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e-ISSN 2080-6922, ISSN 0867-5856
Turyzm/Tourism
2024, 34/1
Suzanna Ratih Saria , Fadhil Muhammadb , Muhammad Fariz Hilmyc
a Diponegoro University (Semarang, Indonesia), Architectural Engineering, Department of Engineering;
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9574-9254; e-mail: ratihsaris@yahoo.com
b Diponegoro University (Semarang, Indonesia), Architectural Engineering, Department of Engineering;
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0651-8869, e-mail: fadheel.muhammad@gmail.com
c Diponegoro University (Semarang, Indonesia), Architectural Engineering, Department of Engineering;
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8279-083X; e-mail: farizhilmym@gmail.com
How to cite (APA style):
Turyzm/Tourism, 34
The development of tourism in recent decades has been
heavily influenced by the development of society as
a whole. The rise of industrial society turned tourism
into a mass leisure activity, while globalization and post-
modernisation have created an increasingly fragmented,
individualized and diverse field of tourism supply and
motives and trends that are favoured by the demand
side and these are implemented in the product offers
to understand current trends in the tourism industry
relevant as unpredictable. Where they exist, they do so
for specific sites or tours, and their overall significance
in the tourism industry is still difficult to measure.
Our work contributes to some tourism forecasts
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to explain the implementation of ecotourism and the humanist
(eco-humanist) perspective in the tour ism space of Grand Maerakaca. This researc h has
used qualitative methods to explore issues related to these concepts as implemented
in Grand Maerakaca. Observations and interviews with tourists from various
demographic segments were conducted to get information related to their ability to
access ecotourism spaces. The results show that not all tourist providers in Grand
Maerakaca implement the eco-humanist concept such as shown by the absence of local
community participation and the empowerment of vulnerable groups. Besides, some
tourist paths are inaccessible and dangerous for older tourists and children. Some of
analyzed using descriptive analysis techniques to obtain a perspective related to eco-
humani st implementation in Grand Maerakaca. T he output of this researc h is to suggest
forms of th is implementation in tourist spaces in Grand Maerakaca that can accommodate
all tourists and can increase tourist visits.
KEYWORDS
eco-humanist tourism, design implementation, tourist space, tourist destination
ARTICLE INFORMATION DETAILS
Received:
24 October 2023
Accepted:
23 January 2024
Published:
22 May 2024
Turyzm/Tourism 2024, 34/132
and new trends where tourism governance is a vital
component of the global tourism system (Patiño et al.,
a positive impact (such as the development of society
and technology), but also negatively (including the
economic crisis, global warming, climate change,
respond to these changes in a proactive way, with
the aim of achieving and maintaining a competitive
Many factors must be considered for the tourism
industry to be competitive such as management of
and convenience. Many tourist destinations are
successful, but not a few fail and eventually close due
to tourist inconvenience and dissatisfaction (Sari et al.,
accommodation, service and quality, price and value,
cleanliness, destination image, information accessibility
or lack of disabled friendly infrastructure (Aliman
or perceived value related to the enjoyment of the
experience have not been achieved (Durie & Kebede,
tourist managers to brand their destinations using
certain themes: cultural, heritage, dark, religious,
medical and many more; to provide travel products
with the careful planning of tourist space, a tourist
One tourist destination that is of concern to
researchers and an example of such issues is Grand
Maerakaca in Semarang, Indonesia. Located on an area
However, the popularity of educational tourism did not
to compete with other similar tourist destinations
Grand Maerakaca re-branded by adding several tourist
visits, including mangrove tourism, water tricycles,
are not fully optimal, and this is due to the lack of
tourism concept planning or the implementation
of a mature tourist space design concept. The amount of
research that has been done at Grand Maerakaca is
mostly about tourism management, the economic value
of tourism sites and the quality of tourism services
been no research that explains the quality of tourist
areas seen from the implementation of the design
of tourism architectural concepts. From the many
concepts, researchers introduce the perspective of
eco-humanism to be able to assess the implementation
of tourist space design from aspects of ecology and
humanist architecture. The eco-humanist tourism
perspective provides an understanding that a tourist
needs is met without harming the environment, society,
culture or the economy of the tourist destination (Sari
the northern coastal area of Java, with the availability of
out which tourist space design aspects inconvenience
tourists and ultimately make them reluctant to visit
again. Therefore, this study was conducted to explain
the implementation of tourist space design in Grand
Maerakaca seen from an eco-humanist perspective.
