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The how and how much of technology use in the classroom: A motivational approach to teachers' technology use
Abstract
Technology in the classroom can facilitate learning, but little is known about how the motivational climate set by teachers shapes its impacts on students. Informed by self‐determination theory, the current study explored technology use in English language classrooms to understand how autonomy‐supportive and structured teaching styles influenced positive outcomes of classroom technology use. Teachers ( N = 101) reported on technology use and motivational styles, and students ( N = 550) aged 9–16 years reported on basic psychological needs satisfaction (autonomy, relatedness and competence) and academic well‐being (interest and effort). Findings of nested models showed no direct benefits for the amount of technology use; more autonomous teaching style and low structure linked to students' need satisfaction and interest. Beyond these main effects, when teachers were more autonomous, using technology enhanced student need satisfaction and interest; the combination of both was most beneficial for these student outcomes. Counter to expectations, when teachers had low structure technology use enhanced their impact on students. Findings suggest that to optimize student well‐being and interest in learning, teachers benefit from combining autonomy‐supportive education styles and technology use.
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Background: Recent research indicates a rise in classroom diversity and declines in students' psychosocial outcomes , particularly for those from diverse backgrounds. These trends necessitate a concerted effort by schools to uphold social cohesion and ensure the wellbeing of all students. Aims: We examine the associations of intercultural education practices and teachers' intercultural attitudes with students' psychosocial outcomes (eudaimonia, life satisfaction, positive affect, school belonging, and victimization). Sample: We use data from Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2018 (N = 451,846 students, 58 countries). Methods: We utilize a series of multilevel linear regressions (L1 = students, L2 = schools, L3 = countries) to examine associations between intercultural factors and students' psychosocial outcomes. Results: Student-reported intercultural education practies positively predicted their eudaimonia, life satisfaction, positive affect, and school belonging. Student-reported teacher intercultural attitudes positively predicted stu-dents' belonging and negatively predicted their frequency of victimization. Principal-and teacher-reported predictors showed negligible effects. Results were largely similar across student immigrant status and generalized across the countries examined. Conclusions: Our findings emphasize students' subjective experiences of intercultural factors at school, which may benefit students' psychosocial outcomes regardless of their cultural backgrounds.
Middle school science learning prioritizes class literacy through independent, integrated learning, only text, without any activity in the learning process. Contemporary literary studies show constant changes in the world of learning and teaching, and for many years, learning through play has been considered one of the most effective ways to learn something. This research aims to understand the pedagogical methods used in learning through play and the importance of these methods in the teaching process in elementary schools. This research involved five teachers from several secondary schools in Serbia: semi-structured interviews, researcher observation and class participation. The results of this research are based on descriptive analysis from the teacher's perspective. Based on the research results and researchers' comments, it can be understood that game-based learning in secondary schools in Austria is a popular pedagogy, creating a fun and adequate game-based learning context for children. In addition, the results of this study describe the activities carried out by the teacher, how the mechanism works, what the obstacles are, the solutions used in different subjects and the differences in the abilities and skills children develop through play. According to teachers, learning through play always poses challenges related to research, designing various play activities, and adapting learning to students' needs and interests
This study looks at how gamifying the classroom might help students retain and apply what they have learned in the Jordan educational system. During the year-long research, 500 participants from a wide range of educational attainment levels served as participants. Immediately after participation in gamified courses, participants retain a significant proportion of their newly acquired skills over a long period of time, demonstrating a notable improvement in retention. Important factors that affect how well one remembers newly acquired abilities include intrinsic motivation and interest. What's more, studies have shown that there's a strong link between keeping knowledge and being able to use it elsewhere, which highlights the need of maintaining competence for maximum efficiency in applying knowledge in the real world. Important implications for the Jordan educational system may be drawn from the findings since they are consistent with the goals of Vision 2030. The goal of this nationwide effort is to train workers who can sustainably advance the nation's economy and culture.
Purpose
The use of gamification might offer a partial solution to the decline in students' motivation and engagement the school system is currently facing. However, there has been a lack of empirical evidence on whether and how gamification may be able to improve learning motivation. Specifically, this study aims at exploring the antecedents and consequences of intrinsic learning motivation and its mediating role in gamification context.
Design/methodology/approach
A survey method was used to gather the information from students, and regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between three categories of gamification features (social, achievement and immersion), and intrinsic learning motivation. Moreover, this study further used self-determination theory to clarify how students' psychological needs (relatedness, competence and autonomy) mediate the effects of gamification and learning motivation.
Findings
Results showed that social, achievement and immersion features are key aspects that impact students' intrinsic motivation. The psychological needs of students can further enhance these relationships.
Originality/value
Overall, the findings illuminate the unique motivations for learning and reveal design strategies that can be implemented to improve teaching through gamification features.
Educators have incorporated technologies designed to “gamify” or increase the fun and reward of classroom learning, but little is known about how these resources can be employed to create positive learning climates. Informed by self-determination theory (SDT), two experiments investigated a number of strategies teachers can use to frame one such technology, the student response system (SRS), when they use it as an educational tool to enhance its fun and contribution to positive learning environments. Participants (n = 30) in a pilot experiment were randomly assigned to a 2-month experiment that showed that using SRS versus non-technology-based learning increases academic well-being. A primary study (n = 120 students) experimentally manipulated the use of SRS with and without motivational framing strategies that were anticipated to enhance its effects, specifically by employing teamwork, friendly competition between students, and giving students a choice to participate. Results showed that motivational framing strategies enhanced students’ need satisfaction for autonomy (sense of choice), competence (sense of efficacy in relation to learning), relatedness (to others in the classroom), and academic well-being (interest and engagement). In short, the use of interactive technology and how it was implemented in class was vital for enhancing students’ learning outcomes.
