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JURNAL PENDIDIKAN SOSIOLOGI DAN HUMANIORA
Volume 15, Issue 1, Page 203-215
DOI: 10.28418/j-psh.v15i1.76891
Haul Solo Tradition: Structural-Functional Analysis for the Harmonization of Multicultural Society
in Surakarta – Hafidz Al Aziz, Riadi Syafutra Siregar, Yosafat Hermawan Trinungraha | 203
Haul Solo Tradition: Structural-Functional Analysis for the
Harmonization of Multicultural Society in Surakarta
1Hafidz Al Aziz*
2Riadi Syafutra Siregar
3Yosafat Hermawan Trinugraha
1,2,3Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia
*Corresponding Email Author: hafidzalaziz76@student.uns.ac.id
Keywords
Haul Tradition,
Multicultural
Structural-Functional
Harmonization
Abstract
This research focuses on the Haul Solo tradition, an annual cultural
event that has been celebrated for hundreds of years. The tradition
has become a defining characteristic of the city of Surakarta,
particularly among the people of Kampung Arab. The aim of this
study is to explore the congregation's interpretation of the Haul Solo
tradition, the role of societal elements within it, and their function in
maintaining social harmony. This study employs a qualitative
approach with an ethnographic methodology. The data was collected
through ethnographic interviews, participant observation, and
documentation. The implementation of the Haul Solo tradition is
closely tied to the roles of various societal elements, including family
descendants, close relatives, santri, local government, and local
society. Each element's role is adjusted according to their social
status. By collaborating effectively, the multicultural structure of
society is strengthened. The Haul Solo tradition serves not only as a
commemoration of the death anniversary of Habib Ali Al-Habsyi, but
also as a means of preserving and maintaining harmony within a
multicultural society. The function of the Haul Solo tradition in
bonding elements of society consists of 3 functions, religious
function, social function and economic function.
How to cite this article:
Hafidz Al Aziz, Riadi Syafutra Siregar, Yosafat Hermawan Trinugraha, (2024). Haul Solo Tradition:
Structural-Functional Analysis for the Harmonization of Multicultural Society in Surakarta. Jurnal
Pendidikan Sosiologi dan Humaniora, 15(1), 203-215. DOI: 10.28418/j-psh.v15i1.76891.
Submit date : January 31, 2024
Review date : February 25, 2024
Accepted : March 2, 2024
Published : March 4, 2024
Haul Solo Tradition: Structural-Functional Analysis for the Harmonization of Multicultural Society
in Surakarta
DOI: 10.28418/j-psh.v15i1.76891
Hafidz Al Aziz, Riadi Syafutra Siregar, Yosafat Hermawan Trinungraha | 204
INTRODUCTION
Indonesia’s ethnic diversity presents a dynamic aspect of people’s lives. With around
300 different ethnicities coexisting, the country boasts a rich cultural heritage that is both
vast and diverse (Antara & Yogantari, 2018). This cultural diversity should be viewed as a
gift from God that can have a positive impact on Indonesia, such as the development of the
creative industry and tourism based on local wisdom. However, diversity in a multicultural
society can also be a source of tension and conflict (Mahdayeni et al., 2019). Social divisions
can arise from friction, which can lead to negative perceptions and mutual suspicion. This
can cause disharmony and a crisis in social relations (Noor, 2020). Cultural conflicts
between different ethnic groups are not uncommon in Indonesia. Examples include the
Dayak and Madura conflicts in Sampit, conflicts between Islamic and Christian groups in
Maluku, and conflicts between the Chinese ethnic group and local communities in 1998
(Abadi & Muthohirin, 2020). Surakarta City has experienced racial conflicts among its
diverse population, including conflicts between Javanese and Arab ethnicities, as well as
Javanese and Chinese ethnicities (Rustopo, 2007). The conflict between ethnic Javanese
and Arabs was caused by a disagreement over payment for services between local pedicab
drivers and people of Arab descent. Tensions between the two sides triggered a racial
conflict in Surakarta City, which, as part of Indonesian territory, is not immune to such
conflicts. Surakarta City is home to a diverse community comprising of Javanese, Arab,
Chinese, and Madurese ethnicities. However, building harmony in a multicultural society
remains a challenge due to the presence of individuals who are intolerant of differences.