To understand how to create a good tourist space
according to the needs and preferences of tourists, it
is important for managers to know the characteristics
of those who come to tourist destinations that have
experienced a decrease in visits. By determining
the satisfaction of specific desires, preferences and
needs, managers can reveal the social, economic
and psychological motives characteristic of tourists
important to analyse these individual differences to
identify the appropriate and most profitable market
generation has its own characteristics. Millennial tourists
tend to be very selective in considering whether a tourist
are self-referencing rather than referring to guidance
They also influence other tourists with the photos they
Arcles 33
about other tourists’ experiences through online media
that tourist preferences can be used to highlight the
advantages possessed by these destinations so that
tourists have the desire to make another visit and
solicitations and testimonials from promoted tourist
selected by millennial tourists which are exploratory
and challenging. However, this does not reduce senior
tourists’ motivation to plan their trips personally
physically healthy and there are those with disabilities
addition to senior and millennial tourist segments, there
at present tourist supply is still incomplete and varies
tourists with disabilities also need to be studied in
order to understand their preferences and needs when
the law on disabilities (Undang-undang [UU]
central and local governments must ensure that those
with disabilities have access to cultural and tourism
services. Thus, all individuals, both with special needs
or without, are entitled to the same tourism services.
The needs of tourists with special needs cannot
be equated with general tourists. But it should be
underlined that this is not about creating separate
services for the disabled in the tourism destination but
having a design that is integrated and more inclusive
to create a universal tourist space for all visitors. In
Indonesia itself, there are already regulations regarding
technical guidelines for facilities and accessibility in
buildings and surrounding environment (Regulation of
which outline the minimum standard in a building,
including the amount of space, pedestrian paths,
parking areas, doors, ramps, stairs, toilets etc. With
the existence of these tourism supporting facilities,
at the right standard, a tourist destination will be
enjoyed by all tourists, both those with special needs
and those without. Thus, tourist satisfaction will be
achieved because it meets the quality of service and
expectations are not met and the quality of service is
below the standard, the customer will be disappointed
and may leave the service provider and maybe pass on
The eco-humanist concept is a combination of two
different ones, namely ecology and humanism. These
two are defined as a conceptual framework in which
equal attention is paid to human and ecological
Eco-humanism is a new paradigm that connects
people, the environment and sustainability (Sari et al.,
nature in every way to maintain tourist destination
sustainability for generations to come. This paradigm
is not only a general ideological doctrine but also a field
of constructive innovation. It is used to discuss
a tourist destination in terms of architecture, and to
see tourist spaces as formed by humans in a nature-
be considered to see if humans are wise in making
decisions about the development of destinations.
More clearly, this concept explains the relationship
between tourist products that prioritize nature as their
attraction and do not cause negative impacts, with
design products that place human elements as part of
universal design. Meanwhile, ecotourism and humanist
architecture are two things that cannot be separated
because they have an essential role in designing
tourism architecture. The principle of both concepts
then results in environmentally friendly tourism
development designed to humanize people, hence all
market segments can enjoy the design of the destination.
‘Eco’ in eco-humanist is not only widely translated
as natural environment (ecology), but devoted to the
environment in tourist areas (ecotourism). Ecology as
the main element of ecotourism is a branch of biology
that studies the interactions between living things
and also with the surrounding environment (Anggara,
environmentally friendly tourism (Grenier et al.,
development concept that provides for the present needs
both of tourists and the regions visited, and at the same
time protects and ensures equal opportunity for the
support for ecotourism development and perceptions of
its positive impact by the local community is essential
by empowering them so that they can gain tourism
income and contribute to sustainability (Angessa et al.,
rural areas dominated by nature rather than human
activity and it has a huge potential as a concept to develop
tourist activities due to its nature-oriented characteristics.
