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Color vision deficiency
Abstract and Figures
Colour vision deficiency is one of the commonest disorders of vision and can be divided into congenital and acquired forms. Congenital colour vision deficiency affects as many as 8% of males and 0.5% of females--the difference in prevalence reflects the fact that the commonest forms of congenital colour vision deficiency are inherited in an X-linked recessive manner. Until relatively recently, our understanding of the pathophysiological basis of colour vision deficiency largely rested on behavioural data; however, modern molecular genetic techniques have helped to elucidate its mechanisms. The current management of congenital colour vision deficiency lies chiefly in appropriate counselling (including career counselling). Although visual aids may be of benefit to those with colour vision deficiency when performing certain tasks, the evidence suggests that they do not enable wearers to obtain normal colour discrimination. In the future, gene therapy remains a possibility, with animal models demonstrating amelioration following treatment.
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... Although previous studies have extensively focused on how differences in colour vision affect an individual's abilities to discriminate, detect, name or categorize colours [30][31][32][33], the diversity and commonality during the active process of viewing complex images remain largely unknown. Several studies have demonstrated the existence of colour constancy mechanisms in dichromats comparable to those in trichromats, especially in natural scenes viewed under daylight, suggesting an independence between colour discrimination and colour constancy [34][35][36]. ...
Humans exhibit colour vision variations due to genetic polymorphisms, with trichromacy being the most common, while some people are classified as dichromats. Whether genetic differences in colour vision affect the way of viewing complex images remains unknown. Here, we investigated how people with different colour vision focused their gaze on aesthetic paintings by eye-tracking while freely viewing digital rendering of paintings and assessed individual impressions through a decomposition analysis of adjective ratings for the images. Gaze-concentrated areas among trichromats were more highly correlated than those among dichromats. However, compared with the brief dichromatic experience with the simulated images, there was little effect of innate colour vision differences on impressions. These results indicate that chromatic information is instructive as a cue for guiding attention, whereas the impression of each person is generated according to their own sensory experience and normalized through one's own colour space.
... It is estimated that up to 8 % of males and 0.5 % of females suffer from it. No cure for colour blindness has yet been discovered, however, many treatments are being used to help affected individuals, one of them being tinted lenses [7]. Tinted lenses are based on filtering the overlapping wavelength (540 -580 nm), and, in turn, activating both cone photoreceptors separately. ...
The surface plasmon resonance of gold nanoparticles causes visible light absorption and scattering effects that may be used in optical coatings for eliminating blue light emission from display monitors, blocking UV light and for decorative applications. This study examines the achievement of functional properties provided by gold nanoparticles in a commercially established C60 fullerene-coated eyewear product. The gold nanoparticles used were sourced from recycling rapid lateral flow tests (LFIA), which use gold nanoparticles as test markers. After the gold`s recovery Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis (USP) with freeze-drying was used for the synthesis of new gold nanoparticles, to be used in optical coatings. The gold nanoparticles were examined with SEM, TEM, DLS, zeta potential, BET, and Vis-NIR for characterising their shapes and sizes, required for determination of the surface plasmon resonance effect. After applying the newly produced gold nanoparticles with fullerene C60 in a combined coating for eyewear lenses, the absorption and transmission of the lenses was determined for establishing changes in the coating functionality. The results show that enhancing the fullerene C60 coating with gold nanoparticles improves light absorption and reflectance for blue and UV light further, which may be evaluated as beneficial for the eyewear user, as the reduction of eye strain is improved due to the coating.
... Matthew Simunovic et al [9], stated deficiency of color vision is a prevalent visual impairment that can be classified into two types -congenital and acquired. Effective management of congenital deficiency of color vision primarily involves counseling, including career counseling. ...
Colors are the smiles of nature. Digital image processing has widely employed the use of the function the color due to its effectiveness as a tool in classifying and identifying objects, which can be distinguished based on various relevant shades of color. This work aims to create a software tool that assists color-blind individuals in identifying the colors and edges in an image that may appear similar to them. If you are not suffering from a color vision deficiency it is very hard to imagine how it looks like to be color blind. Individuals with color blindness are limited and sometimes even disqualified from specific professions due to their inability to differentiate between colors. The objective of this research is to create a technique or approach for accurately identifying different shades of colors and predicting their names specifically for individuals with color blindness. This project utilizes image processing techniques to create a system that can recognize and distinguish colors in an image. The algorithm used for color detection in this project recognizes pixels in an image that correspond to a defined color or color range and provides the name of the color along with its corresponding B, G and R values. This work will be very helpful for people who suffer from color blindness especially when they want to know the color of the things.
