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AN ARCHITECTURAL TAXONOMIC
PROPOSAL FOR PASSIVE DESIGN
STRATEGIES USED IN TRADITIONAL
ARCHITECTURE OF AREAS WITH HOT AND
DRY CLIMATES
Ruşen Ergün, Ayhan Bekleyen
PII: S2307-1877(24)00132-9
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jer.2024.05.019
Reference: JER100427
To appear in: Journal of Engineering Research
Received date: 21 January 2024
Revised date: 9 May 2024
Accepted date: 22 May 2024
Please cite this article as: Ruşen Ergün and Ayhan Bekleyen, AN
ARCHITECTURAL TAXONOMIC PROPOSAL FOR PASSIVE DESIGN
STRATEGIES USED IN TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE OF AREAS
WITH HOT AND DRY CLIMATES, Journal of Engineering Research, (2024)
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jer.2024.05.019
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University.
1
AN ARCHITECTURAL TAXONOMIC PROPOSAL FOR PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES USED
IN TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE OF AREAS WITH HOT AND DRY CLIMATES
Ruşen Ergüna* Ayhan Bekleyena
a Department of Architecture, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Türkiye
*Corresponding author
E-mail adress: rusen.ergun@dicle.edu.tr
Abstract
Global environmental problems are one of the most critical problems of humankind. Increasing energy consumption
and CO2 emissions are among the most important causes of global environmental problems. The existing building
sector is vital in increasing energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Buildings are responsible for 30% of greenhouse
gas emissions and about 40% of energy consumption. Energy used for heating and cooling is one of the most
important causes of energy consumption in the building sector. Reducing the energy used for heating and cooling is
possible with sustainable building design. One of the most essential criteria of sustainable building design is using
passive air conditioning strategies. Traditional architecture is a crucial guide for using passive air conditioning
elements. This paper presents an architectural taxonomic proposal for passive cooling strategies used in traditional
architecture in hot and dry climate areas of the globe. The aim is to facilitate and simplify access to all cooling
strategies and provide a guide for their adaptation to modern architecture. A total of 55 passive cooling strategies were
identified in the research. Within the taxonomic proposal's scope, the strategy was first divided into four groups:
settlement scale, building scale, space scale, and building environment scale, depending on the usage criteria. Then,
this grouping was split into 16 subgroups. A taxonomic proposal was created by considering the intended use of the
identified strategies. The findings indicate that although traditional architecture in hot and dry climates primarily
focuses on heat protection and heat dissipation is also highly utilized. It has been determined that thermal insulation,
shading and natural ventilation cooling strategies come to the fore. In addition, it has been determined that
approximately 50% of the strategies used for cooling purposes are related to thermal insulation, shading, and natural
ventilation. The taxonomic proposal guides modern adaptations in the built environment by combining traditional
passive design strategies and simplifying their use. It can also be adapted to different climates and contribute to
creating new modern building design guidelines.
Keywords: hot and dry climate, traditional architecture, passive cooling systems, taxonomic proposal.
1. Introduction
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2. Material and Method
2.1 Material
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Solar and heat protection:
Heat dissipation:
Earth cooling:
Natural ventilation cooling:
Evaporative cooling:
Radiative cooling:
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2.1 Method
3. Results of analysis and synthesis
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3.1 Settlement Scale
3.1.1 Settlement form:
Shading:
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Thermal insulation:
Natural ventilation cooling: In traditional architecture with hot and dry climates, streets were generally
narrow and high in the north-south direction. This usage ensured that the streets were usually shaded.
The junctions of the streets receive more solar radiation, while the narrow side streets have a higher
shading ratio. This temperature difference between the streets creates a pressure difference and thus
provides ventilation and cooling (Fernandes & Da Silva, 2007; Kamal, 2014).
3.2 Building scale
3.2.1 Building form
Building orientation:
3.2.2 Landscape design
Use of water element:
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Plant use:
3.3 Space scale
3.3.1 Sunken building
Underground buildings with a courtyard:
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Earth berned space
Earth-berned and one side open space
3.3.2 Semi-open spatial emptines
• Courtyards provide shading by blocking solar radiation on hot summer days (Algburi & Beyhan,
• The working principle of courtyards for ventilation and cooling depends on air movements.
During the daytime, the courtyard air, heated by the interior spaces and direct solar radiation,
rises and is expelled towards nighttime, while the cold air outside settles in the courtyard. The
settled cold air is used to cool the surrounding rooms the next day (Algburi & Beyhan, 2019;
Almatarneh, 2013; Edwards, Brian; Sibley, Magda; Hakmi, Mohammad; Land, 2006; Fathy,
1986; Koch-Nielsen, 2007; Mohamed, 2015; Reda Abdallah et al., 2020)
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• The courtyards provide thermal insulation as they are the buffer zone between the space and the
external environment.
• Evaporative cooling is also provided in the integration of courtyards with water. An example of
this is the use of a pool in the courtyard or wetting the floor (Fig. 11) (Erdemir, 2014; Hailu et
al., 2021)
Figure 11. Use of the courtyard design for cooling purposes (Edited by the authors)
Similar to the courtyard, the iwan was used for shading, insulation and ventilated cooling.