Turyzm/Tourism 2024, 34/134
In accommodating ecotourism activities, it needs
to be balanced with humanist concepts that are in
accordance with applicable standards and principles,
so that the spaces created can facilitate all kinds of
tourists, including the disabled. Humanism is the
principle of unconditional equality regarding
the worth and dignity of all people regardless of
approach brings a positive impact by improving the
giving aesthetic and cultural value it will provide
the value beyond the environment itself (Scerri et al.,
in providing infrastructure to enable tourists to reach
the desired destination and, once there, accommodation
in being able to realize the theme or tourism concept
into a spatial tourism design that is in accordance with
standards and does not undermine its principles. It has
local population. Therefore, humanist concepts can
also play a crucial role in tourist activities (Zlopaša
cultural preservation, community participation, eco-
groups. And there are seven principles in the humanist
concept adapted from the concept of universal design
explains the principle of universal design applied to
ecotourism, thereby ensuring a tourist destination
that is intended for all (both human beings and
aspects as well as the properly facilitating the needs of
tourists. This will have an impact on the satisfaction
and loyalty of tourists to come and visit the tourist
eco-humanist tourism architecture, a positive impact on
tourist destinations needs to be obtained without
harming nature, society or culture. The long term goal
is the sustainability of the destination making a good
impression with a mature and consistent concept.
To achieve sustainable tourism, a tourist destination
sustainable development, namely meeting current
needs and providing for the those of future generations
is tourism that takes full account of current and
future economic, social and environmental impacts,
responding to the needs of visitors, the (tourism)
industry, the environment and the host community
consists of three pillars, namely environmental,
economic and social, which are then synergized
with the principles of eco-humanist architecture and
expressed into four tourism components. By balancing
all aspects, there will be a very healthy reciprocity
between humans and the environment because their
needs, both tourists and tourism organizers, are
met and the environment is not damaged due to the
development of tourism destinations. Other impacts
will certainly follow, such as increased community
welfare and a well-maintained destination environment.
Designing tourist destinations based on eco-humanist
architecture will also help the community to expand
tourist market segments, not only millennial tourists
but all social groups can enjoy destinations. In this
way, the sustainability of these tourism activities can
continue and the goals of sustainability can be met, as
long as the destinations keep the four components of
tourism in good condition and maintained.
This study uses a qualitative method to explore
and explain phenomena related to the concept design
implemented in tourist destinations in dialogue with the
results of observations of an eco-humanist architectural
perspective. Grand Maerakaca was selected as a case
Figure 1. Universal design principles applied to ecotourism
Source: Sari et al. (2022b)
Arcles 35
study because it is the one and only educational-park
themed tourist destination in Semarang. As mentioned
in the introduction, this destination has made various
have not been fully optimal because researchers can
see that there are aspects missed by developers, such as
humanist aspects or a universal design that should have
become an obligation in a tourist destination. Likewise,
impact because there are several details that also need
to be considered. These aspects, if considered optimally,
of tourists to come because their recreational needs
have been accommodated. Thus, tourist visits in Grand
Maerakaca would increase.
The researchers bring the variables of ecotourism
Firstly, we observe the physical condition of the area
tourist spaces used. Secondly, we identify the design
concept implemented in each of these spaces. Thirdly,
we interview some informants using purposive
sampling, including tourists from various demographic
segments ranging from parents and adults to teenagers.
on whether the required information has been
obtained or not. Some of the open-ended questions
that will be asked are about convenience and the
complaints of tourists in accessing tourist spaces to
know whether they can accommodate tourist needs
or not. The result of observation and interview will
regarding the implementation of eco-humanist tourism.
Documentation of daily activities and environmental
conditions is also used as supporting data to examine
obtained from books, journals and relevant agencies.
Data was also obtained from a literature review related
to geographical conditions.
