15.76
5.49
0.82
0.50
32.24*
2804.25*
0.61**
12.38
42.64
Error
16
6.78
5.01
0.45
0.28
7.12
921.55
0.08
7.36
32.54
Bartlett’s test
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
F3-3
Replication
4
14.74
3.45
0.08
3.67*
9.74
3124.59
0.43*
32.79
45.44
Progenies
4
10.34
21.85
0.39
1.34
11.44
3973.93
0.57**
15.46
79.74
Error
16
6.32
13.94
0.32
1.04
7.69
1803.36
0.11
11.48
31.77
Bartlett’s test
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
F3-4
Replication
4
36.26
2.74
0.11
0.03
10.84
1154.23
0.55**
6.51
37.16
Progenies
4
19.66
6.05
0.48
0.22
31.34
1616.44
0.08
7.85
68.66
Error
16
12.61
4.70
0.32
0.11
22.49
1005.05
0.06
7.02
38.06
Bartlett’s test
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
F3-5
Replication
4
31.94
18.37
0.96*
1.10**
32.04
1630.14
0.33
6.42
20.66
Progenies
4
26.74
19.32
0.59
0.30
33.54
2714.75
0.21
10.67
34.46
Error
16
24.17
16.37
0.24
0.19
11.42
1019.36
0.15
6.30
25.68
Bartlett’s test
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
*significant at 1%, ** significant at 5%, S-significant , NS-non significant
Noru et al.; Int. J. Plant Soil Sci., vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 482-493, 2024; Article no.IJPSS.118577
487
Table 4. Genetic variability and selection parameters estimated for yield and its components in F3 populations of five families of
yardlong bean
Character
Family
Mean
PV
GV
PCV
GCV
H2(bs) (%)
GA
GAM
Days to 50% flowering
F3-1
42.92
21.19
14.40
6.80
5.60
67.98
6.45
15.02
F3-2
45.88
21.18
14.40
6.89
5.68
67.97
6.44
14.05
F3-3
40.84
15.39
9.07
6.13
4.71
58.97
4.77
11.67
F3-4
47.68
29.74
17.13
7.89
5.99
57.61
6.47
13.57
F3-5
44.84
46.07
21.90
10.13
6.98
47.54
6.65
14.82
Pod length(cm)
F3-1
39.13
11.92
6.26
5.52
4.10
52.55
3.74
9.55
F3-2
32.96
9.49
4.48
5.36
3.68
47.23
3.00
9.09
F3-3
39.12
32.99
19.06
9.18
6.98
57.76
6.83
17.47
F3-4
29.55
9.81
5.11
5.76
4.15
52.09
3.36
11.37
F3-5
33.83
32.41
16.04
9.78
6.88
49.50
5.81
17.16
Pod width (mm)
F3-1
8.42
0.20
0.12
1.54
1.22
62.36
0.57
6.82
F3-2
8.39
1.18
0.73
3.75
2.95
61.78
1.38
16.48
F3-3
7.95
0.64
0.32
2.84
2.01
50.26
0.83
10.42
F3-4
8.13
0.72
0.41
2.99
2.25
56.46
0.99
12.14
F3-5
8.17
0.77
0.54
3.08
2.57
69.36
1.25
15.35
Pod weight (g)
F3-1
12.25
6.18
3.94
7.10
5.67
63.83
3.27
26.68
F3-2
10.18
0.73
0.44
2.67
2.09
61.21
1.08
10.58
F3-3
11.17
2.17
1.13
4.40
3.18
52.18
1.58
14.18
F3-4
8.79
0.30
0.19
1.87
1.50
64.26
0.73
8.25
F3-5
9.24
0.45
0.26
2.20
1.68
57.90
0.80
8.66
Pods per plant
F3-1
41.56
31.73
26.74
8.74
8.02
84.27
9.78
23.53
F3-2
35.96
37.93
30.82
10.27
9.26
81.25
10.31
28.67
F3-3
32.36
17.59
9.90
7.37
5.53
56.29
4.86
15.03
F3-4
27.24
49.33
26.84
13.46
9.93
54.41
7.87
28.90
F3-5
27.04
42.67
31.26
12.56
10.75
73.25
9.86
36.45
Vine length (m)
F3-1
3.97
0.21
0.12
2.32
1.70
53.69
0.51
12.77
F3-2
2.99
0.67
0.59
4.73
4.44
88.21
1.49
49.75
F3-3
3.64
0.66
0.55
4.26
3.89
83.41
1.40
38.35
F3-4
2.63
0.13
0.07
2.19
1.61
54.48
0.40
15.39
F3-5
3.37
0.32
0.18
3.09
2.29
54.88
0.64
18.98
Harvest index (%)
F3-1
37.86
10.26
5.07
5.21
3.66
49.43
3.26
8.61
F3-2
35.58
18.27
10.91
7.17
5.54
59.70
5.26
14.77
F3-3
37.43
24.64
13.17
8.11
5.93
53.43
5.46
14.60
F3-4
35.64
13.46
6.44
6.15
4.25
47.85
3.62
10.15
Noru et al.; Int. J. Plant Soil Sci., vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 482-493, 2024; Article no.IJPSS.118577
488
Character
Family
Mean
PV
GV
PCV
GCV
H2(bs) (%)
GA
GAM
F3-5
34.86
15.70
9.41
6.71
5.19
59.90
4.89
14.03
Crop duration (days)
F3-1
87.72
13.39
9.98
3.91
3.37
74.53
5.62
6.40
F3-2
99.64
68.67
36.13
8.30
6.02
52.62
8.98
9.02
F3-3
95.96
105.15
73.39
10.47
8.75
69.79
14.74
15.36
F3-4
104.48
99.11
61.05
9.74
7.64
61.60
12.63
12.09
F3-5
97.32
55.01
29.32
7.52
5.49
53.31
8.15
8.37
PV-Phenotypic Variation, PCV- Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation, GV-Genotypic Variation, GCV- Genotypic Coefficient of Variation, H2(bs) (%)-Heritability (broad sense), GA- Genetic Advance,
GAM-Genetic Advance per Mean
Noru et al.; Int. J. Plant Soil Sci., vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 482-493, 2024; Article no.IJPSS.118577
489
Fig. 1. Phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation (PCV & GCV) of yield per
plant in all five families
Fig. 2. Heritability (bs)% and genetic advance per mean(%) of yield per plant in all five families
In F3-2, the highest heritability was observed in
days to 50% flowering, pod width, pod weight,
pods per plant, yield per plant, and vine length.