... The frequency is higher in younger age groups, and most of the research found that CVD is underdiagnosed because of a lack of awareness and cannot be diagnosed with routine eye care. [4,27] A rigorous procedure, in addition to vision screening and color vision assessment, should be developed in schools and educational institutions, so that if this is recognized, prognosis or management could be planned properly and will have much less impact on youth empowerment in the future. However, CVD has an impact on many parts of daily life, from infancy through adulthood. ...
Purpose:
To investigate the quality of life (QoL) in a sample of color vision deficit (CVD) patients in India and how color vision deficiency affects them psychologically, economically, and in productivity related to their work and occupation.
Methods:
A descriptive and case-control study design using a questionnaire was conducted on N = 120 participants, of whom 60 were patients of CVD (52 male and eight female) who visited two eye facilities in Hyderabad between 2020 and 2021 and 60 were age-matched normal color vision participants who served as controls. We validated English-Telugu adapted version of CVD-QoL, developed by Barry et al. in 2017 (CB-QoL). The CVD-QoL consists of 27 Likert-scale items with factors (lifestyle, emotions, and work). Color vision was assessed using the Ishihara and Cambridge Mollen color vision tests. A six-point Likert scale was used, with lower scores indicating poor QoL (from 1 = severe issue to 6 = no problem).
Results:
The CVD-QoL questionnaire's reliability and internal consistency were measured, including Cronbach's α (α =0.70-0.90). There was no significance between the group in age (t = -1.2, P = 0.67) whereas the Ishihara colour vision test, scores showed a significant difference (t = 4.50, P < 0.001). The QoL scores showed a significant difference towards lifestyle, emotions and work (P = 0.001). The CVD group had a poorer QoL score than the normal color vision group odds ratio [OR] =0.31, 95% confidence interval [CI], (P = 0.002, CI = 0.14-0.65, Z = 3.0) . In this analysis, a low CI indicated that the OR was more precise.
Conclusion:
Color vision deficiency affects Indians' QoL, according to this study. The mean scores of lifestyle, emotions, and work were lower than the UK sample.Since CVD is underreported and possibly affects developing countries more, advocacy for a new health care plan on CVD is essential. Increasing public understanding and awareness could also help diagnosing the CVD population.
The surface plasmon resonance of gold nanoparticles causes visible light absorption and scattering effects that may be used in optical coatings for eliminating blue light emission from display monitors, for blocking UV light, and for decorative applications. This study examines the achievement of functional properties provided by gold nanoparticles in a commercially established C60 fullerene-coated eyewear product. The gold nanoparticles used were sourced from recycling rapid lateral flow tests (LFIA), which use gold nanoparticles as test markers. After the gold’s recovery, Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis (USP) with freeze-drying was used for the synthesis of new gold nanoparticles, to be used in optical coatings. The gold nanoparticles were examined with SEM, TEM, DLS, zeta potential, BET, and Vis-NIR for characterising their shapes and sizes, as is required for determination of the surface plasmon resonance effect. After applying the newly produced gold nanoparticles with fullerene C60 in a combined coating for eyewear lenses, the absorption and transmission of the lenses were determined for establishing changes in the coating’s functionality. The results show that enhancing the fullerene C60 coating with gold nanoparticles improves light absorption and reflectance for blue and UV light further, which may be evaluated as beneficial for the eyewear user, as the reduction in eye strain is increased due to the coating.
