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Household and Death in Ba`jaHousehold and Death in Ba`ja 22
Death in Ba`jaDeath in Ba`ja
Sepulchral Identity andSepulchral Identity and
Symbolism in an Early Symbolism in an Early
Neolithic Community of theNeolithic Community of the
Transjordanian HighlandsTransjordanian Highlands
edited by edited by
Marion BenzMarion Benz
Julia GreskyJulia Gresky
Christoph Purschwitz Christoph Purschwitz
Hans Georg K. GebelHans Georg K. Gebel
bibliotheca neolithica Asiae meridionalis et occidentalisbibliotheca neolithica Asiae meridionalis et occidentalis
ex orienteex oriente, Berlin (2023) , Berlin (2023)
bibliotheca neolithica Asiae meridionalis et occidentalis
Editors-in-Chief:
Hans Georg K. Gebel
Gary O. Rollefson
Managing editor of this volume:
Marion Benz
Household and Death in Ba`ja 2
Death in Ba`ja
Sepulchral Identity and Symbolism
in an Early Neolithic Community
of the Transjordanian Highlands
edited by
Marion Benz, Julia Gresky, Christoph Purschwitz,
and Hans Georg K. Gebel
bibliotheca neolithica Asiae meridionalis et occidentalis
ex oriente, Berlin (2023)
Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek
The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie;
detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de.
This book and its cover are published under the Creative Commons Attribution
License CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0.
The electronic open access version of this work is permanently available at https://www.propylaeum.de
urn: urn:nbn:de:bsz:16-propylaeum-ebook-1224-3
doi: https://doi.org/10.11588/propylaeum.1224
Online publication by
Heidelberg University / Heidelberg University Library, 2023
Propylaeum – Specialized Information Service Classics
Grabengasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
https://www.uni-heidelberg.de/en/imprint
Print edition by
ex oriente e.V., c/o Institut für Vorderasiatische Archäologie
Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 23-25, 14195 Berlin, Germany
Book orders: www.exoriente.org/bookshop
Printed in Germany by dbusiness GmbH, Berlin
Text © 2023, the authors and ex oriente e.V., Berlin
Volume layout: F. Tourtet
Cover layout: M. Benz - Photos: H.G.K. Gebel (site panorama, mother-of-pearl pendant from Burial CG9).
ISSN 1616-9360 (bibliotheca neolithica Asiae meridionalis et occidentalis)
ISBN 978-3-944178-22-6 (print edition)
e-ISBN 978-3-96929-230-3 (PDF)
i
List of Figures x
List of Tables xix
Acknowledgements xxiii
Empirical Data and Thanatological Perspectives on Ba`ja’s Late PPNB Sepulchral
Environments: a Synthesis 1
Marion Benz, Joachim Bauer and Hans Georg K. Gebel
Introduction 1
General Methodological Reections 3
Burials as Prehistoric Archives 4
Perspectives of Research: on the Way to an Integrative Thanatoarchaeology 8
Burials as “un fait social total” 8
Through “Archéothanatologie” Back to Ritual Processes 9
Combining Social Neurosciences and Phenomenology 10
The Role of Collective Memories and Identication 11
Embodied Symbols 12
A Matter of Time 13
Summary of the Empirical Observations 14
Location of the Burials and Preparation of the Burial Grounds 14
Grave Constructions 16
Eco- and Artefacts Associated with Burials 18
Destruction and Fragmentation 30
Segregation 31
Animal Bones Associated with Burials 31
Treatment of the Corpses 32
Position and Orientation 33
Use of Fire 33
Use of Pigments and Colours 34
Noise and Sounds 35
Eorts and Time Investments 35
Assessments of the Grave Constructions and Artefacts Associated with Burials 36
Social Aliations and Mobility 38
Thanatoarchaeological Theses and Interpretations 42
Data Set 2 on Social Neurosciences 43
Data Set 3 on Human Ethology 45
Data Set 4 on the Etho-Ontological Intersection 47
Data Set 5 on Human Ontology 48
Relating Death and Life: Concluding Remarks 51
Establishing Territorial and Emotional Bonds Beyond Death: Embodied Memories and
Territories of Death 52
Transcending Linear Time Concepts of Death 53
Dening the Group 53
Table of Contents
ii
Between Assimilation and Dierentiation 53
The Impact of Burial Practices on Craft and Exchange Networks 55
Burial Rituals as Catalysts for Social Dierentiation 56
Epilogue and Outlook 57
Acknowledgements 58
References 58
“Domesticating” Death: the Burial Contexts 73