Research on technology-enhanced language learning (TELL) has been rapidly growing since 2000, of which the attention is mostly on the statistically significant positive results. However, learning from TELL with null and negative results (NNR), especially its features and reasons, can develop knowledge and awareness of the nature and limitations of TELL and guide its future implementation and investigation. Hence, this study aims to explore TELL with NNR from the perspectives of features and reasons for NNR by systematically reviewing relevant studies. Forty-nine Web of Science and Scopus-indexed articles were screened based on predefined criteria and analysed step-by-step following the PRISMA framework. The findings revealed features of TELL studies with NNR concerning the seven factors of the activity theory: Outcomes, Targets, Learners, Technologies, Teacher and student engagement, Conditions, and Learning theories/Pedagogical models. We also identified reasons for NNR associated with the seven factors. Based on bottom-up analyses of the results, we constructed a 17-item checklist for analysing TELL studies with NNR from the perspectives of Conceptual framework, Artefacts, Design, Participants, Procedures and Evaluation. An example of analysing TELL studies with NNR was provided to illustrate the use of the proposed checklist. Future directions concern technology-enhanced grammar learning, technology with inclusive results, and the influence of sample sizes on TELL study results.
Real-world problems serve as authentic learning contexts for students to integrate science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) knowledge, enhancing their interest and fostering their identity in STEM. Primary school students’ unfamiliarity with real-world problems can be addressed through community engagement; however, research in this area is insufficient. This study used self-determination theory (SDT) to examine and explain the effect of community engagement on student STEM interest and identity development. The mixed-methods sequential explanatory design was adopted, and two experimental groups were set up: community engagement (CE; N = 72) and non-community engagement (NCE; N = 69). The CE group reported significantly higher needs satisfaction levels with autonomy, competence, and relatedness and greater STEM interest and identity. The CE group also expressed that the autonomy encouraged them to learn beyond the classroom and helped them engage with the community; that they were able to build better products through iterations and feedback from users; and that they experienced meaningful learning by creating useful products for others. These findings support the pedagogical value of community engagement projects to foster autonomous motivation. This study explicates how young students’ STEM interest and identity could be fostered using SDT contextualized as a community-based STEM engagement project. Through this study, educators worldwide are provided with practical suggestions on using the tested approach.
Recently, there has been an increased interest in the well-being of students in higher education. Despite the widespread consensus on the importance of student well-being, a clear definition continues to be lacking. This study qualitatively examined the student perspective on the topic through semi-structured interviews at a university of applied sciences in the Netherlands (n = 27). A major recurring theme was well-being as a balance in the interplay between efforts directed towards studies and life beyond studies. This method of perceiving well-being deviates from theoretical definitions. Students mentioned various factors that influence their well-being. Responses ranged from personal and university related factors to external factors beyond their educational institution. This study contributes to the body of knowledge on the well-being of students in higher education and provides suggestions for educational institutions, such as incorporating a holistic perspective on students and learning; and focus points for the development of policies and practices.
The age of information and communication technology (ICT) has witnessed the prevalence of computer-based reading. Previous studies yielded mixed results concerning the relationship between ICT perceived competence, ICT use and digital reading performance, and the underlying mechanism was rarely explored. This study aimed to explore the relationship between ICT perceived competence and adolescents’ digital reading performance and the potential mediating roles of three types of ICT use. Multilevel mediation analyses were conducted for 199,646 15-year-old students from 29 OECD countries/regions in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2018, in which digital reading performance was assessed by multistage adaptive computer-based testing. The results revealed that a) ICT perceived competence and digital reading performance were positively correlated; b) ICT use significantly mediated the relationship; c) students with higher-level ICT perceived competence tended to use ICT for leisure at home more frequently, which led to better digital reading performance; d) the suppression effects were revealed, indicating the need to consider the interrelationship between ICT perceived competence and ICT use. These findings provided new evidence for the self-determination theory and the ICT engagement model, suggesting that appropriate ICT use driven by high-level ICT perceived competence might help improve adolescents’ digital reading performance.
This case study aims to unravel EFL teachers' experiences and expectations which characterize the workable approaches to integrating mobile technology in English teaching. Six English teachers in higher education were recruited using purposive sampling. Semi-structured interviews and document analysis were employed for garnering data. The mobile pedagogical framework (Jie & Sunze, 2022) and other relevant previous studies guided the thematic analysis. The findings acknowledged students' socioeconomic bearings as the precursor to teachers' online instruction. The interplay of teachers' positive and negative experiences paved their reflection and modification of their workable approaches to online instruction aimed at pedagogically sound teaching. This context-bound online instruction put the teachers in sustained pursuit of effective instruction to engage students in deep learning, despite the limitation of technological resources. The workable approaches are deemed valuable to inform future online language learning and technology integration into offline language learning in the post-pandemic era. Policymakers and stakeholders are suggested to ponder teachers' experiences and expectations for students and colleagues in achieving learning outcomes and for institutions in developing the guideline and benchmarks for successful online learning.
