Design and Implementation of an Android-Based Intelligent Parking Reservation Management System

Abstract

With urban traffic congestion and parking issues becoming increasingly severe, the emergence of smart parking systems offers a solution. This research designs and implements an Android-based intelligent parking reservation management system. It aims to provide convenient and efficient parking services by combining mobile technology with intelligent management. The system includes core functions such as user management, parking facility information retrieval, parking space reservation, and driving navigation, catering to diverse needs in urban parking scenarios. Through rigorous system testing, this solution demonstrates excellent performance in user experience, functionality, and efficiency. The Android-based parking reservation management system proposed in this study offers an innovative solution to address urban parking challenges. It paves the way for new possibilities in smart city transportation management.

Full text

Design and Implementation of an Android-Based Intelligent
Parking Reservation Management System
Yuanrong Wang, Tingmei Wang*, Da Li
Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
*Corresponding Author
Abstract: With urban traffic congestion and
parking issues becoming increasingly severe,
the emergence of smart parking systems
offers a solution. This research designs and
implements an Android-based intelligent
parking reservation management system. It
aims to provide convenient and efficient
parking services by combining mobile
technology with intelligent management.
The system includes core functions such as
user management, parking facility
information retrieval, parking space
reservation, and driving navigation,
catering to diverse needs in urban parking
scenarios. Through rigorous system testing,
this solution demonstrates excellent
performance in user experience,
functionality, and efficiency. The Android-
based parking reservation management
system proposed in this study offers an
innovative solution to address urban
parking challenges. It paves the way for new
possibilities in smart city transportation
management.
Keywords: Parking Reservation; Intelligent
Parking; Parking Facility; Navigation
1. Introduction
As urbanization accelerates and the prevalence
of automobiles increases, the challenges
associated with urban parking have become
increasingly pronounced[1]. The contradiction
between the growing number of vehicles and
insufficient parking resources poses a pressing
issue that demands resolution in urban traffic
management. In this context, the introduction
of smart parking systems emerges as a key
strategy to alleviate traffic congestion and
enhance parking efficiency.
Currently, scholars have conducted extensive
research on intelligent parking frameworks and
related applications. Representative solutions
include the vision-based parking management
system proposed by Lin et al. [2] the SPS
architecture based on ultrasonic detectors
proposed by Kianpisheh et al. [3] the parking
navigation payment system based on infrared
sensors and RFID technology proposed by
Agrawal et al. [4] and the intelligent parking
system based on wireless sensor networks
proposed by Chinrungrueng et al.[5] For
instance, Thangam et al. [6] proposed an
online reservation intelligent parking solution
based on infrared sensors and facial
recognition. The evolution of smartphone
technology provides new possibilities for
intelligent urban transportation management.
Kabir et al. [7] leveraging Web 4.0 and
Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, address
parking challenges by designing and
implementing an automated parking allocation
system. This system incorporates features such
as automatic parking allocation, location
monitoring, parking management, real-time
invoice creation, and payment functionalities.
Additionally, Peyal et al. [8] connect
photoresistors to a mobile application for data
transmission and develop a smart parking
allocation system based on IoT technology,
aiming to minimize road traffic congestion and
better balance the time resources of passengers
and drivers. Alkhuraiji et al. [9] focus on
facilitating advance parking reservations for
university staff, designing and developing an
Android-based smart parking mobile
application. Test results indicate effective
management of available parking spaces, with
plans for expansion to other regions and
venues. In order to reduce traffic congestion
during the parking space search process, Lin et
al. [10] conduct a literature review on Mobile
Crowdsourcing Parking (MCP) applications,
analyzing identified issues and unresolved
problems in existing systems. The study offers
a comprehensive review from an
interdisciplinary perspective. Kate et al. [11]
propose an Android prototype for the vehicle
Journal of Intelligence and Knowledge Engineering (ISSN: 2959-0620) Vol. 1 No. 4, 2023
57
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parking system S-park. In this work, proximity
sensors placed at parking locations periodically
send signals to the server, which are then
received by drivers seeking parking spaces.
In conclusion, an Android-based intelligent
parking reservation management system holds
great potential for urban traffic management.