Marion Benz, Julia Gresky, Christoph Purschwitz, Hala Alarashi, Michael Schultz and Hans Georg K. Gebel
Introduction 73
Systematics of Burial Descriptions 74
Nomenclature of Burial Types and Limitations 75
Bio-Anthropological and Archaeobiological Analyses 75
Evidence on Basketry and the Use of Pigments 75
Ornaments and Other “Grave” Goods 77
Room CR5: Burials CG2 and CG3 78
CG2: Double Burial of two Subadults 78
CG3: Single Primary Burial of an Infant 83
Room CR6: Burials CG4, CG5, and CG6 86
CG4: Single Primary Burial of a Child 86
CG5 and CG6: Enigmatic Sequence of Interments 91
Room CR36.1: a Special Place for a Special Person 106
CG7: the Burial of “Jamila” 108
Room CR35: Burials CG8 and CG10 119
CG8: Another Double Burial of two Subadults 120
CG10: Extraordinary Adult Primary Burial 124
Room DR19 133
DG2: Single Primary Infant Burial 133
TU7G1: Single Primary Burial in an (Upper) Ruined Housing Area? 135
Multiple and Collective Burials 139
The Collective Burial DG1 139
The Multiple or Collective Burial CG9 in Room CR28.2 148
Deposition of Human Bones in Room CR34: the Collective Burial CG12 161
The Collective Burial CG1 in Room CR35 168
A Sequence of Collective Burials in Room CR17 176
References 191
Appendix 1 194
Appendix 2 194
Appendix 3 197
Appendix 4 199
iii
Human Remains from Areas C and D: Morphological and Palaeopathological Investigations 201
Julia Gresky
Introduction 201
Materials 201
Methods 205
Results 205
Representation, Preservation, and Surface Composition 205
Black and Red Staining, Presence of Crystals, Rodent Gnawing Marks, and Plant
Root Etching 207
Age and Sex Prole 207
Non-Metric Traits 208
Pathological Changes 209
Discussion 215
Taphonomy 215
Age and Sex Prole 217
Non-Metric Traits 217
Pathological Changes 218
Summary and Outlook 221
Acknowledgements 221
References 222
Appendix 1: Catalogue 227
Non-Metric Traits of Deciduous and Permanent Dentitions of Ten Non-Adult
Individuals from Area C 261
Julia S. Krauß, Jan E.W. Gresky and Julia Gresky
Introduction 261
Material and Methods 261
Results 263
Frequencies of Non-Metric Traits of the Deciduous and Permanent Dentitions 263
Detecting Possible Biological Relationships 263
Discussion 266
Outlook 267
References 268
Appendix 1 270
Appendix 2 271
iv
The Archaeogenetic Evidence 273
Eirini Skourtanioti and Michal Feldman
Introduction 273
Materials and Methods 275
Sampling and Laboratory Procedures 275
Archaeological and Anthropological Context of Analysed Individuals 277
In Silico Analyses 277
In Silico Analyses (Uniparental Haplogroups) 279
Results and Discussion 279
Quality Assessment of the Recovered Genomes 279
Population History 279
Sex Determination, Genetic Kinship, and Consanguinity 281
References 284
Local People or Masked Mobility: Results of Strontium Isotope Analysis of Human Teeth 291
Corina Knipper, Julia Gresky and Marion Benz
Introduction 291
Material and Methods 292
Methodological Background 293
Sample Preparation and Analyses 294
Results 294
Discussion 297
Variations Among Households (Micro-Level) 300
Regional Variations (Macro-Level) 302
Concluding Notes and Prospects 303
Acknowledgements 304
References 305
Histotaphonomy Report 309
Scott D. Haddow
Introduction 309
Material and Methods 310
Results 312
Sample a1 from Burial DG2, Loc. DR19:110 312
Samples a2-b1 from Burial CG8, Loc. C10:405 Individual I and Individual II 313
Sample a3 (Right Radius) and b2 (Right Ulna) from Burial CG6, Loc. CR6:41a 314
Sample a4 from Burial CG4, Loc. CR6:48 315
Sample a5 from Burial CG3, Loc. CR5:49a 316
Samples b3-b4 from Burial CG5,
Loc. CR6:23a/ b, Individuals I-II 317
Sample b5 from Burial CG7, Loc. C1:46 318
Discussion 319
Conclusions 320
v
Acknowledgements 320
References 320
Evidence for the Use of Baskets, Mats, and Painted Plaster from a Double Child Burial 325
Nicole Reifarth, Ursula Drewello and Rainer Drewello
Introduction 325
Material and Methods 325
Results 326
Clay Plaster Type 1 326
Clay Plaster Type 2 330
Lime Plaster Type 1 330
Lime Plaster Type 2 330
Discussion 333
Technology of Basketry and Matting 333
Pigments and Plaster Associated with Basketry and Matting in Burial Contexts 335
Future Perspectives 337
Conclusion 338
Acknowledgements 338
References 338
The Use of Red Pigments: Colour-Coded Territories 341
Hans Georg K. Gebel
Introduction 341
In General 341
Ethological and Ontological Dimensions of Colours 342