Digital technologies have brought changes to the nature and scope of education and led education systems worldwide to adopt strategies and policies for ICT integration. The latter brought about issues regarding the quality of teaching and learning with ICTs, especially concerning the understanding, adaptation, and design of the education systems in accordance with current technological trends. These issues were emphasized during the recent COVID-19 pandemic that accelerated the use of digital technologies in education, generating questions regarding digitalization in schools. Specifically, many schools demonstrated a lack of experience and low digital capacity, which resulted in widening gaps, inequalities, and learning losses. Such results have engendered the need for schools to learn and build upon the experience to enhance their digital capacity and preparedness, increase their digitalization levels, and achieve a successful digital transformation. Given that the integration of digital technologies is a complex and continuous process that impacts different actors within the school ecosystem, there is a need to show how these impacts are interconnected and identify the factors that can encourage an effective and efficient change in the school environments. For this purpose, we conducted a non-systematic literature review. The results of the literature review were organized thematically based on the evidence presented about the impact of digital technology on education and the factors that affect the schools’ digital capacity and digital transformation. The findings suggest that ICT integration in schools impacts more than just students’ performance; it affects several other school-related aspects and stakeholders, too. Furthermore, various factors affect the impact of digital technologies on education. These factors are interconnected and play a vital role in the digital transformation process. The study results shed light on how ICTs can positively contribute to the digital transformation of schools and which factors should be considered for schools to achieve effective and efficient change.
Student well-being has recently emerged as a critical educational agenda due to its
wide-reaching benefits for students in performing better at school and later as adults.
With the emergence of student well-being as a priority area in educational policy
and practice, efforts to measure and monitor student well-being have increased,
and so has the number of student well-being domains proposed. Presently, a lack
of consensus exists about what domains are appropriate to investigate and understand student well-being, resulting in a fragmented body of work. This paper aims
to clarify the construct of student well-being by summarising and mapping different conceptualisations, approaches used to measure, and domains that entail wellbeing. The search of multiple databases identified 33 studies published in academic
journals between 1989 and 2020. There were four approaches to conceptualising
student well-being found in the reviewed studies. They were: Hedonic, eudaimonic,
integrative (i.e., combining both hedonic and eudaimonic), and others. Results identified eight overarching domains of student well-being: Positive emotion, (lack of)
Negative emotion, Relationships, Engagement, Accomplishment, Purpose at school,
Intrapersonal/Internal factors, and Contextual/External factors. Recommendations
for further research are offered, including the need for more qualitative research on
student well-being as perceived and experienced by students and for research to be
conducted in a non-western context.
Previous research investigating the use of technology in school has focused mainly on the frequency of use of digital tools during lessons rather than investigating how technology is integrated with respect to different kinds of learning activities.
Since the impact of technology use on learning depends on how it is used and on what activities supported by technology are implemented in lessons, a measurement instrument assessing how technology is integrated into learning activities is necessary to investigate its impact on teaching and learning processes. According to the interactive, constructive, active, and passive (ICAP) framework, which distinguishes four different learning activities based on the level of students' cognitive engagement, we developed the 12-item ICAP Technology Scale (ICAP-TS) that accounts for all four dimensions of technology integration in lessons. We used confirmatory factor analysis to validate the four-factor structure of the ICAP-TS with a sample of 1050 upper-secondary school teachers from Switzerland. We also examined reliability using classical test theory and Rasch model analysis to assess the scale's psychometric characteristics. We then analyzed the associations between the ICAP-TS and a general use frequency measure of 12 educational technologies to test the criterion validity. The results confirmed the four-factor structure of the ICAP-TS and revealed good instrument accuracy. The most difficult items to endorse are those describing the integration of technology into interactive learning activities. Furthermore, all 12 items significantly correlated with the frequency of use of 12 educational technologies. We recommend the ICAP-TS as a short and reliable measurement scale for assessing how technology is integrated into lessons, considering different learning activities based on the ICAP theoretical model.
College students' motivation and engagement are regarded as essential factors to promote their academic development and wellbeing. However, motivation and engagement among college students appear to decline after they enter the university. Guided by the framework of self-determination theory, this study attempted to explore a motivational model of how three dimensions of perceived teacher support (autonomy, structure, and involvement) related to student motivation and class engagement, using need satisfaction as a mediator. Drew on a survey of the perceptions of 705 Chinese university students, the results showed that besides structure, both autonomy support and involvement positively related to students' need satisfaction. Further, need satisfaction was positively associated with autonomous motivation, controlled motivation, and class engagement and negatively linked with amotivation. Yet, only autonomous motivation was positively predicted for class engagement. Need satisfaction and the chain from need satisfaction to autonomous motivation were found to be the significant mediators. The practical implications of educational practices are discussed.
Educational psychology is a field that straddles two large domains: education and psychology. Reaching far back into antiquity, the field was borne from philosophies and theories that weaved back and forth between each domain all with the intent of understanding the way learners learn, teachers teach, and educational settings should be effectively designed. This chapter tells the story of educational psychology – its evolution, its characteristics, and the insights it provides for understanding it as a field of study, teaching it at the tertiary level of education, and leveraging its findings in the classroom. The chapter begins with a rationale for a curriculum of educational psychology, tracing its core teaching and learning objectives. It describes the topics that are core to the field, as well as the theory-based and evidence-based strategies and approaches for teaching it effectively. It discusses the basic principles of effective teaching, including problem-based learning, inquiry-based learning, and small-group and service-based learning, among others. Finally, it addresses technology in learning, open-university teaching and learning, and closes with a discussion of the best approaches – both theory-based and evidence-based – for assessing the core competencies of the field.