Moderate heritability was observed in pod length,
harvest index, and crop duration. Highest
heritability in yield per plant, vine length, and
crop duration. Moderate heritability was observed
in days to 50% flowering, pod length, pod width,
pod weight, harvest index, and pods per plant in
F3-3.F3-4. The highest heritability was observed
in pod weight and crop duration. Moderate
heritability in days to 50% flowering, pod length,
pod width, yield per plant, pods per plant, vine
length, and harvest index.Highest heritability in
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
F3-1 F3-2 F3-3 F3-4 F3-5
Yield per plant
PCV GCV
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
Yiled per plant
H2(bs)
GAM
Noru et al.; Int. J. Plant Soil Sci., vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 482-493, 2024; Article no.IJPSS.118577
490
pod width, crop duration, pods per plant, and
yield per plant. Moderate heritability was
observed in days to 50 % flowering, pod length,
pod weight, vine length, and harvest index in F3-
5. The highest heritability and genetic advance
as per mean observed in yield per plant was
depicted in Fig. 2.
High heritability suggests a significant influence
of additive and additive x additive gene action,
which can be harnessed through simple selection
methods [33,19,20]. Similar findings have been
reported for yield (kg/plant) in yardlong bean,
plant height at final harvest and the pods per
plant in cowpea, pod length in yardlong bean,
vegetable cowpea, the number of pods per plant
in bush cowpea, and in vegetable cowpea
[21,31,34-37]. Additionally, high heritability in
yardlong bean and cowpea for traits such as pod
length, vine length, and the number of pods per
plant, pods per plant, and yield per plant
[34,28,38,39].
The highest GAM was observed in F3-1 for pod
weight, pods per plant, and yield per plant. In F3-
2, pods, yield per plant, and vine length were
shown. F3-3 for yield per plant and vine length
F3-4 and F3-5 showed the highest GAM for pods
per plant and yield per plant.
Moderate GAM was observed in days to 50%
flowering and vine length by F3-1. In F3-2, days to
50% flowering, pod width, pod weight, pods per
plant, harvest index, and crop duration [40-42]. In
F3-3, observed, moderate GAM in days to 50%
flowering, pod width, pod weight, pods per plant,
harvest index, crop duration, and vine length. In
F3-4, days to 50% flowering, pod length, harvest
index, crop duration, and vine length showed
moderate GAM. F3-5 a moderate GAM was
observed in days to 50% flowering, pod length,
harvest index, and vine length.
Low GAM was observed in pod width, harvest
index, and crop duration (F3-1). Crop duration (in
F3-2).pod weight (in F3-4). Pod weight and crop
duration (in F3-5).
High heritability with high GAM for pods per
plant, yield per plant, pod weight, and vine length
suggest additive gene action. These traits can be
used for effective selection in further breeding
programs to improve the yield.
4. CONCLUSION
The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) for
all traits exceeds the genotypic coefficient of
variation (GCV), indicating that environmental
factors influence these traits. However, the
minimal differences between PCV and GCV
suggest negligible environmental impact on trait
expression. Traits such as the number of pods
per plant, yield per plant, pod weight, and vine
length exhibit high values of both PCV and GCV.
These traits show substantial variability,
heritability, and genetic progress as a percentage
of the mean, indicating that they possess
sufficient genetic variability and are influenced
primarily by additive genetic factors with minimal
environmental interference. Therefore, direct
selection for these traits will likely enhance crop
yield. The observed variability among the F3
progenies of yard long bean from five different
families indicates that progeny selection is an
effective strategy to increase yield.
DISCLAIMER (ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE)
Author(s) hereby declare that NO generative AI
technologies such as Large Language Models
(ChatGPT, COPILOT, etc) and text-to-image
generators have been used during writing or
editing of manuscripts.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
RN gratefully acknowledges MR. Ayyagari
Ramlal, school of biological sciences, universiti
sains malaysia, malaysia, and mr. Bala subba
reddy, who have contributed to the manuscript
preparation.
COMPETING INTERESTS
Authors have declared that no competing
interests exist.
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