This often leads to conflict and the promotion of egoistic attitudes (Sihombing, 2019).
Cultural diversity among ethnic groups should be preserved and respected by promoting
tolerance in society. (Aminuyati et al., 2022) Cultural differences pose a challenge to
achieving harmony in a multicultural society.
Social integration in a multicultural society can be achieved through the application of
local wisdom. Social integration in a multicultural society can be achieved through the
application of local wisdom. Social integration in a multicultural society can be achieved
through the application of local wisdom. This involves a process of social interaction and a
social system that embodies harmony, led by local leaders (Prasojo & Pabbajah, 2020).
Local wisdom plays a crucial role in addressing various forms of disharmony in today's
society, such as the challenges faced by the people of Aceh. It is important to acknowledge
and utilize the knowledge and practices of local communities in finding solutions to these
issues (A. Rahman et al., 2022). Therefore, multicultural groups can be identified by the
presence of local wisdom within them.
Surakarta City, with its multicultural society, implements local wisdom to achieve
harmony. Previous research has shown that this is achieved through traditional practices,
such as the jimpitan (Parawangsa, 2022), malam selikuran (Bakri & Muhadiyatiningsih,
2019), and ruwahan (Dewi, 2022). In addition to the aforementioned traditions, Surakarta
City also has a Haul tradition aimed at promoting harmony in society. This tradition,
commonly referred to as Haul Solo, is typically held to commemorate the death of a
prominent figure in Javanese society. However, in Surakarta City, the Haul tradition is not
only observed by Javanese people, but also by the Arab community. The Haul Solo tradition
Haul Solo Tradition: Structural-Functional Analysis for the Harmonization of Multicultural Society
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is celebrated annually in Surakarta Arab Village. The Arab Village in Indonesia has many
traditions, including the iwadh tradition in the Arab Village of Manado (Lahilote, 2021).
Similarly, the Surakarta Arab Village upholds its traditions with equal importance. Previous
studies on the cultural aspects of the Arab Village of Surakarta have been limited. The
research conducted so far has only focused on the acculturation of ethnic houses (Bazher,
2018), religious tourism often involves visiting the tombs (Latif, 2019), the historical formation
of Surakarta Arab Village (Bazher, 2020), and the use and development of trading space
(Setyaningrum et al., 2022). The absence of studies in Surakarta Arab Village, particularly
regarding the Haul Solo tradition, makes this research distinct from previous studies.
This study compares the Haul tradition to previous research in literature.
Mustolehudin conducted research on the Haul tradition in the Gresik region with the aim of
promoting social harmony (Mustolehudin, 2014). This study analyzes the tradition of earth
haul and alms in Gresik from a sociological perspective, using Geertz's cultural and magical
paradigm. Hidayat & Ariton (2021) have also studied similar topics, exploring the role of haul
tradition in fostering social harmony within the Semarang City community. The analysis of
research conducted on the Ujung-Ujung community focuses on the symbols that serve as
community bonding. Qoyyimah & Sabardila (2021) examined the haul tradition in Kalangan
Village, Boyolali. The study analyzes people's perceptions and values associated with the
haul of Ki Ageng Singoprono. Previous research has focused on various analytical studies
and theories. However, this study will concentrate on the analysis and new theories,
specifically the structural-functional paradigm. The analysis in this study will adopt Radcliffe
Brown's thoughts on structural-functional theory. This paradigm will provide a clearer
understanding of the roles played by the elements of society involved in the traditions and
the forms of cooperation applied in them. The focus will be on the functional relationship
between elements of society, both Arab and ethnic Javanese, in building harmony through
haul traditions. in the Arab Village of Surakarta City.