One of the fundamental components of the United Nations’ sustainable development 2030 agenda is quality education. It aims to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education for all. Digital technologies have emerged as an essential tool to achieve this goal. These technologies are simple to detect emissions sources, prevent additional damage through improved energy efficiency and lower-carbon alternatives to fossil fuels, and even remove surplus greenhouse gases from the environment. Digital technologies strive to decrease or eliminate pollution and waste while increasing production and efficiency. These technologies have shown a powerful impact on the education system. The recent COVID-19 Pandemic has further institutionalised the applications of digital technologies in education. These digital technologies have made a paradigm shift in the entire education system. It is not only a knowledge provider but also a co-creator of information, a mentor, and an assessor. Technological improvements in education have made life easier for students. Instead of using pen and paper, students nowadays use various software and tools to create presentations and projects. When compared to a stack of notebooks, an iPad is relatively light. When opposed to a weighty book, surfing an E-book is easier. These methods aid in increasing interest in research. This paper is brief about the need for digital technologies in education and discusses major applications and challenges in education.
In this chapter, we analyze nationwide measures taken in Russia to organize the education system during the pandemic. We show the opportunities and limitations for responses associated relative to the previous policy phase. Special attention is paid to the peculiarities of a system reaction to the situation of a pandemic in a feder-ative country with heterogeneous regions. In contrast to several other countries that adopted a single national strategy, different scenarios were implemented in Russian regions. We investigate the factors that influenced the scenarios and management decisions at the national and regional levels of the country. We highlight differences in the nature and dynamics of measures taken to organize learning in the first (spring-summer 2020) and second (autumn-winter 2020) waves of the pandemic. We also analyze the subjective experience and wellbeing of students and teachers during a pandemic. As the empirical base, we use data from several large sociological studies conducted in the Russian Federation over the past six months on the issues of school closures, distance learning, and the "new normal." This provides a new perspective for studying the increasing education gap between children with different socioeconomic status due to the pandemic.
According to Self-Determination Theory, need-supportive teaching fosters students’ motivation. The present study examined the interplay between the three dimensions of need support: autonomy support, structure, and involvement. Using both student and teacher-reports (N = 287 Grade 7 students), configurations of need support were examined with Latent Profile Analyses. Balanced profiles were identified based on student reports (low, moderate, or high need support), while unbalanced profiles were identified based on student-specific teacher-reports. Higher levels of need support were associated with more motivation and achievement, while high levels of teacher-reported structure and involvement could not compensate for a lack of teacher-reported autonomy support.
Gamification refers to using game attributes in a non-gaming context.
Health professions educators increasingly turn to gamification to optimize students’ learning outcomes. However, little is known about the concept of gamification and its possible working mechanisms. This review focused on empirical evidence for the effectiveness of gamification approaches and theoretical rationales for applying the chosen game attributes. We systematically searched multiple databases, and included all empirical studies evaluating the use of game attributes in health professions education. Of 5044 articles initially identified, 44 met the inclusion criteria. Negative outcomes for using gamification were not reported. Almost all studies included assessment attributes (n = 40), mostly in combination with conflict/challenge attributes (n = 27). Eight studies revealed that this specific combination had increased the use of the learning material, sometimes leading to improved learning outcomes. A relatively small number of studies was performed to explain mechanisms underlying the use of game attributes (n = 7). Our findings suggest that it is possible to improve learning outcomes in health professions education by using gamification, especially when employing game attributes that improve learning behaviours and attitudes towards learning. However, most studies lacked well-defined control groups and did not apply and/or report theory to understand underlying processes. Future research should clarify mechanisms underlying gamified educational interventions and explore theories that could explain the effects of these interventions on learning outcomes, using well-defined control groups, in a longitudinal way. In doing so, we can build on existing theories and gain a practical and comprehensive understanding of how to select the right game elements for the right educational context and the right type of student.
Student outcomes are influenced by different types of motivation that stem from external incentives, ego-involvement, personal value, and intrinsic interest. These types of motivation as described in self-determination theory each co-occur to different degrees and should lead to different consequences. These associations with outcomes are in part due to unique characteristics and in part to the degree of autonomy each entails. In the current meta-analysis, we examine these different types of motivation in 344 samples (223,209 participants) as they relate to 26 performance, well-being, goal orientation, and persistence-related student outcomes. Findings highlight that intrinsic motivation is related to student success and well-being, whereas personal value (identified regulation) is particularly highly related to persistence. Ego-involved motives (introjected regulation) were positively related to persistence and performance goals, but also positively related with indicators of ill-being. Motivation driven by a desire to obtain rewards or avoid punishment (external regulation) was not associated to performance or persistence but was associated with decreased well-being. Finally, amotivation was related to poor outcomes. Relative weights analysis further estimates the degree to which motivation types uniquely predict outcomes, highlighting that identified regulation and intrinsic motivation are likely key factors for school adjustment.