This paper delves into the design,
implementation, and application of such a
system. Through a detailed analysis of key
functionalities including user management,
parking facility information retrieval, parking
space reservation, driving navigation, and
parking records, the aim is to reveal the
system's contribution to solving urban parking
challenges. A comprehensive assessment of
the system's design principles and practical
effectiveness will provide valuable insights for
the future development of smart parking
systems.
2. Analysis of Market Demand
In recent years, the number of automobiles in
China has experienced rapid growth.
According to data from the National Bureau of
Statistics (as shown in Figure 1), as of the end
of 2022, the total number of registered vehicles
in China reached approximately 311.84 million,
and it is expected to continue growing at a rate
of 20 million vehicles per year. However, the
number of parking spaces has failed to keep up
with the pace of automobile growth. By the
end of 2022, the total number of parking
spaces in China was only 168.85 million,
resulting in a shortfall of approximately 142
million parking spaces. The research and
implementation of parking lot management
systems in China started relatively late, leading
to widespread issues of "difficulties in finding
parking and difficult parking" in many
domestic cities. With the future scarcity of
land resources, this problem is expected to
become more severe. Consequently, the
demand for parking management systems is
projected to increase annually. In the long term,
traditional parking lots are insufficient to meet
the growing demand for parking, and the
future demand for parking spaces is expected
to remain tight. With the rapid development of
the internet and the continuous improvement
of smart terminal technology, traditional
parking lot management systems are unable to
meet market demands. Intelligent parking
management systems, incorporating IoT
technology and utilizing user smart terminals,
offer a short construction cycle, low costs, and
the ability to rapidly meet market demands.
Therefore, they have vast prospects for
development.
Figure 1. Parking Supply and Demand Situation in China
3. System Architecture of Intelligent
Parking Management System
Based on the analysis of system requirements
and the design of key functionalities, the
system is structured into three layers: the User
Service Layer, Data Storage Layer, and
Intelligent Control Layer[12].
(1) User Service Layer:
The first layer is the User Service Layer, which
provides a user-friendly mobile application
enabling users to reserve and manage parking
spaces. It facilitates real-time display of
parking information, including available,
reserved spaces, and users' parking history. It
supports functions such as initiating parking
requests and accessing navigation services.
The interface is designed to be intuitive,
allowing users to interact conveniently and
efficiently with the system.
(2) Data Storage Layer:
The second layer is the Data Storage Layer,
responsible for storing user information,
including personal details and parking history
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records. It maintains real-time status
information of parking spaces, ensuring
accurate presentation of their utilization on the
frontend. The layer provides data persistence
support, ensuring system reliability and
stability.
(3) Intelligent Control Layer:
The third layer is the Intelligent Control Layer,
primarily composed of monitoring, sensors,
and other hardware devices. These devices can
sense vehicle information, capturing real-time
dynamics within the parking facility. Through
these hardware devices, information such as
the location and status of vehicles is sensed
and transformed into data, which is then
transmitted to the upper-layer system data
endpoint for processing and analysis.
4. Intelligent Parking Management System
User Interface
Author names and affiliations are to be
centered beneath the title and printed in Times
New Roman 11-point, non-boldface type. (See
example below)
4.1 Introduction to the Main Functions of
the System
This system is primarily designed to provide
convenient parking services for Android users.
Users are allowed to log in to the system to
access detailed information about parking
facilities, such as garage names, addresses,
prices, and specific details about parking
spaces. Users can utilize the system to reserve
parking spaces, thereby facilitating the parking
process. The system incorporates the following
key functionalities:
(1) User Management Module:
User Login Management: Existing users can
directly log in by entering their account
credentials, while new users need to register
before logging in.
User Information Management: This includes
viewing and modifying personal information,
changing passwords, and adding or removing
personal vehicles.
(2) Querying Parking Garage Information:
Viewing parking garage information, including
details about parking spaces such as names,
geographic locations, capacities, and prices.
Checking the status of parking spaces, which is
crucial for determining the current status of
spaces in a specific garage (occupied, reserved,
or available), providing convenience for
reservation.
(3) Parking Space Reservation:
The primary purpose is to offer convenience to
users, saving time spent searching for parking
spaces. After a successful reservation, a series
of reservation details is generated.