METHODS
The research utilized qualitative methods and an ethnographic approach to explore
the informant's perspective on the tradition of Haul Solo in the context of multicultural
community harmony. The research utilized qualitative methods and an ethnographic
approach to explore the informant's perspective on the tradition of Haul Solo in the context of
multicultural community harmony. The use of an ethnographic approach was particularly
relevant to this research as it allowed for a holistic exploration of the informant's viewpoint
within the socio-cultural context of society (Spradley, 1979). This research is situated in
Surakarta Arab Village, chosen due to its association with the haul tradition and the
presence of diverse ethnicities, including Javanese and Arab. The living conditions of this
multicultural community make it an ideal research location for producing patterns of social
harmonization with haul tradition. The study's data was collected through ethnographic
interviews and participant observations of local Javanese and Arab organizing committees,
as well as visitors to the haul tradition and local goverment. Secondary data from previous
studies and documentation of local research locations were also used to reinforce the
collected data. The obtained data was analyzed using domain, taxonomic, componential,
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and cultural findings analysis techniques. The aim of the data analysis technique used is to
explore the meaning of informants regarding the culture of the haul tradition, its roles, and its
function in the context of harmonizing multicultural societies. The analyzed field data are
elaborated using Radcliffe Brown's theory of Structural-Functional. This approach produces
a holistic study of the role of community elements in the Haul Solo tradition and the function
of these traditions in harmonizing the structure of a multicultural society.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Haul Solo tradition in the Arab Village of Surakarta
Tradition is commonly interpreted as a cultural heritage passed down through
generations (Reusen, 1992). In accordance with Muhaimin in Rahman (2019), tradition is
commonly defined as adah, or custom in Arabic. Additionally, Rahman posits that tradition
serves as a framework for societal behavior, and thus often becomes a normative standard
in individuals' lives. The concept of tradition as a habit is particularly relevant to the cultural
practices of the Haul Solo tradition that is passed down to the current generation as part of
their heritage. The term 'haul' refers to a ceremony commemorating the death of religious
figures (Amin, 2002). This tradition is the result of a process of acculturation between Islamic
and Javanese cultures. According to Clifford Geertz, Islam underwent syncretism with
Javanese culture, resulting in what is referred to as agama jawa (Geertz, 1960). The scholar
perceived the process of syncretism negatively. Another group of ulama interpret Javanese
religion as a manifestation of Javanese commitment to compromise with Islam (Rofiqoh et
al., 2021). The tradition of haul is a cultural and religious practice that commemorates the
death of famous religious figures in certain regions. It originated from the syncretism process
between the Islamic religious system and Javanese culture, and is known as agami jawi.
The tradition of haul is a cultural and religious practice that commemorates the death of
famous religious figures in certain regions.
Initially, the Haul Solo tradition was not as popular as it is today. Historically, the
tradition was started by one of the descendants of Habib Ali Al-Habsyi. In the past, the
number of worshippers attending the Haul Solo tradition was around 15 to 20 people. It is
worth noting that in the first generation, the worshippers who attended were renowned ulama
who are still remembered today. The Haul Solo tradition has persisted despite facing
numerous obstacles. In 2020, the tradition faced several challenges, as reported by the
committee member in charge of its implementation. In response to the central government's
policy of restricting social activities due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the Haul Solo tradition
was held behind closed doors. As in the past, the 2020 Haul Solo tradition was attended by
only a few dozen worshippers and close family members. Similarly, the 2021 Haul Solo
tradition was also held behind closed doors, but due to word of mouth, the number of
attendees increased from the previous year. In 2022, the Haul Solo tradition will be held as
usual. The Haul Solo tradition is held annually in the month of Rabiul Akhir to commemorate
the death of Habib Ali Al-Habsyi, a prominent religious figure. The tradition has been passed
down through generations (Mashar, 2018). The Solo Haul tradition is unique among haul
traditions in other regions, as it is held for five consecutive days with a series of different
events. The Haul Solo tradition took place from November 1-5, 2023 and has been ongoing
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for 112 years. From the first to the third day, participants engaged in religious education
activities, including reading hadiths of the prophets. The term 'Rauhah' was introduced by
the Habaib Hadhramaut to refer to this non-formal system of education. (Haidar & Idi, 2023).
The implementation of activities related to Rauhah always involves the use of the book as a
reference for learning. In the series of events for the Haul Solo tradition, the book of Ihya'
Ulumuddin is used as a reference for Rauhah activities.
Figure 1. Rauhah Activity in Haul Solo Tradition
On the evening of the second day after Rauhah, there is also a Yemeni dance
performance accompanied by gambus music. The fourth day is the highlight of the Haul
event, which includes readings of Yasin, Tahlil, Manaqib, and Tausiah and is closed with
praying.