Self-determination theory (SDT) is a broad framework for understanding factors that facilitate or undermine intrinsic motivation, autonomous extrinsic motivation, and psychological wellness, all issues of direct relevance to educational settings. We review research from SDT showing that both intrinsic motivation and well-internalized (and thus autonomous) forms of extrinsic motivation predict an array of positive outcomes across varied educational levels and cultural contexts and are enhanced by supports for students’ basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Findings also show a dynamic link between teacher and student motivation, as teachers are themselves impacted and constrained by controlling mandates, institutional pressures, and leadership styles. Ironically, despite substantial evidence for the importance of psychological need satisfactions in learning contexts, many current educational policies and practices around the globe remain anchored in traditional motivational models that fail to support students’ and teachers’ needs, a knowledge versus policy gap we should aspire to close.
Research shows that sports-active students experience more basic need satisfaction (autonomy, competence, relatedness) in physical education (PE) than their non-sports-active peers, and thus, reap most of the benefits of PE. This study aimed to investigate the role of a two-year PE programme, referred to as Interest-based PE, in contributing to students’ basic need satisfaction in PE, and in particular, to assess potential basic needs-benefits among students who were not involved in leisure-time sport. Among 693 students, 348 were offered a choice of two different PE approaches (“explorative” vs. “sports” approach) for the next two years, while the remaining students continued to receive traditional PE. Girls, non-sports-active students, and students who experienced less need satisfaction in PE at baseline were more likely to choose the explorative approach, thereby signifying a wish for a less sports-centred PE. However, no significant differences in autonomy, competence, and relatedness need satisfaction were identified between Interest-based PE groups and their respective control groups over the course of the programme. Sports active students experienced more gains in relatedness need satisfaction than non-sports active students over the course of the programme, suggesting that challenges in promoting equal opportunities for learning in PE may require more than “Interest-based PE”.
Guided by Self-Determination Theory, we offer an integrative and fine-grained analysis of teachers’ classroom motivating style (i.e., autonomy support, structure, control, and chaos) to resolve existing controversies in the literature, such as how these dimensions relate to each other and to educationally important student and teacher outcomes. Six independent samples of secondary school teachers ( N = 1332; M age = 40.9 years) and their students ( N = 1735, M age = 14.6 years) read 12 ecologically valid vignettes to rate four dimensions of teachers’ motivating styles, using the Situations-in-School (SIS) questionnaire. Multidimensional scaling analyses of both the teacher and the student data indicated that motivating and demotivating teaching could best be graphically represented by a two-dimensional configuration that differed in terms of need support and directiveness. In addition, eight subareas (two subareas per motivating style) were identified along a circumplex model: participative and attuning, guiding and clarifying, demanding and domineering, and abandoning and awaiting. Correlations between these eight subareas and a variety of construct validation and outcome variables (e.g., student motivation, teacher burnout) followed an ordered sinusoid pattern. The discussion focuses on the conceptual implications and practical advantages of adopting a circumplex approach and sketches a number of important future research directions.
With the development and evaluation of information technology, virtual reality technology provides opportunities to offer an immersive and interactive experience for supplementing traditional classroom lecture and creating innovative online learning in education curricula and professional training. Given that the arena of 3D entertainment-oriented virtual worlds is creative and quickly evolving, applying a theory-based motivational model to examine the properties of virtual world environments in the context of education remains relatively unexplored territory. Thus, the present study applies the research frameworks of Self-Determination Theory (SDT) and hedonic theory to an understanding of how 3D virtual reality technology contexts satisfy or obstruct psychological needs and thus foster or undermine sustained engagement, affecting behavioral intentions. This study extends existing literature in the field by showing that psychological needs and hedonic experience are important components in understanding virtual reality technology and human interaction. The findings are important in explaining the value of 3D virtual reality technology in educational applications that contribute to the overall enhancement of the learner’s motivation and learning experience.
Technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) proposed by Mishra and Koehler is a theoretical construct of teacher knowledge that describes how teachers teach subject matter content using certain instructional methods with specific technology in particular contexts. This study aims to explore the interface between TPACK and SLA, intending to examine (a) how a Taiwanese English teacher enhanced L2 interaction and (b) how her students perceived such teaching. While data regarding the teacher's TPACK-SLA knowledge was collected through lesson plans, classroom observations, and interviews, data associated with students’ perceptions was obtained through a questionnaire survey and focus-group interviews. The findings suggest that the teacher enhanced L2 interaction by(a) drawing students’ attention to grammatical patterns through annotated animations, (b) consolidating vocabulary use through image-based exercises and a bilingual concordancer, and (c) evaluating the use of sentence patterns through text-chatting with a chatbot. While the students could improve learner-computer interaction through obtaining enhanced input, they could also develop inter-personal communication competency through negotiating meaning. In addition, the students appreciated the ways their teacher taught English using Cool English. This study contributes some empirical insights into how EFL teachers can draw upon practices explored in instructed SLA to develop TPACK.
According to expectancy-value theory, expectancies and task values are precursors for investing effort into learning. To date, it remains largely unknown (1) to what extent expectancies and values change from one learning situation to another and (2) to what extent inter-individual findings reflect intra-individual motivational processes. We applied an intensive longitudinal design in a sample of 155 pre-service teacher students attending a lecture. Across ten lessons with varying topics, students reported three times per lesson on their situational effort, expectancies, task values (intrinsic, attainment, utility), and cost. We used multilevel structural equation modeling with learning situations (L1), nested in topics (L2), and nested in students (L3). The results showed variability on all levels. We found positive associations of effort with task values on each level, positive associations with expectancies on the learning situation and topic levels, and smaller negative associations with cost on the topic level.