Users must be logged in to select the desired
parking space, indicate the vehicle they intend
to park, and choose the preferred time slot
from the list of available spaces.
(4) Driving Navigation:
Navigation functionality is provided to users
with reserved parking spaces, ensuring a quick
and efficient route to the parking location. This
is achieved by invoking map navigation
interfaces to guide users from their current
location to the designated parking space.
(5) Parking Records:
Viewing completed parking record orders.
(6) Reservation Order Management:
Users can cancel current reservation orders and
have control over arrival and departure times.
4.2 System Flow Design
(1) User Login Process: To ensure the
security of the system and manage
information, it is mandatory to have an
account and proceed with login. Refer to
Figure 2 for the detailed process.
Figure 2. User Login Process
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(2) After successful user login, they enter the
main interface and click on the "Personal
Information" page within the personal center.
Clicking the "Modify Information" button
takes the user to the information modification
page. Subsequently, users fill in the desired
information changes, click the "Modify"
button, and upon completion, return to the
personal center page. The password
modification process is also within this
information modification page. By clicking the
"Change Password" button, users can input a
new password for modification. If the
password field is left empty, no changes will
be made. The user data modification process is
illustrated in Figure 3.
Figure 3. User Data Modification Process
(3) Upon logging into the system, users access
the main interface, select parking garage
information, and proceed to the list of parking
garage details. By clicking, users can view the
specific information about the desired parking
garage and further inspect the details of
parking spaces they intend to use. Refer to
Figure 4 for the visual representation.
Figure 4. Parking Space Information Inquiry
(4) There are two methods for parking space
reservation: the first method involves clicking
into the quick reservation page after user login.
Users can then select the parking space,
vehicle, and desired time slot for quick
reservation. After clicking "Quick Reserve,"
users enter the quick reservation process,
where parking spaces are allocated by the
system. The second method allows users to
view detailed information about the parking
facility after login. Users can check the status
of parking spaces, choose an available space,
and click "Reserve" to select the desired
vehicle's license plate for a detailed reservation.
The parking space reservation process is
illustrated in Figure 5.
Figure 5. Parking Space Reservation
5. System Data Implementation
The core components of the system include the
backend data center, server-side, real-time
location information service platform, and the
client-side. In the entire system, data collection
and transmission are crucial. To achieve this
goal, advanced parking sensors are installed on
each parking space. These sensors use wireless
transmission mechanisms to send real-time
information, including the status of parking
spaces, to the backend system, which is then
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delivered in real-time to users' mobile client
terminals. When a vehicle completes parking,
the parking sensor immediately sends
information about the occupied space to the
backend.
5.1 Detection Module
(1) Parking Sensors: RFID devices are
installed above each parking space, and RFID
readers identify whether a space is occupied.
These sensor nodes wirelessly transmit real-
time information about parking spaces to the
backend data center, providing immediate
feedback on the status of these spaces to user
terminals[13].
(2) Network: Reliable wireless network
connections, such as Wi-Fi or 5G signals, are
introduced to ensure real-time communication
between the parking lot and the backend server.
Through network connectivity, the system can
monitor and collect data promptly, providing
users with real-time parking information.
(3) LED Indicators: LED indicators are
configured for each parking space, enabling
quick identification of vacant and occupied
spaces and providing clear parking guidance to
users.
(4) Surveillance System: A surveillance system
is implemented to ensure the security of the
parking lot. Cameras are installed at entrances
and exits to monitor vehicle movements. The
system automatically controls gate opening
and closing and maintains a count of the
number of vehicles in the garage.
5.2 System Data Implementation Process
Users send parking information to the server
using mobile internet technology for data
transmission. The system then receives the
data from users and passes it to the sensing end
for retrieval. After retrieval at the sensing end,
the system performs AI calculations to quickly
allocate parking spaces and detect the
availability of remaining spaces. The system
data implementation process is illustrated in
Figure 6.