analysis techniques, namely explaining the true
conditions of tourism space design implementation that
currently occur with some dialogue between relevant
tourist destinations and from other perspectives to see
implementation of tourist space design based on aspects
of eco-humanist architecture. Discussions related to
sustainability will also be an output of this research
because the purpose of creating destinations is
to synergize economic, social and environmental
aspects. If any of these three aspects are not met, there
will be no sustainability. In the end, the destination will
never be in demand by tourists and end up by closing
permanently. Thus, the results will be a solution that can
be realized by Grand Maerakaca so that sustainability
Grand Maerakaca is an educationally-themed tourist
This destination was adapted from an earlier
educationally-themed destination in Jakarta, named
Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, which was built in
tourists at that time. As with Taman Mini Indonesia
Indah, Grand Maerakaca provides several tourist
attractions in the form of education on types of Javanese
traditional houses along with their characteristics and
can also see the results of the industry and handicrafts
produced by each region, so they can learn about the
diversity of local culture and creativity from all regions
are also displayed in miniature such as the iconic satay
stall representing Blora Regency and a replica of the
Great Mosque of Demak representing Demak Regency
ecotourism, Grand Maerakaca has implemented
cultural preservation in the form of regional traditional
houses along with their art and uniqueness. But such
Figure 2. Research process
Source: authors
Turyzm/Tourism 2024, 34/136
tourist attractions are not in demand by tourists
because they are considered ancient and only to be
seen as in a museum. There is no authentic experience
or ‘thick’ culture in each building that can be felt by
tourists so that tourist satisfaction and interest in Grand
Maerakaca is not so great.
At the beginning of the construction of Grand
Maerakaca, this tourist destination could indeed be
categorized as culture-based educational tourism
culture in the form of traditional houses and art. But
along with the development of the times, Grand
such as miniature foreign cities, a suspension bridge
and culinary tours. In addition, there are several
rental, costume rental for photos, and tourist trains
the Grand Maerakaca destination and began to be
in the previous decade had begun to decline. These
of ecotourism where the purpose of forming tourist
space is to have an impact on the economy of the
design of these spaces is not authentic and original,
and thus uninteresting.
namely mangrove trail tourism. The geographical
condition of the Grand Maerakaca area on the coast
leads to the natural growth of mangrove forests. The
area that is conserved and developed into mangrove
Semarang itself, there is no other mangrove tourism.
The design of the trail brings to tourists an experience
This tourist route is used as access for managers to care
for the mangroves. There is also quite a large lake that
functions as a view and photo spot, while reducing
the heat in the surrounding area. There are boats of
various shapes that can be rented by visitors. This
natural preservation in the area and the environmental
conservation principles of ecotourism have been well
pursued in Grand Maerakaca. Mangrove tourism has
Source: S.R. Sari, 2023
Source: S.R. Sari, 2023
Arcles 37
Semarang, so tourists tend to choose Grand Maerakaca
for their mangrove tourism experience.
The establishment of tourist spaces in Grand
Maerakaca is entirely the authority of the provider
company, PT Pusat Rekreasi dan Promosi Pembanguna n
from tourist managers, there is no role for local
communities involved in the formation of tourist
elite housing. There is not much that can be done by
the local community because the development of the
tourist area is fully managed by the private sector
and stakeholders. This is not in line with ecotourism
principles which apply the principle of community
participation. Similarly with regards to the principle of
empowering vulnerable groups, for instance the elderly.
As for involving external parties, namely traders to
sell their food in the food court area, this did not last
long because Grand Maerakaca became increasingly
quiet and there were no buyers, therefore the traders
did not extend their contracts. These traders prefer to
trade outside the Grand Maerakaca area because they
feel there is more potential to invite customers than
but from another area that is quite far from Grand
Maerakaca, so there are not many tourist spaces formed
due to community participation or empowerment.
The tourist space formed in Grand Maerakaca
cannot be separated from the planning concept or
themes raised by developers and owners of tourist
destinations. Theme in tourism may refer to any
unique feature of a destination that would create
a foundation for tourism product development
thematic tourism to develop new products, focusing
on various consumer segments in order to expand
interest such as entertainment, a physical activity,
an interest in a particular subject, or a particular
shows, stunts, animal shows, Broadway-type musicals,
puppet shows, parades, street performances and so
then be raised starting from ecotourism, agrotourism,
barrier-free tourism, and many more, and elaborated
Source: S.R. Sari, 2023
Source: S.R. Sari, 2023
Turyzm/Tourism 2024, 34/138
with the desired form of architectural design. By
visitors will spend time, a business can create bonds
raising themes in a tourist destination is to show its
uniqueness, which hopefully can contribute to socio-
economic development, local livelihood improvement
There have been many changes in Grand Maerakaca in
terms of tourist attractions, tourist facilities, accessibility
and management. It is necessary to study further each
component of this space as it relates to an aspect of
Grand Maerakaca was created for the family tourist
segment which consists of parents and children. When
viewed in terms of accessibility, tourist trails in Grand
Maerakaca are designed with many branches and no
This is intended to let tourists choose their desired
attraction. However, some segments of tourists are
less able to understand this kind of accessibility. Most
senior visitors are confused about which path to choose
can freely explore and choose any tourist path. Thus,
Grand Maerakaca does not fully embrace the principle
of simple and intuitive use where tourists should easily
understand the form of tourist space regardless of age,
Excellence in Universal Design, n.d.).