Visual impairments affect 60% of adults, 8% of whom suffer from color vision deficiencies. Furthermore, contrast sensitivity decreases with age. Accordingly, teaching and training materials must be adapted to these needs. Thus, a web-moodle course with medical content developed internally was used. The aim was to check whether this course is suitable for people with reduced color contrast sensitivity or color vision deficiencies. Furthermore, the usability was tested. For this purpose, 44 participants answered out a questionnaire. This showed that the preferred learning formats were videos and pictures, with drawn pictures being preferred. For checking knowledge, memory cards and self-checks are the preferred choices. The laptop/PC (66%) clearly emerges as the increasingly preferred end device. The verification of color contrast was done through an open-source website. It can be seen that the color works well only in selected combinations. When reviewing possible difficulties related to color vision deficiencies, some problems came to light. For example, a link with a monochromaticity would not be recognized.KeywordsColor vision deficiencyColor contrast sensitivityUniversal Design in Teaching
Immersive Virtual Environments can provide users with a sense of spatial presence and experience. But learners with Color Vision Deficiency cannot receive information entirely in the environments because they are difficult to distinguish some or all colors. This study selects learners with red-green color blindness as the sample, and designs three kinds of barrier-free Teaching Resources based on a color scheme and color contrast to explore their impacts on spatial cognition and learning experience. The experimental results show that the Color Adjusted Teaching Resources has significant differences both in learning satisfaction and technology acceptance, and the Contrast Adjusted Teaching Resources performs an important role in improving spatial cognition and technology acceptance. In addition, the Color and Contrast Adjusted Teaching Resources is significantly different from the Color Adjusted Teaching Resources in spatial cognition. Therefore, the findings indicated that the barrier-free color scheme and higher contrast of Teaching Resources can significantly improve spatial cognition, learning satisfaction, and technology acceptance of learners with red-green color blindness. To some extent, the research results can contribute to the design of barrier-free Teaching Resources about red-green color blindness.
Research and real world use cases have shown that extended reality (XR) can provide immense benefits to a wide range of applications both in the commercial, private, and government sectors. XR has been shown to increase accuracy, decrease errors, and improve training in a variety of applications. Many of these XR implementations include text based user interfaces (UI) to instruct or present data to a user. However, text readability is a major limitation in these XR environments due to a variety of factors including device resolution, vergence accommodation conflict (VAC), and user visual acuity. This paper presents the Extended Reality Acuity Examination (XRAE) application as a comprehensive solution to generate text optimized for an XR environment, its user, and the associated XR hardware. A two-step approach was developed and studied. Step one was the creation of a virtual Snellen Chart with options to customize different text characteristics. The Snellen Chart has been widely used by optometrists as a quick and effective means to judge a user’s visual acuity. A user simply selects the text they can read clearly and comfortably from several options presented. Step two was the real-time generation of a user-specific text (i.e., size, font, and other characteristics) and distribution to all UI elements. The net result of XRAE is text-based UI elements customized to a user and associated XR environment that can be easily implemented in a wide range of use cases.
It is 200 years since George Palmer suggested that colour vision depended on three classes of molecule or membrane. The present paper gives an introductory review of what is today known of the opsins, of the genes that encode them, and of the alterations to which they are subject. Several theories of anomalous trichromacy are briefly reviewed.
A broadband red filter placed over one eye will have the effect of improving the ability of certain color vision defectives to name colors correctly. A red-tinted contact lens will have the same effect; such a device is marketed under the name, the X-Chrom lens. In this article, the author examines the basic properties of color vision defects, explains the optical effect of the red filter, and reviews several studies which evaluate the effect of the X-Chrom lens. He concludes that while the lens may allow the wearer to achieve a better score on certain color vision tests, it does not actually correct color vision in the natural environment. Deleterious effects of wearing a red filter are also discussed. It is advised that patients wearing the X-Chrom lens be fully apprised of its limitations and of dangers that may be created by the associated visual distortions.
Citation
DEANE B. JUDD, "Facts of Color-Blindness," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 33, 294-294 (1943)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/josa/abstract.cfm?URI=josa-33-6-294
The color deficient often seek visual aids to mitigate their color confusions. The most popular aids are red high-pass filters worn monocularly. Any benefit offered by such aids is limited to specific tasks and/or hue regions and may be negated by deleterious side- effects, including reduced luminance and visual acuity, induced visual distortions, altered stereopsis, and impaired depth perception. Different types of filters, taking into account advances in the molecular genetics of color vision and in coating technology, may offer greater advantages. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, S269–S272, 2001