Figure 6. System Data Execution Process
5.3 Database Logical Structure Design
The essential databases within the system are
organized into various tables, as shown in
Tables 1-4:
Table 1. User Information Table
Table Name
loggedinuser
Describe
User Information Table
Field Name
Chinese Name
Type
Constraints
Remarks
userid
User ID
Varchar (16)
Not null
Primary Key
name
User Name
Varchar (16)
Not null
password
Password
Varchar (16)
Not null
gender
Gender
Char (1)
'M' for male, 'F'
for female
phone_number
Phone Number
Int
personal_id
Personal ID
Int
Table 2. Vehicle Information
Table Name
Car
Describe
Vehicle Information Table
Field Name
Chinese Name
Type
Constraints
Remarks
car_id
User Name
Varchar (10)
Not null
Primary Key
car_name
The vehicles' respective
owners are listed in the table.
Varchar (16)
Not null
car_type
Brand and model of the
vehicle
Varchar (16)
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Table 3. Parking Garage Information
Table Name
Garage
Describe
Parking garage information Table
Field Name
Chinese Name
Type
Constraints
Remarks
garage_id
Parking lot number
Int
Not null
Primary Key
name
Parking lot name
Varchar (50)
Not null
Content
Number of parking lots in
the parking area
Int
Not null
IsFilled
Number of parking spaces
already occupied
Int
Not null
IsOrder
Number of parking spaces
already reserved
Int
Not null
RemainingNumber
Remaining parking spaces
in the parking lot
Int
Not null
address
Address of the parking lot
Varchar (100)
price
Unit price for parking
Money
Table 4. Parking Space Information Table
Table Name
Parking Space
Describe
Parking Space Information
Field Name
Chinese Name
Type
Constraint
s
Remarks
parking_space_id
Number of parking space
Varchar (8)
Not null
Primary Key
garage_id
The parking space
belongs to the garage
Int
Not null
FK (CarPortInfoTable)
Status
Current status of parking
space
Char (1)
Not null
Free-0 occupy-1u
nknown-N Reserved-O
6. Intelligent Parking Management System
Design and System Testing
(a)Detailed reservation
(b)Express booking
Figure 7. System Implementation Results
(1) System testing is a crucial phase in the
software development lifecycle, aimed at
verifying whether the entire system complies
with specifications, functions properly,
performs acceptably, and meets user
expectations. We will conduct system testing
on the Android-based parking reservation
management system to ensure the stability,
reliability, and consistency of its various
functionalities and features. Through
comprehensive test coverage, we aim to
identify and address potential issues, ensuring
that the system can deliver excellent
performance and user experience in practical
applications.
(2) The system implementation results are
depicted in Figure 7.
(3) During the system development process,
specific modules are typically tested to ensure
stable operation. The main methods include
testing each submodule to ensure the system is
bug-free and flawless. Data tracking in the
testing environment is conducted to ensure
correct data status. Overall testing is then
performed to verify if the system meets the
initial requirements. System testing ensures
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smooth operation of user-related functions. It
guarantees a positive user experience.
Additionally, it ensures the robustness of
managing vehicle-related operations and
providing reliable information regarding
parking space availability and reservations to
users. The process and results of system
functional testing are detailed in Tables 5 and
6.
Table 5. Test Case Table
Test Case ID
Feature Name
Test Progress
Expected Result
Actual Result
1
User
Registration
Enter complete
information with *
Registration
successful
Registration successful,
display registration
Some * information
not filled in
Registration failed
Registration failed,
incomplete information
prompt
Complete
information, but
passwords differ
Registration failed
Registration failed, prompt
for password mismatch
2
User Login
Account: 1001
Password: test123
Login successful,
access system and
see corresponding
information
Login successful, access the
main interface, display
personal account page.
Account: 1000001
Password: abc
If login fails due to
wrong password, the
system will prompt
password error
If login fails due to wrong
password, system prompts
password error
Username: 32423
Password: xxx
Login unsuccessful,
username does not
exist
Login failed, prompt
"Username does not exist"
3
View Personal
After successful
login, go to the
personal Information
View user personal
information center
After successful login, click
on personal center page,
display correct personal
information
4
Personal
Information
Modification
Go to the lower right
user interface, click
on personal
information
modification, go to
the modification
information page,
enter the information
to be modified
Modification
successful
Modification of information
successful, redirect to
personal center page, show
updated information.
