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Life Cycle Management of Hospital Physical Assets Waste Elimination
Abstract
The life cycle of physical assets analysis is a tool of great importance for asset management and of great use to managers, namely hospital facilities and equipment managers. Furthermore, this is an essential issue in the current macroeconomic economy, being its assertiveness preponderant for the success of any investment. This paper aims to emphasize the importance of investment analysis in the decision-making strategy of any organization, intertwined with the life cycle of the physical asset analysis, framed in a structuring approach of certification by the ISO 55001 standard. For an efficient physical assets management, in general, and within the health sector, in particular, optimizing their maintenance and determining the optimal moment for their withdrawal from operation, or their renewal, are fundamental aspects for its profitability and quality of service to users. This paper brings an integrated approach, in the previous aspect, aiming to reconcile the perspective of the stakeholders, within the scope of the life cycle of assets analysis, with of the physical assets manager, in a long-term vision adjusted to the organization strategic plan. Additionally, the issue of waste elimination will also be addressed through the implementation of an Organization and Management Philosophy inspired by the practices and results of the Toyota model (TPS, Toyota Production System), which can be applied across any Organization, including the health area. In essence, the objective of applying this philosophy in hospital management is the same as what has already been achieved in industry and other sectors: the search for continuous improvement through the elimination of unnecessary activities and waste, which only increase costs, leave the Organization less competitive and impair quality.
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Monitoring the life cycle of physical assets (PA) implies addressing issues, such as PA’s energy efficiency and its replacement and definition of the most proper moment to renew. The goals of this article are: to present a characterization of energy sources and analyze the PA life cycle in a food sector company. First, it will be characterized the costs and the expenses of the organization’s energy sources, then, a study about the replacement of PA is presented; Traditional methods were used, such as economic life; The models that underlie it are discussed throughout the article, using actual data, for validation. Three methods for depreciation of PA are used: Linear Depreciation; Sum of Digits and Exponential. Other methods were used to determine the Economic Cycle for replacing PA: Uniform Annual Expenditure (MRAU); Minimizing the Average Total Cost (MCMT); and the MCMT-Reduced to Present Value (MCMT-RVP). The equipment of the study was bakery ovens (gas and electrical). Results and conclusions from the application of the methods used in the evaluation of these PAs are presented.
Vivemos atualmente um período de alguma incerteza para as empresas, com uma escalada dos custos energéticos e uma escassez de matérias-primas. Simultaneamente, a sociedade é assombrada por sinais económicos que indicam períodos de menor fulgor, no que ao investimento diz respeito. Perante este cenário, as empresas terão de se ajustar, procurando estratégias que lhes permitam ser mais eficientes na utilização dos seus recursos, nomeadamente na gestão dos seus ativos físicos. Este artigo propõe soluções para melhorar as práticas da Gestão de Ativos numa Estação de Tratamento de Água (ETA) associada a uma linha de produção de placas de gesso, na qual a gestão do seu ciclo de vida é estratégico para a Organização. Nesta perspetiva foi realizado um estudo do seu Custo do Ciclo de Vida de forma a avaliar a viabilidade do projeto e a permitir atuar sobre as diversas fases do seu ciclo de vida, visando avaliar quais e quando os custos são mais elevados, com o objetivo de os minimizar. Foram apurados todos os custos associados ao ciclo de vida da Estação de Tratamento de Água, permitindo a identificação e atuação sobre as categorias de custos mais elevados, de forma a combatê-las. Através deste estudo, também foi possível concluir que o projeto da Estação de Tratamento de Água permite que a empresa poupe cerca de 232.784,29 € por ano.
