... While few studies have focused on the processing of established loanwords, some insight on their processing can be gained from the plethora of work examining cross-language interaction in bilinguals at the lexical level. One finding that seems to be indisputable in the bilingual literature is that the two languages of a bilingual are always active (Dijkstra, Grainger, & van Heuven, 1999;Thierry & Wu, 2007;Lagrou, Hartsuiker, & Duyck, 2011;Goldrick, Putnam, & Schwartz, 2016, among many others) and influence each other during production and comprehension (Hartsuiker, Pickering, & Veltkamp, 2004;Schoonbaert, Hartsuiker, & Pickering, 2007;Linck, Kroll, & Sunderman, 2009;Torres Cacoullos & Travis, 2015;Travis, Torres Cacoullos, & Kidd, 2017). At the lexical level, this crosslanguage interaction has been demonstrated via priming (translation, semantic, and orthographic), in interlingual homographs, and -of particular importance to the present study -cognates. ...