Figure 2. Fourth Day of Haul Solo Tradition
On the next day, it has entered the last day by reading wirid, ratib, Mawlid Simtudduror
accompanied by hadroh, tawasul and closed with praying. The book of Mawlid Simtudduror
was written directly by Habib Ali Al-Habsyi as a public media in remembering and
exemplifying the ethical values of the Prophet SAW (Khotimah & Arfan, 2021). This book
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contains beautiful verses that express love for the Prophet Muhammad SAW. The language
used reflects Habib Ali's sincere love for the Prophet. The verses in Simtudduror's mawlid
book are so beautiful that they can touch the hearts of readers, making this book very
popular. Habib Ali's work educates the public about the story of the Prophet Muhammad
SAW and encourages readers to love him more as an eternal role model.
Figure 3. Last Day of Haul Solo Tradition
The tradition of haul has solo always been well-received by worshippers and ulama
throughout the archipelago. This enthusiasm has made it one of the largest annual religious
events in Surakarta City, with worshippers coming from various parts of the region.
Worshippers participation in the Haul Solo tradition is motivated by the goals to be achieved,
which are based on the community's interpretation of the tradition. There are four types of
community meanings that encourage participation in the Haul Solo tradition: (1) Increased
spiritual value; (2) Improvement of Islamic science; (3) A form of love for Al Habib Ali Al-
Habsyi; (4) Seeking blessings from karamah Habib Ali Al-Habsyi.
The Role of Community Elements in the Haul Solo Tradition
Each member of society has a specific role based on their social status. This status
is not determined by prestige, but rather by their position in society. The Haul Solo tradition
cannot be implemented without the support and contribution of every member of society
involved. The Haul Solo tradition cannot be implemented without the support and
contribution of every member of society involved. These members include:
The Family of Habib Ali Al-Habsyi and His Close Relatives
In the Haul Solo tradition, the family status of Habib Ali's descendants can be
referred to as the host of the organizer. Based on this status, the family is responsible for
organizing the event, including determining dates, funding, reference books, and leading
each series of events. The committee responsible for organizing the Haul Solo tradition is
not open to the public due to its sacred nature and specific criteria. Therefore, not all
members of society are eligible to become part of the organizing committee. Only individuals
from a specific social status can hold this position, while those from other social statuses
may have alternative roles.
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Local Government
As a regional policy maker, the local government has played a crucial role in
ensuring the smooth running of the Haul Solo tradition event. The government's
responsibility is to create regulations that maintain order among the crowds of worshippers.
This is evident in the changes made to road rules around the Pasar Kliwon area to anticipate
congestion and ensure the orderly movement of worshippers. During the Haul Solo tradition,
the rules that were originally applied to Jalan Slamet Riyadi, which were previously one-way,
were changed to accommodate two-way traffic. Additionally, the local government closed
Jalan Kapten Mulyadi Simpang Sangkrah to Simpang Baturono to support the proper
implementation of the Haul Solo series. This road closure can also serve as a trading
location for local communities. Furthermore, the local government recommends 9 different
parking facilities to provide comfort for worshippers who arrive by private vehicle. The local
government supports the tradition of Haul Solo as a policy maker to ensure the proper
execution of the series of events.
Local Society
Koentjaraningrat defines local society as a human collective that interacts with one
another and is united by a shared sense of identity, customs, and distinctive behavior
patterns (Koentjaraningrat, 2015). The Surakarta Arab Village is home to people of different
ethnicities, including Javanese and Arab. While the Arab community dominates the
implementation of the Haul Solo tradition, the Javanese society also benefits from it. The
millions of worshippers who participate in the Haul Solo tradition provide significant benefits.
In addition to fulfilling spiritual needs, the Haul Solo tradition provides opportunities for trade
to millions of worshippers. With the support of the government, which enforces road closures
for vehicles, traders, mostly of Javanese ethnicity, can take advantage of the occasion to
improve their economy. The presence of millions of worshippers during the Haul Solo
tradition undoubtedly provides significant benefits for traders. Therefore, Javanese traders
eagerly anticipate the Haul Solo tradition as an opportunity for economic improvement.