Transculturality of Red 344
Colours in Ba`ja: the Research Questions 345
Red in Ba`ja: the Material Evidence and its Archaeometry 346
Geological Evidence 346
Procurement Contexts 346
Production Contexts (Primary Pigment Processing) 347
Processing Contexts (Secondary Pigment Processing/ Colouring) 349
Building Contexts 351
Sepulchral Contexts 352
Other Colouring Contexts 358
Conclusions: Commodifying the Red in Ba`ja 359
Tangible and Intangible Living Spheres 360
Tangible and Intangible Sepulchral Spheres 363
Red’s Commodication: the Broader Societal-Deathlore Contexts 364
Neolithic Colour Research: Preparing a Prolegomenon 365
Acknowledgements 367
References 367
vi
Sepulchral Commodication: the Rituality of the Ba`ja Daggers 371
Hans Georg K. Gebel
Frameworks, General 371
Find Contexts, Chrono-Stratigraphy 372
Type and Technology, Manufacturing Areas, Comparisons 375
Biographic Stadia and Commodication Acts 383
Cultural and Ritual Contexts, Social and Symbolic Frameworks 386
Conclusions 387
Acknowledgements 389
References 389
Faunal Remains in Burial Contexts 393
Anja Prust
Introduction 393
Material and Methods 393
Results 396
Animals in Ritual Activities? 398
References 401
Appendix 1 404
Elements of Ornaments in Non-Burial Contexts: Investigations on Raw-Materials,
Production, and Use-Wear 405
Hala Alarashi
Introduction 405
Methods 406
Taxonomic and Material Determination 406
Cleaning 406
Nomenclature, Conventions, and Method of Classication 406
Documentation 407
Results 408
Organic-Based and Mineral Raw Materials 408
Forms and Types 410
Use-Wear and Display Systems 422
Denition of the Ornamental Tradition 428
Raw Materials and Types’ Choices 428
Bead-Making Activities: Skills and Technoeconomic Behaviour 429
From Object to Ornament, from Functionalities to Functions 430
vii
Conclusion 432
Acknowledgements 433
References 433
Appendix 1 436
General Contextual Evaluation of Ornamental Elements 437
Hala Alarashi and Marion Benz
Introduction 437
Material and Methods 437
Distribution of Shell Ornaments 444
Contexts of Mineral Ornaments 445
Distribution of Adornments According to Areas 446
Shell Ornaments 447
Mineral Ornaments 448
Summary and Discussion 449
Acknowledgements 452
References 453
Appendix 1 456
Results of XRF-Analyses and Thin Sections of Raw Materials from Beads 457
Melissa Gerlitzki and Manfred Martin
Introduction 457
Material and Methods 458
Results and Discussion 460
“Greenstone” Beads 460
Chemical Composition and Nomenclature of “Greenstone” Beads 461
Trace Elements of “Greenstone” Beads: Evidence of Origin 461
Limestone Beads 466
Chemical Composition and Nomenclature of Limestone Beads 466
Trace Elements of Limestone Beads: Evidence of Origin? 468
Thin Sections of Disk Beads 468
Diverse Beads 470
Classication of the Diverse Beads and Possible Sources 470
Conclusion 471
References 472
viii
“Jamila’s” Necklace: Study and Reconstruction of a Complex Ornament Found in
the Child Burial CG7 475
Hala Alarashi
Introduction 475
Observations and First Hypotheses 475
Methods 480
Excavation and Documentation 480
Identication of Raw Materials 481
Typology and Morphometry 481
Macro- and Microscopic Observations 482
Reconstruction of the Ornament 485
Results 486
Raw Materials 486
Typological Diversity, Techniques, and Use-Wear Marks 487
Morphometric Analyses 499
The Reconstruction of the Necklace 500
Discussion 507
A Bunch of Attractive Exotic and Local Raw Materials 507
Where is the Workshop? 508
Techno-Economic Investment 509
Between Cultural Choices and Regional Markers 509
Conclusion 510
References 511
The Bead Necklace from the Child’s Grave CG7: Conservation and Restoration of
an Exceptional Find 515
Alice Costes and Andrea Fischer
Introduction 515
The Finds and Their State of Preservation 516
Mother-of-Pearl Ring 516
Beads 517
Conservation 519
Mother-of-Pearl Ring 519
Beads 520
Mounting for Exhibition 522
Transport to Jordan 524
Acknowledgements 524
References 524
Appendix 1 525
ix
“Jamila’s” Grave: Consolidation and Reconstruction 527
Hussein M. al-Sababha and Mousa Serbil
The Reconstruction of the Grave 528
Outlook 530
Acknowledgements 532
References 532
Appendix 1 532
Benz M., Gresky J., Purschwitz C. and Gebel H.G.K. (eds.), Death in Ba`ja. Sepulchral Identity and Symbolism
in an Early Neolithic Community of the Transjordanian Highlands. Household and Death in Ba`ja 2.