This paper discusses the Reliability, Availability, Maintainability, and Safety (RAMS) of an electrical power supply system in a large European hospital. The primary approach is based on Fuzzy Logic and Petri Nets, using the CPNTools software to simulate and de-termine the most important modules of the system according to the Automatic Transfer Switch. Fuzzy Inference System is used to analyse and assess the reliability value. The stochastic versus Fuzzy approach is also used to evaluate the reliability contribution of each system module. This case study aims to identify and analyse possible system failures and propose new solutions to improve the system reliability of the power supply system. The dynamic modelling is based on Block Diagrams and Petri nets and is evaluated via Markov Chains, including a stochastic approach linked to the previous analysis. This holistic approach adds value to this type of research question. A new electrical power supply system design is proposed to increase the system’s reliability based on the results achieved.
The purpose of this study was to apply new methods of econometric models to the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of physical assets, by integrating investments such as maintenance, technology, sustainability, and technological upgrades, and to propose a means to evaluate the Life Cycle Investment (LCI), with emphasis on sustainability. Sustainability is a recurrent theme of existing studies and will be a concern in coming decades. As a result, equipment with a smaller environmental footprint is being continually developed. This paper presents a method to evaluate asset depreciation with an emphasis on the maintenance investment, technology depreciation, sustainability depreciation, and technological upgrade investment. To demonstrate the value added of the proposed model, it was compared with existing models that do not take the previously mentioned aspects into consideration. The econometric model is consistent with asset life cycle plans as part of the Strategic Asset Management Plan of the Asset Management System. It is clearly demonstrated that the proposed approach is new and the results are conclusive, as demonstrated by the presented models and their results. This research aims to introduce new methods that integrate the factors of technology upgrades and sustainability for the evaluation of assets’ LCA and replacement time. Despite the increase in investment in technology upgrades and sustainability, the results of the Integrated Life Cycle Assessment First Method (ILCAM1), which represents an improved approach for the analyzed data, show that the asset life is extended, thus increasing sustainability and promoting the circular economy. By comparison, the Integrated Life Cycle Investment Assessment Method (ILCIAM) shows improved results due to the investment in technology upgrades and sustainability. Therefore, this study presents an integrated approach that may offer a valid tool for decision makers.
The big hospitals’ electricity supply system’s reliability is discussed in this article through Petri nets and Fuzzy Inference System (FIS). To simulate and analyse an electric power system, the FIS Mamdani in MATLAB is implemented. The advantage of FIS is that it uses human experience to provide a faster solution than conventional techniques. The elements involved are the Main Electrical Power, the Generator sets, the Automatic Transfer Switches (ATS), and the Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS), which are analysed to characterize the system behaviour. To evaluate the system and identified the lower reliability modules being proposed, a new reliable design model through the Petri Nets and Fuzzy Inference System approach. The resulting approach contributes to increasing the reliability of complex electrical systems, aiming to reduce their faults and increase their availability.
Usually, the Reserve Fleet, or Spare Fleet, of passenger urban buses, is based on indicators used in some international relevant companies and extrapolated for many others, almost as a dogma. However, it must be taken into consideration pragmatic variables intrinsic to the buses namely their maintenance and in a more pragmatic approach, indexing their availability and by consequence the reserve fleet indexed to the maintenance policy used in each company. The paper discusses these subjects and presents a global model that integrates the maintenance planning policy, based on a condition monitoring model, maintenance Key Maintenance Indicators (KPI), and an economic life cycle model. The paper presents some results based both in theoretical considerations and also in real data from an urban fleet of a European Countr
The paper proposes a model for the life cycle of physical assets that includes the maintenance policy, because it has direct implications on the equipment's Return On Investment (ROI) and Life Cycle Cost; the developed model can be applied to any type of physical asset. The model is called Life Cycle Investment (LCI) instead of the traditional Life Cycle Cost (LCC). The paper proposes a new methodology based on the modified economic life cycle and lifespan methods by including the maintenance policy using maintenance Key Performance Indicators (KPI), namely Availability, based on the Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) and the Mean Time To Repair (MTTR). The benefits (profits) that result from the asset's Availability must be balanced with the initial investment and the variable maintenance investment along its life, which has relation with the maintenance policy and the ROI.