Additionally, local government-arranged parking facilities are utilized by locals who work as
parking attendants, providing further benefit to the Javanese people during the Haul Solo
tradition. The Arab community, who serves as the organizing committee, also employs
Javanese volunteers as cooks. As part of the Haul Solo traditions, each pilgrim is served
with a traditional Yemeni dish called kebuli rice. The committee slaughters around 150-200
goats annually to provide free meals to the worshippers. The majority of the cooks involved
in the Haul Solo tradition are volunteers from the local community, which ensures their
continued involvement in supporting the smooth running of the event.
The Function of Haul Solo Tradition in Harmonizing Multicultural Society Structure
The concept of harmonization is well-known for promoting diversity among different
cultures and fostering peaceful coexistence (Mohd Khalli et al., 2022). A harmonious life is
not one without conflicts or cultural differences among people. Harmonization in society
occurs when individuals with different actions and feelings can align to resolve conflicts.
Harmonious conditions can inspire individuals to achieve harmony and effectiveness in
intercultural interactions (Xu, 2022). In a harmonious society, relationships between
individuals require coordination. The Haul Solo tradition strongly involves various elements
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of society, and every action between these elements requires coordination for harmony of
actions and roles. Each community member's role in implementing tradition fosters and
maintains the social structure of the local community. The Radcliffe-Brown functional
structural theory emphasizes the relevance of this phenomenon. Brown argues that living
societies always possess structure, similar to organisms (Koentjaraningrat, 2014). Social
structure is comprised of a network of relationships between individuals and groups. Culture
serves a social function by mutually influencing the cultural and social systems. Ceremonies
and rituals promote social solidarity and foster moral and social consciousness. Therefore,
culture exists to meet both individual and collective needs, including the stability of the social
structure and society.
According to structural-functional theory, the Haul Solo Tradition is a cultural system
that impacts the social order. It serves both individual and collective needs. The
implementation of this tradition is influenced by various societal elements. It is important to
note that the local community is highly multicultural, and the three elements of society have
their respective roles based on their social status. In a structural-functional perspective,
culture, such as the Haul Solo tradition, plays a crucial role in maintaining the social
structure of the local community. However, during its implementation, every sector of society
has fulfilled its role impartially, without discriminating between Javanese or Arab ethnicities.
The Haul Solo tradition has provided an opportunity for all members of society to collaborate
and benefit from one another. The Arab community, who served as the organizing
committee, received regulatory support from the government and assistance from the
Javanese community, who volunteered their time. Similarly, the Javanese society got
benefits from the economic opportunities presented by the Haul Solo tradition, which is
utilized by traders and parking attendants.
The tradition has been held 112 times and has had a positive impact on society. Its
sustainability can foster trust among different societal groups and serve as a strong
foundation for the stability of the multicultural community structure. The Haul Solo tradition
fosters cultural adaptation and community harmony through mutual understanding and
collaboration among people of diverse backgrounds. It emphasizes the importance of facing
challenges together while respecting cultural differences. The text highlights the significance
of good collaboration between elements of a multicultural society in achieving harmony. In
accordance with Lomas and Xue’s perspective, a harmonious life is achieved through the
dynamic integration of various elements into a unified whole (Lomas & Xue, 2022).
Consistent practice of this tradition strengthens and preserves the value of harmony in the
community's collective consciousness, even in a multicultural society. This aligns with the
pattern of community harmony in Sumber Sari village, Lampung Province, which utilizes
local culture to reinforce community integration. Through dance media, the Lampung ethnic
community and Javanese transmigrants demonstrate a pluralistic attitude with the desire to
actively participate and interact positively in a multicultural society (Saehu & Muchtar, 2023).
The utilization of local culture can promote active participation among diverse communities
and serve as a means of positive interaction. Therefore, local culture can play a significant
role in integrating and harmonizing a multicultural society.