5
Password
Modification
Go to the
modification page,
click on password
modification, enter
new password, select
password
modification
Modification
successful
Modification successful,
dialog disappears
Go to modification
page, click on
password select
password
modification
Modification failed
Modification failed, dialog
disappears, prompt: Password
cannot be empty
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Table 6. Test Case Table
6
Vehicle
Information
Management
Go to the personal center,
vehicle management page,
click on add vehicle
information, fill in the
relevant information, click
add vehicle information
Successful
addition
Successful addition
Go to the personal center,
vehicle management page,
click on add vehicle
information, do not fill in
information, click add
vehicle information
Addition failed,
information
cannot be empty
Addition failed, prompt:
Information cannot be empty
Go to the personal center,
vehicle management page,
click on delete
Click on delete
Delete the corresponding
vehicle, refresh the page, and
prompt deletion successful
7
View Recharge
Records
Go to the personal center,
recharge records page
View recharge
records
information
Display recharge list
information
8
View Garage
Info
Go to the garage
information page, click on
a garage information
View garage
details
Display detailed information
of the clicked garage
9
View Parking
Info
Go to the garage
information page, click on
a garage information
View parking
information
Display parking information;
show "Under construction"
for garages without parking
information
10
Detailed
Reservation
In the parking information
page, click on the reserve
button, go to the vehicle
selection page, select a
vehicle, click reserve
Successfully
reserve the
selected parking
space
Successfully reserve the
selected parking space and
return to the main garage
information page
11
Quick
Reservation
In the quick reservation
page, select a garage,
select a vehicle, click
quick reserve
Successfully
reserve and
return to reserved
parking space
Successfully reserve and
prompt reservation successful
12
Driving
Navigation
After successful
reservation in quick
reserve, choose navigation
Display route
from current
location to
reserved garage
Display route from current
location to the reserved
garage
7. Discussion
(1) Result Interpretation
The results of the system testing indicate that
the Android-based intelligent parking
reservation management system has achieved
satisfactory outcomes in various aspects.
Firstly, the reliability and security of the user
management module have been validated,
allowing users to smoothly log in, register, and
manage personal and vehicle information.
Secondly, the parking garage information
query feature demonstrates the system's ability
to accurately retrieve and display real-time
data, enabling users to conveniently check
parking space statuses and prices. Functions
such as parking space reservation, driving
navigation, and parking record management
also performed well in the testing, providing
users with convenient and intelligent parking
services.
(2) Challenges and Limitations
Despite the positive outcomes in multiple
aspects, some potential challenges and
limitations have been acknowledged. Firstly,
further optimization of user experience is an
ongoing process, especially refining and
improving potential flaws in user management
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and reservation processes. Secondly, system
performance may be impacted under high
loads, necessitating additional resource
optimization, especially in scenarios with a
substantial increase in user volume.
(3) Future Work
Based on the results and discussion of system
testing, several recommendations for future
work are proposed. Firstly, continuous
optimization of user experience can be
achieved through user feedback and behavioral
analysis, refining the system's interface and
process design. Secondly, performance
optimization can be pursued by introducing
advanced technologies and adopting more
efficient algorithms. Additionally, integration
with other intelligent transportation systems is
a potential research direction to achieve
comprehensive urban traffic intelligence.
In summary, while the system has achieved
significant successes in many aspects, there are
still numerous areas for further exploration and
refinement. Future work will focus on user
experience, performance optimization, and the
integration of the system with other intelligent
urban solutions, aiming to drive continuous
evolution and improvement of the Android-
based intelligent parking reservation
management system in practical applications.
8. Summary
The main contribution of this research lies in
the design and implementation of a
comprehensive and user-friendly Android-
based intelligent parking reservation
management system. Users can efficiently
manage their vehicles, access real-time parking
information, make intelligent parking
reservations, use convenient driving navigation,
and view detailed parking records through this
system. By leveraging the openness of the
Android platform, the system successfully
integrates these functionalities, providing users
with an all-in-one parking solution. Based on
the results of system testing and discussion, it
can be concluded that the system performs
exceptionally well in various aspects. The
functionalities of user management, parking
garage information query, and parking space
reservation have all been validated, enhancing
user experience and service convenience.
Furthermore, the system demonstrates good
performance, delivering fast and reliable
parking services to users. Through continuous
improvement and innovation, it is believed that
this system will make significant contributions
in addressing urban parking challenges and
elevating the level of traffic management in the
future.
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