Drawing on expectancy-value theory, the present study examined the unique contributions of the four major value beliefs and self-concept on achievement, self-reported effort, and teacher-rated behavioral engagement in mathematics. In particular, we examined the multiplicative effects of self-concept and task values on educational outcomes using the latent moderated structural equation approach. Participants were 1,868 German ninth-grade students. The data analyses relied on a higher-order structure of value beliefs, which is suited to parsing the differential patterns of predictive relations for different value beliefs. The findings revealed that (a) self-concept was more predictive of achievement, whereas value beliefs were more predictive of self-rated effort; (b) self-concept and value beliefs emerged as equally important predictors of teacher-reported engagement; (c) among the four value beliefs, achievement was more associated with low cost, whereas effort was more associated with attainment value; and (d) latent interactions between self-concept and value beliefs predicted the three outcomes synergistically.
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the current use of social media and its benefits in teaching and learning as well as the perception of barriers by Sudanese university faculty members. The study surveyed a sample of 65 faculty members (educators and non-educators) through the use of a questionnaire. The results indicated that educators, both male and female, across academic ranks are using social media tools and agree to the benefits and barriers of social media usage. Also, the study found that there was a significant difference in the scores for educator and non-educator faculty members regarding social media usage in teaching, with the former demonstrating greater use. Moreover, the results found no significant effect of age and rank on faculty members’ use of social media in teaching. Therefore, the study recommends that future research on usage purposes of social media sites in teaching could be extended to include a wider demographic base to further explore the extent to which the findings are generalizable. The study provided valuable information that may help administrators, professors, and decision makers to recognize the extent to which university faculty members’ use social media in teaching.
It is assumed that serious games influences learning in 2 ways, by changing cognitive processes and by affecting motivation. However, until now research has shown little evidence for these assumptions. We used meta-analytic techniques to investigate whether serious games are more effective in terms of learning and more motivating than conventional instruction methods (learning: k = 77, N 5,547; motivation: k = 31, N 2,216). Consistent with our hypotheses, serious games were found to be more effective in terms of learning (d= 0.29, p d = 0.36, p d = 0.26, p > .05) than conventional instruction methods. Additional moderator analyses on the learning effects revealed that learners in serious games learned more, relative to those taught with conventional instruction methods, when the game was supplemented with other instruction methods, when multiple training sessions were involved, and when players worked in groups. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)
Humans have a potential for growth, integration, and well-being, while also being vulnerable to defensiveness, aggression, and ill-being. Self-determination theory (R. M. Ryan & E. L. Deci, 2000, Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development and well-being, American Psychologist, Vol. 55, pp. 68–78) argues that satisfaction of the basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness both fosters immediate well-being and strengthens inner resources contributing to subsequent resilience, whereas need frustration evokes ill-being and increased vulnerabilities for defensiveness and psychopathology. We briefly review recent research indicating how contextual need support and the experience of need satisfaction promote well-being and different growth manifestations (e.g., intrinsic motivation, internalization), as well as a rapidly growing body of work relating need thwarting and need frustration to ill-being, pursuit of need substitutes, and various forms of maladaptive functioning. Finally, we discuss research on differences in autonomous self-regulation and mindfulness, which serve as factors of resilience. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)
A field experiment conducted across an academic semester tested the impact of a gamified experiential learning intervention strategically framing a student response system (SRS) to maximize student engagement through their technology use in class. Participants ( n = 123) aged 9–16 years received an experimental intervention designed to foster intrinsic motivation through optimally challenging engagement. To achieve this, the intervention utilized teamwork, made friendly competence-enhancing competition salient, and created choice. In a comparison condition, students used SRS without these additional enhancements. Students were surveyed at three time points. The experimental intervention reported increasing psychological need satisfaction for autonomy, competence, and relatedness and greater academic well-being. An observer rating demonstrated more classroom behaviors indicative of intrinsic motivation as compared to the comparison condition. The effects of the intervention increasing student-reported and observer-rated academic well-being were due to more immediate beneficial effects of the gamified experiential condition fostering basic psychological needs for autonomy, relatedness, and competence.
The learning process is continuous and active, influenced by extrinsic and intrinsic factors, such as motivation. This study aimed to identify the perception of 32 students about strategies that helped them learn and engage in the classroom. The results showed that repetitive activities in the learning spaces and note-taking were perceived as the most preferred when learning, while the most motivating factors were discussion, participation, and technology platforms. The design and implementation of strategies in the classroom should occur in active environments that motivate students to learn.
Mobile learning has been frequently adopted, but it is necessary to explore how teachers face the challenges. In this study, an experienced teacher's teaching behaviors were collected and analyzed through sequential pattern analysis. Also, an interview with the teacher was conducted. The result showed that the teacher put a great deal of effort into creating a positive learning atmosphere. His teaching behavioral pattern in mobile learning was more scattered than that in conventional teaching mode. This might be the biggest challenge for novice teachers. Finally, this study found that the students' basic digital skills were also a vital element.