branching paths have the potential to make senior
tourists feel exhausted. Thus, Grand Maerakaca has
in its space design, because tourists should be able
to move in destinations without having to spend
Universal Design, n.d.). In addition to tourist trails, the
implementation of steps and ramps that are too steep
Although the ramp is a form of implementation of
the equitable use principle where the design should
Excellence in Universal Design, n.d.), implementation
in Grand Maerakaca meets the universal requirement
only of design, namely by adding wooden boards above
the steps. In addition, the ramp slope is considered too
steep for someone who uses his/ her own wheelchair
without the assistance of others and not according to
ramp standards from the regulations of the Indonesian
Minister of Public Works on technical guidelines
for facilities and accessibility in buildings and the
environment (Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum dan
Perumahan Rakyat
In addition to being steep, the steps are not equipped
climbing or descending. Though railings are a form
of universal implementation of design to facilitate
Excellence in Universal Design, n.d.). This can be seen
not only on the steps, but also on the mangrove tourist
Figure 7. Branch on the tourist route at Grand Maerakaca
Source: photo of information board in Grand Maerakaca
S.R. Sari, 2023
of the Republic of Indonesia (Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat, 2006) (in the right side)
Source: S.R. Sari, 2023
Arcles 39
path and food court area directly adjacent to the lake
because they are free to walk and even sit on the banks
of the lake. However, for senior tourists and children,
this is quite dangerous because there are no restrictions
or safeguards for them. Thus, in addition to not fully
is not tolerant of any error because a tourist destination
should be designed safely and be harmless to its users
Grand Maerakaca does not fully apply the principle
of perceptible information either, because although
the area is equipped with information boards and
tourists. Unlike visitors who have special needs, they
need certain markers for wheelchairs, and tactile or
other elements to provide directions through easy
Universal Design, n.d.). Grand Maerakaca applies
tactile information but only in front of the entrance and
a destination must also be able to accommodate tourists
that these people still have free space even when in
because the dimensions of trails, gathering points and
along paths using the same space, both for those
with wheelchairs and those who walk normally (see
When viewed from the aspects of eco-humanist
tourism, Grand Maerakaca has not been fully
optimal for tourism activities based on environmental
or barrier between the land and the lake
Source: S.R. Sari, 2023
to accommodate large numbers of tourists (in the right)
Source: S.R. Sari, 2023
Turyzm/Tourism 2024, 34/140
friendliness and human convenience, thus affecting
Maerakaca has a decreasing the number of visitors
because the experience and satisfaction of tourists are
neglected. It is important for a destination to evaluate
the disadvantages and advantages of various aspects
in terms of service, availability of tourist attractions,
effectiveness of such attractions, design of tourist
spaces and other things that affect tourist satisfaction.
It is also important for a tourist destination to have
a mature concept which is the parent or foundation
What happened at Grand Maerakaca was that the
concept raised was inconsistent with the form of design,
cultural, natural and artificial tourism are all present
at Grand Maerakaca but are not well integrated with
each other. The innovations created are not based on
careful planning or design, so the tourist space created
remains unattractive to tourists.
destinations began to emerge with fresher and more
contemporary concepts, and of course an integrated
implementation of tourist space design. One example
is seen in the tourist destination of Dusun Semilir,
Semarang-Indonesia. This tourist destination, which
the implementation of the tourist space design correctly
conducted research related to the implementation
of the eco-humanist concept in Dusun Semilir and
almost all principles have been implemented although
there are still some points that are not optimal such
as the application of ramp and step designs that are too
steep. Dusun Semilir continues to innovate to create
of the design is in line with the main concept so that
tourist spaces are aligned and integrated with the theme
tourist destinations of choice for tourists because it
understands the character of its tourists, their needs
and the prospects or projections for future tourism so
that sustainability is maintained.