•
•
•
•
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•
•
3.3.3 Closed space emptiness
3.3.4 Closed spatial overhang
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3.3.5 Courtyard-street connection space
3.3.6 Open spatial overhang
In the traditional architecture of hot and dry climates, gezemek and balconies can be defined as open
spatial overhang due to their form. While the use of balconies is directly related to the indoor space,
2011; Güleç et al., 2006). Balconies and gezemek were used for cooling in hot climates (Izadyar et al.,
2020; Zhong et al., 2022). Generally used on the upper floors, these spaces also provide shading for the
lower floors (Fernandes et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2023; Pourvahidi & Ozdeniz, 2013).
3.3.7 Spatial Positioning
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3.4 Building envelope
3.4.1 Fenestration
Form of openings:
Overhangs:
Opening type:
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Figure 18. Use of wall openings for cooling a) dariche principle of operation, b) surak principle of
operation, c) skylight and claustrum principle of operation (Edited by authors)
Roof openings provide ventilation depending on the buoyancy effect. During the night, cold air from
the outdoor space can settle into the indoor space due to the reverse buoyancy effect. During the daytime,
the air heated indoors rises and is expelled (Bahadori & Haghighat, 1985; A. Heidari et al., 2017;
Mohamed, 2015; Özdeniz et al., 1998; Reda Abdallah et al., 2020; Shaikhli & Shafie, 2020; Singh et
al., 2011). Roof openings have been used differently in different regions depending on the type and form
of use. The "a yi wang" used in the Uyghur, Gansu and Ningxia regions of China (Liu et al., 2006; Xuan
& Lv, 2017), the "chebbek" used in the M'zab region of Algeria (Aydeniz & Fellahi, 2019; Bensayah et
al., 2019), "khishkhan" in Yazd, Iran (Sahebzadeh et al., 2017) and "kolak" in Sistan (A. Heidari et al.,
2017) (Fig. 19).
Figure 19. Use of roof openings a) A yi wang, b) Chebbek, c) Khishkhan, d) Kolak (Edited by the
authors)
Glass type: Glass coated with colored and various patterns provides insulation in traditional architecture.
In this method, the interior space is prevented from being exposed to direct radiation due to the glass,
thus providing indoor heat protection (Daneshpanah & Mousavizade, 2010; Germanà et al., 2015;
Hosseini et al., 2020; Lavafpour & Surat, 2011; Moossavi, 2011; Sowers, 2021).
3.4.2 Wall
Protruding wall:
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Thick wall:
3.4.3 Roof
Flat roof:
Mahtabi:
Multi-level ceiling:
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3.4.4 Material
3.4.5 Incorporate passive cooling systems
Wind catcher:
Mashrabiya:
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Jali:
Kharkhona:
4. Evaluation and Dicsussion
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Stratejiler
Heat protection
Heat dissipation
Shading
Insulation
Earth
cooling
Natural
ventilation
Evaporative
cooling
Radyant
cooling
Settlement
unit scale
Compakt urban design
Building
scale
Landscape
design
Water usage
Plant usage
Building form
Space scale
Sunken
building
Underground
building
With a courtyard
Earth-bermed space
Earth-bermed and one-side open
space
Spatial positioning
Sunken space
Basement
Havuzhane
Serdab
Semi-open
spatial
Emptiness
Courtyard
Courtyard on the
ground surface
Sunken couryard
Iwan
Takhtabush
Closed spatial
emptiness
Qa'a
Open spatial
overhang
Gezemek
Balcony
Close spatial
overhang
Upper floor space
Courtyard-street connection
spaces
Hashti
Koridor
Dalan
Zaguan
Building
envelope
scale
Fenestration
Form
Overhangs
Horizontal and
vertical sun shades
Shutter
Withdrawl
Upper cover of the
courtyard
Tabeshband
Roof eaves
Opening type
Top window
Surak
Dariche
Claustrum
Kolak
Khishkan
Chebbek
A yi wang
Glass
Coloured glass
Wall
Protruding wall
Thick wall
Roof
Earthen pottery
Double roof
Vault and dome
Heigh ceiling
Multi-level ceiling
Low ceiling
Flat roof
Mahtabi
Material
Reflective material
Incorporate
passive
cooling
systems
Wind catcher
Mashrabiya
Jali
Kharkhona
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5. Conclusion
The present study analyzes the purpose, form, and interrelationships of passive cooling strategies used in traditional
architecture with hot and dry climates. In this context, a taxonomic proposal is presented. The main aim is to simplify
the usage characteristics of passive cooling strategies used in traditional architecture with hot and dry climates and to
facilitate inspiration for interpreting their modern versions. Combining and simplifying these strategies will help
understand their use and priorities in contemporary architecture.
In the study, all strategies are categorized into four main groups: settlement scale, building scale, space scale, and
building environment scale. The identified strategies were subdivided into subgroups depending on their use, and
their intended use was determined. Many passive design strategies have been developed for indoor cooling in
traditional architecture with hot and dry climates. These strategies have been applied at different scales according to
the type and purpose of use. Although the scales are different, most of them work in conjunction with each other. In
addition, the strategies are usually designed for more than one purpose. Heat protection is at the forefront of this
climate architecture, and heat dissipation is utilized extensively. In this context, natural ventilation, cooling, shading,
and insulation come to the fore. The strategies used for these purposes are interrelated. In this study, combining
traditional passive design strategies is a guide for modern adaptations. The following recommendations can be
presented for sustainable building design in this context.
Acknowledgment
Declaration of Competing Interest
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