We analyse the predictive power of learning strategies for engineering students’ performance in mathematics. Learning strategies play an important role in self-regulated learning. Based on a new learning strategy questionnaire that takes into account the specifics of mathematical learning at universities, we investigated what were the strategies that correlate with performance and predict future performance. We present data of a longitudinal study with N = 361 engineering students regressing their performance on students’ use of their learning strategies as well as their prior performance. The results indicate that practicing but not repeating the content and resisting frustration predict students’ performance. We discuss the findings with a specific view on what is tested and why some elaboration strategies might not be rewarded in exams.
The COVID-19 pandemic transformed educational processes across different educational levels. As institutions and faculty members effort focused on guaranteeing academic continuity, the challenge was how to translate the learning methodologies applied in the classroom to virtual settings. A digital whiteboard was integrated to synchronous class sessions to complement the educational experience. During these sessions, students and teachers interacted to co-construct ideas and socialize learning. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of introducing a digital whiteboard in student engagement. The quantitative approach integrated student's perception through an online survey with 12 items. The results show that the students enjoyed the dynamic(4.56), students believe that the incorporation of digital whiteboard contributed to understanding abstract concepts(4.83), and perceived the resource contributed for class engagement(4.72). The design of educational projects that incorporate these resources translate to active learning dynamics which foster student engagement.
Family, school, and community play an important role in creating learning opportunities, but research on the topic tends to approach them separately. Employing three-level hierarchical linear modeling, this study investigates how gold mining communities are related to students’ reading achievements and how they interact with school (teacher and principal) factors, child health, and child labor status to affect reading achievements in Burkina Faso. Findings suggest that gold mining communities negatively affect students’ reading achievements, but better teaching practices and better principal management quality contribute to reduce this negative effect. These findings contribute to the literature on the resource curse hypothesis and school effectiveness modeling in developing countries. Furthermore, implications of the findings for education policy are discussed.
In 21st century, educational process has been changed by the development of technology. One of the strategies that can be applied to support educational process in digital era is that the use of Mobile Learning strategy. Related to language learning, Mobile learning is further developed into the term Mobile Assisted Language Learning (MALL). This study aimed at investigating EFL pre-service teachers’ perception toward the use of Mobile Assisted Language Learning in teaching English as Foreign Language. Explanatory sequential mixed method design was used as the method of this study. The participants of this study were 70 participants from semester 8 students of English Language Education in Ganesha University of Education. Data of this study were collected through questionnaire and interview. As the result, EFL pre-service teachers had positive perceptions toward the use of MALL in teaching English. It shows that EFL pre-service teachers understand and aware toward MALL in teaching English.
Research has shown a meaningful interaction between expectancy and task value, although the interaction has not been examined in academic functioning other than achievement and behavioral engagement. This study aimed to systematically test the effect of the interaction on various academic outcomes including effort, achievement, test anxiety, and cognitive strategy uses (rehearsal, elaboration, and organization). We used the Korean Educational Longitudinal Study 2005 database, which includes data for 6629 ninth-grade students. First, a compensatory effect appeared with rehearsal for intrinsic value, but no significant interaction was found for elaboration and organization for intrinsic and utility values. Second, regardless of value type, a buffering effect emerged with test anxiety. Last, in contrast with previous studies, no synergistic effect was found on effort and achievement. These findings suggest the importance of boosting expectancy beliefs and task values and offer a cautionary message to educators regarding stressing task values, especially among less competent students, because the benefit seems restricted.
Unbiased reasoning is considered an essential critical thinking skill that students need to possess to face the future challenges in their work and life. Confirmation bias, which is the tendency to selectively attend to information that is consistent with held beliefs, presents a significant thread to unbiased reasoning. An effective strategy to reduce confirmation bias is the ‘consider-the-opposite’-strategy (COS). The central question of this pre-registered study was whether providing elaborative, worked example feedback after COS practice would lead to a better performance on previously practised and transfer tasks than correct-answer feedback. Participants were 132 university students who took a confirmation bias pre-test, watched an instructional video on COS afterwards and next received either worked example feedback or correct answer feedback on practice tasks, practised only, watched the instruction only or received no treatment. Finally, all participants took a learning test assessing their skill to avoid confirmation bias, and a transfer test assessing whether they could apply this acquired skill to problems containing other biases. Results revealed no differences on the learning test between both feedback conditions, but students who received feedback scored significantly higher on the confirmation bias problems than students who did not receive feedback. We carried out our pre-registered analysis plan, but due to the low reliability of particularly the pre-test, we carried out an additional exploratory analysis on subsets of post-test items and a subset of transfer test items. Results on learning revealed the same pattern as the planned analyses. However, we found no differences between any of the conditions on transfer.
Mobile‐based micro‐learning has gained a lot of attention lately, especially for work‐based and corporate training. It combines features of mobile learning and micro‐learning to deliver small learning units and short‐term learning activities. The current study uses the lens of the Self‐Determination Theory of motivation and proposes a series of Mobile‐Based micro‐Learning and Assessment (MBmLA) homework activities to improve high school students' motivation and learning performance in science. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. One hundred and eight students of a senior‐level high school in Europe were randomly assigned into either a control condition (conventional paper‐based homework approach) or an experimental (MBmLA approach) condition. The study carried out for a period of 5 weeks. From the experimental results, it was found that, in comparison to the conventional paper‐based approach, the proposed MBmLA approach enhanced students' basic psychological needs of self‐perceived autonomy, competence, and relatedness and improved students' exam performance in terms of factual knowledge. Moreover, students self‐reported greater learning satisfaction with the mobile‐based microassessment and micro‐learning homework tasks. Implications on educational practices as well as future research are discussed.