Tourist destination design is an aspect that is also as
important for management. Without the architecture,
a destination will not be grasped by tourists, similarly
without careful management planning, a tourist
space with any form of interactive architecture will
have no function and die. For this reason, it is important
for managers to collaborate with experts in various
destinations, accommodate the needs of tourists, and
to unconsciously be recommended to others. Therefore,
the supply (tourist space) provided must be in line with
demand (tourist needs). Humans themselves have four
basic needs: physiological, security, belonging and
love, and self-esteem and self-actualization (Maslow,
by tourist destinations, but at least the basic needs
should be, such as the need for food, rest and security.
Furthermore, other needs are gradually being met, such
as togetherness and creative experiences. These needs
tailored to the segment of tourists who come, ranging
from children to the elderly.
The demand or needs of tourists are aligned with the
eco-humanist concept and realized in environmentally-
friendly and humanist tourist spaces. Architecture
in accordance with applicable rules, but still prioritizes
aesthetic principles. Architectural content that can
includes the design, sourcing and selection of building
a comprehension of humanity, the transformation of
natura l elements, complementar ity between a rchitect ures
the tourist area has a unique architectural style, it should
Source: S.R. Sari, 2022
Arcles 41
understand the local folk customs. Grand Maerakaca
not found by tourists at Grand Maerakaca. It is similar
with the selection of building materials. These should
tourist area, and construction and maintenance. This
should not only be concerned for the construction
period; instead, it should be integrated overall to achieve
real ecological environmentally-friendly construction.
The implementation of eco-humanist-based
destination design must be aligned with the principles of
tourism architecture, not only applying the principles
of ecotourism and universal design, but the synergy of
one tourist space with another needs to be considered.
The role of architects is important here so that the
design of the tourist space created does not seem
stakeholders is also important considering that the
biggest challenge in tourism development in Grand
to architecture, it is also important to understand trends
and predict future tourist preferences without losing
identity or character. Because what happened in Grand
Maerakaca was that cha nges in communit y trends caused
the disappearance of regional culture, and this has led to
changes in architectural styles in Grand Maerakaca. The
growth of modern architecture indicates that there is
a lack of cultural pride in communities toward their
own culture. Therefore, it is important for a destination
to understand the concept of tourism architecture before
Grand Maerakaca does not fully implement the eco-
humanist concept in each of its tourist spaces. There
are several principles that are not fulfilled such as
the absence of local community participation and
community empowerment. The goal to increase
economic benefits is also not fulfilled because the
attractions provided do not attract tourist interest. In
addition to the principle of ecotourism, the principle
of universal design is also less respected, as a result
there are still many tourist trails that are inaccessible
and dangerous for senior tourists or children. Eco-
humanist principles are also not in line with the
principles of tourism architecture where the design of
one attraction with another is not in line with the main
concept. Lack of cooperation with relevant stakeholders
can also be a reason for the lack of implementation
of tourist destinations with mature concepts. Grand
Maerakaca needs to evaluate the shortcomings and
develop a mature destination so that the design
implementation will be in line with the concept raised.
The eco-humanist concept can be a benchmark that
Grand Maerakaca could use to develop, because its
tourism potential can be enhanced with the eco-
humanist concept to become an environmentally-
friendly, community-based, accessible destination for
all segments, and beneficial for tourism operators.
Grand Maerakaca is one of the many educational-
park themed destinations in Indonesia that currently
do not succeed. However, from it we can understand
that to become a successful destination requires various
economics and the natural environment. By studying
these three, it is hoped that the sustainability of a tourist
destination will continue to be maintained for the next
generation. Grand Maerakaca has experienced its
tipping point, and it is hoped that with development it
will be able to restore itself to its former glory,
along with the achievement of sustainability goals. This
contributes to research related to ecotourism, humanist
architecture and universal design. Tourism as part
of architecture should accommodate activities safely
and conveniently regardless of the background of the
tourists. By accommodating this, the quality of the area
research is limited to observation and literature studies
related to Grand Maerakaca, the ecotourism concept,
and humanist architecture. Further research related to
the eco-humanist concept with other research methods
is needed to complete the results of this study.
Acknowledgments
The author expresses gratitude to all parties who
have helped in completing this study, especially to
Diponegoro University which has funded this research.
Also, the management of Grand Maerakaca and related
informants who have assisted in data collection.
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