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The Haul Solo tradition as a culture has several functions that are able to knit
harmonization in a multicultural society. These functions include:
Religious Functions
The Haul Solo tradition fulfills the spiritual needs of worshippers. During each series
of traditional events, worshippers receive Islamic knowledge. For example, they participate
in the activity of Rauhah, which involves studying the book of Ihya' Ulumuddin. One of the
activities offered is the non-formal education program called Rauhah, which uses the book of
Ihya' Ulumuddin as a reference to improve Islamic religious knowledge.The book was written
by Al Ghazali, who provided detailed teachings on moral formation, including morals towards
Allah, oneself, and others (Budiyono, 2019). This program is highly valued by the
worshippers, who see the Haul Solo tradition as an opportunity to strengthen their faith and
Islamic knowledge. The ulama who provide this education are highly respected and
renowned, and their teachings are widely spread. Worshippers are consistently reminded of
the significance of studying religion, improving morals, and fostering brotherhood among
human beings. Regarding community harmonization, worshippers are taught to build moral
values towards others, such as greeting, visiting when invited, visiting when sick, and
helping during disasters. The education of worshippers about brotherhood and moral values
in life can help maintain harmony in society. Worshippers are also encouraged to increase
their faith and devotion to Allah SWT. This practice can promote positive mental health by
avoiding negative influences, thereby helping Muslims maintain strong character and morals
throughout their lives.
Social Functions
The Haul Solo tradition serves both religious and social functions. It has a clear
framework for preparation and organization, and every step involves social interaction
among members of society. Good cooperation is necessary to ensure the successful
implementation of the tradition. Intercultural communication is also important to support this
goal. In organizing the Haul Solo tradition, every member of society plays a useful role and
supports one another. They are experienced in facing challenges and managing potential
conflicts, indicating that social interaction between individuals from diverse ethnic
backgrounds can be successful. Social interaction among people of different ethnicities can
increase intimacy and encourage community acceptance of existing differences (Kartika et
al., 2023). In this way, social cohesion among members of society can be fostered, leading
to a harmonious and multicultural community structure. Continuing the Haul Solo tradition
can provide significant benefits. Consistently implementing traditions each year encourages
cooperation, kinship, and trust among members of society. These values can become social
capital in unifying a multicultural society. According to Woolcock's in Pangalila et al., (2024)
social capital is the result of communication and interaction between individuals. It is a
strong foundation for strengthening community harmony. The Haul Solo tradition plays a
crucial role in maintaining a harmonious and balanced multicultural community structure.
Economic Functions
The Haul Solo tradition serves as a means of driving the community's economy.
Javanese people can open a trading business according to their interests and abilities. Most
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of the traders in the Haul Solo tradition sell various foods and drinks. The traders, who are
mostly Javanese, have been given permission by the local government and the organizing
committee to trade around the event location at certain times. The presence of millions of
worshippers in this tradition creates opportunities for traders, who take advantage of the
momentum to increase their earnings. The Haul Solo tradition contributes to the local
Javanese economy, benefiting not only traders but also parking attendants and innkeepers.
Worshippers attend the Haul Solo tradition not only from within the city, but also from outside
the city and even from abroad, which requires lodging and parking. The local community has
always recognized the significance of this tradition. The Haul Solo tradition benefits many
aspects of society, including religious, social, and economic. By maintaining a harmonious
social structure, the Haul Solo tradition can continue to serve its purpose. Therefore, many
parties support the implementation of the Haul Solo tradition as a cultural system to maintain
a multicultural community structure. The involvement of every community element is crucial
for the sustainability of this tradition and the benefits it brings to society.
CONCLUSION
The Haul Solo tradition is an annual event held by the people of Surakarta Arab
Village to commemorate the death of Habib Ali Al-Habsyi. The Haul Solo tradition is an
annual event held by the people of Surakarta Arab Village to commemorate the death of
Habib Ali Al-Habsyi. The tradition holds significant meaning for worshippers, motivating them
to participate. Community elements play a crucial role in the implementation of this tradition.
The Haul Solo tradition serves as a means of social cohesion, as it involves all elements of
society working together. This tradition can provide benefits to the local community in
religious, social, and economic aspects.
THANK YOU ESPECIALLY
The author expresses gratitude to the informants who provided information and
participated in discussions related to the research topic. The exchange of ideas with various
informants can provide a holistic analysis of the research results. Additionally, the researcher
thanks the lecturers for their constructive suggestions and input in developing this paper.
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