I: Background.- 1. An Introduction.- 2. Conceptualizations of Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination.- II: Self-Determination Theory.- 3. Cognitive Evaluation Theory: Perceived Causality and Perceived Competence.- 4. Cognitive Evaluation Theory: Interpersonal Communication and Intrapersonal Regulation.- 5. Toward an Organismic Integration Theory: Motivation and Development.- 6. Causality Orientations Theory: Personality Influences on Motivation.- III: Alternative Approaches.- 7. Operant and Attributional Theories.- 8. Information-Processing Theories.- IV: Applications and Implications.- 9. Education.- 10. Psychotherapy.- 11. Work.- 12. Sports.- References.- Author Index.
During the past few years, SDT scholars have progressively developed knowledge that helps to better understand the roots of students’ maladaptive motivational functioning. This body of work was advanced by the recognition that the frustration of the psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness plays a distinct role in the elicitation of maladaptive motivational functioning. Given the presumed critical role of experiences of need frustration, an increasing number of studies have shed light on the role of need thwarting in general and controlling teaching in particular in the prediction of defiance and other maladaptive outcomes at school. This rapidly growing body of work, which has either made use of self-reports or observations of controlling teaching, is reviewed herein. In addition, we provide an overview of previous studies on antecedents of controlling teaching and sketch a number of research directions for future research. The chapter closes with a set of practical recommendations for teachers.
Companies allocate increasing coproduction workload to consumers. Ironically, many consumers may be ill-equipped to coproduce, as indicated by low service literacy (e.g., financial literacy, medical literacy). This research examines how consumers, particularly those low in service literacy, respond to varying levels of firm-assigned coproduction workload. Five studies, including a hospital field experiment, reveal three findings. First, service literacy plays a moderating role, such that higher (vs. lower) levels of coproduction workload improve service outcomes (e.g., compliance intentions), particularly for consumers with low service literacy. Second, coproduction eustress is a crucial mediator such that positive service outcomes result from consumers appraising coproduction tasks as positive and meaningful challenges. In turn, eustress is itself elicited by consumers feeling that they collaborate with the provider to achieve a shared goal. Third, offering organizational support to consumers might mitigate the beneficial effects of coproduction eustress, because it can trigger reactance. This research helps policy makers and managers in finding new ways of activating consumers as coproducers for better service outcomes, particularly low service literacy consumers.
Interpersonal skills (IPS) are crucial in today's business environment. As collaboration is the foundation of business operations, executives consistently rank interpersonal skills as a critical competency for a successful workforce. Yet, relying on training and development efforts after hiring is not enough-especially when funding for "soft skills" training is being cut across work domains. Because organizations need to select interpersonally competent individuals who can successfully engage in interactions immediately upon hire, students must acquire effective interpersonal skills before entering the workforce. To help achieve this goal, we utilize a taxonomy of interpersonal skills derived from a comprehensive review of the literature to recommend educational techniques that instructors can use to add interpersonal skills training in their teaching. The overarching goal of our work here is to use the science of training as a steppingstone to facilitate instructors' integration of interpersonal skills into existing MBA courses.
The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of a technology-supported learning environment utilizing an interactive whiteboard (IWB) and NuCalc graphing software compared to a traditional direct instruction-based environment on student achievement in graphs of quadratic functions and attitudes towards mathematics and technology. Sixty-five high school graduates attending cram schools (called dershane in Turkish) to study for the university entrance examination participated in the study. The significant interaction effect between time of testing and groups indicated that student performance across time of testing was dependent upon the presence or absence of the treatment. Comparisons suggest that although both experimental and control group students' performances increased from pre-test to post-test and then decreased from post-test to retention test, the rate of decrease was about the same and the rate of increase was different, with students showing a greater rate of increase in the experimental group. The results also revealed that the treatment had positively affected students' attitudes towards technology and mathematics. Moreover, students' reasoning and interpretation skills regarding graphs of quadratic functions were better in the experimental group as compared to those in the control group.
Research in academic motivation has highlighted a number of salient constructs that are predictive of positive learning strategies and academic success. Most of this research has centered on college-level social sciences or secondary school student populations. The main purpose of this study was to adapt existing measures of personal interest and effort beliefs to a college chemistry context. In addition, a chemistry-specific measure of self-efficacy was evaluated in a modified form. This set of scales was initially administered at two time points in a first-semester general chemistry course to a sample of undergraduates (n1 = 373, n2 = 294). Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were conducted to determine whether the scales were functional in a chemistry context. Following revision of the scales, all CFA models demonstrated acceptable fit to the data. Cross-validation of the revised scales was performed using two different populations (n = 432, n = 728), with both studies producing similar model fits. Furthermore, our data shows that chemistry majors reported higher self-efficacy and interest than non-science majors. Cronbach’s alpha estimates ranged from 0.75 to 0.92 for the revised scales across all studies. This set of scales could provide useful tools for assessing general chemistry students’ motivation and the motivational impacts of various teaching practices.