Abstract: The maintenance policy and the quality of service throughout the bus’s life cycle can be measured through their
costs along time that, when evaluated using Lifespan or Economic Life Cycle methods, allow to determine the renewal or the
replacement time. The paper discusses these two models, using real data from an urban bus fleet company. The maths that
supports the models are presented. They are considered the functioning and maintenance costs, and also the apparent rate. The
Life Cycle Cost of an urban transport bus is strongly dependent on the policy and quality of its maintenance, from which it
depends on its reliability and availability. The final result is reflected on its Life Cycle Cost, that can be evaluated through the
Lifespan or the Economic Life Cycle methods. Other aspects that can be considered are the fuel costs and the type of terrain,
because they are intrinsically interrelated and have a strong effect on costs, namely because they imply strong variation in the
bus’s consumption and in their maintenance costs. As the company considered in the case study has a poor maintenance policy,
it makes the analysis challenging, making difficult to compare the economic life cycle with the lifespan method in this situation.
However, the results and conclusions that are taken from them are obvious, what demonstrates the models’ utility and
robustness.
Circular economy arises at a time when the needs for the reduction, reuse, recovery and recycling of materials and energy need to consolidate. Today’s economy is unsustainable in the short run. The standard ISO 55001 defines a set of requirements that, when implemented and maintained, guarantee the good performance of an organization’s asset management, responding to stakeholder needs and expectations and ensuring the value creation and maintenance as well as a global vision of assets in a circular economy.
The organizations where physical asset management is of major importance include all those that involve: facilities, machinery, buildings, roads and bridges, utilities, transportation industries; oil and gas extraction and processing; mining and mining processing; chemicals, manufacturing, distribution, aviation and defence.
However, since ISO 55001 is a new standard in the global market, because it is intrinsically difficult to implement, a diagnostic model on the state of organizations can greatly help on the implementation.
Before beginning to implement the ISO 55001 standard, it is necessary to verify whether the organization is ready to begin this task. It is usually necessary to fine-tune many aspects before starting a great task like this. But where to start? What aspects do I need to correct before starting the default implementation?
This paper proposes a diagnostic model to evaluate the state of the organizations in relation to their potential to implement the ISO 55001. The diagnosis allows to identify the aspects of the organization that are ready to receive the new standard, as well of the critical, the fragile and the weak points of the company that must be corrected.
The diagnostic model is based on surveys, with several questions and with five possible answers. Each possibility of response has a quantification and a critical classification.
The final result is a global positioning of the company with the identification of the various aspects to be corrected in order to be possible to implement the ISO 55001. A radar chart provides a global “radiography” of the company diagnosis.
The diagnostic template has been validated and the results are presented in the paper.
Keywords
Circular Economy
ISO 5500X
Sustainability
Industry 4.0
Maintenance policies influence equipment availability and, thus, they affect a company’s capacity for productivity and competitiveness. It is important to optimize the Life Cycle Cost (LCC) of assets, in this case, passenger bus fleets. The paper presents a predictive condition monitoring maintenance approach based on engine oil analysis, to assess the potential impact of this variable on the availability of buses. The approach has implications on maintenance costs during the life of a bus and, consequently, on the determination of the best time for bus replacement. The paper provides an overview of economic replacement models through a global model, with an emphasis on availability and its dependence on maintenance and maintenance costs. These factors help to determine the size of the reserve fleet and guarantee availability. © 2017, Polish Academy of Sciences Branch Lublin. All rights reserved.
The purpose of the paper is to discuss the application of econometric models to life-cycle cost (LCC) of an urban bus fleet with an emphasis on the maintenance costs. The practical results are compared with theoretical ones, which represent a good maintenance and functioning management. The influence of inflation ratio, as well as the price of fuel in the withdrawal time are evaluated. The paper analyses if there is a variation at the time of the vehicle replacement, obtained from several econometric methods namely the annual uniform income and minimisation of the average total cost with reduction to the present value. It also emphasises an eventual relation between the maintenance policy and the reserve fleet, and the relation between maintenance performance and time replacement of bus fleet. Finally, the paper analyses differences between replacement simulations from theoretical econometric models and the same ones applied to real data.
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