bibliotheca neolithica Asiae meridionalis et occidentalis. 2023. Berlin: ex oriente.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.11588/propylaeum.1224
Acknowledgements
Volume 2 of the transdisciplinary 3-year
project, Household and Death in Ba`ja, is one
of three volumes in the nal publication of the
project, which was initiated by Hans Georg K.
Gebel. It presents the archaeological and anthro-
pological evidence of burials and their archaeo
thanatological interpretations. The publication of
this volume would not have been possible without
the invaluable assistance of many researchers,
most of whom dedicated hundreds of hours of
their spare time to analyse data and achieve the
essential results presented in this book. Some of
them even contributed to this publication twice.
Their contributions are distinguished by small
letters in the intext citations.1 The unexpected
discoveries by far exceeded the project’s nan-
cial capacities. All the more, we are grateful to
all those who supported us. However, we feel
ashamed for our failure to make Near Eastern
Prehistory a profession that provides nancial
security beyond the project’s end. In addition to
expressing our heartfelt gratitude to the authors
of this volume, we would also like to extend our
warm thanks to the following team members
(listed in alphabetical order): Bellal Abuhelaleh
(worked bone artefacts), Muhammad K. alAtrash
(archaeo logist), Martin Bader (conservator),
Sarah Dermech (archaeo logist), Melina Frotscher
(student), Barbora Gábryš (born Kubíková;
archaeo logist), Julia Graf (assistant conservator),
Filip Hájek (archaeo logist), Blair Heitkamp
(archaeo logist), Arnica Keßeler (archaeo logist),
Sahar al Khasawneh (OSLDating), Bilal Khrisat
(geoarchaeologist), Milena Luongo (student),
Lucia Miškolciová (archaeologist), Reinder Neef
(palaeobotanist), Birgül Öğüt (archaeo logist),
Joris Peters (archaeozoologist), Nadja Pöllath
(archaeozoologist), Martin Renger (archaeo
logist), Sereen alShoubaki (archaeo logist), Denis
Štefanisko (archaeologist), Amer Alsouliman
(geoarchaeologist), Martin Strauss (hydrologist),
Katie WhiteIribhogbe (paleopathologist), Annika
1 “Alarashi a this volume” refers to the general analyses
of production and usewear of ornaments, “Alarashi b” to
the reconstruction of “Jamila’s” necklace; “Gebel a this
volume” refers to his contribution on the Ba`ja Daggers
and “Gebel b” to his text on the meaning of the colour red
in Ba`ja.
Wegner (student), Kai Wellbrock (hydrologist).
Juri de Atrip and János Benz were digassistants
in the 2016 and 2019 seasons, in the 2016 season
respectively, and Qutaiba alDasouqi (surveyor)
was a parttime team member in the 2019 season,
we owe our sincere thanks to them.
Excavations and restoration were supported
by the Department of Antiquities of Jordan (DoA)
and its – at that time acting – DirectorsGeneral
Monther Jamhawi and Yazeed Elayan. Aktham
Oweidi (Director of Excavations and Surveys)
and Ahmad Lash (Head of Loan Section) were
encouraging and instrumental facilitators of our
project, aside from their interest and devotion to
our research subjects. Khalid Tarawneh, Abdallah
M. Bawareed, Abdallah Rawashdeh, and Obada
Farajat from DoA’s Ma`an and Madaba Oces,
were our DoA representatives between 2016
and 2021. They and other sta of the DoA
gave us and the project their warm hospitality
and cooperation.
The joint CARE Project (cf. also below) on
the conservation, restoration, and presentation of
“Jamila’s” grave and necklace in the new Petra
Museum was locally supported by the DoA,
Suleiman Farajat, Chief Commissioner of the
Petra Development Tourism Regional Authority
(PDTRA), and Ibrahim Farajat, as well as
by the new Petra Museum’s devoted director
Naher E. Rawadieh and his sta. The Japanese
International Cooperation Team (JICA), namely
Ohara Akira, Saito Marie, and Koji Oyama,
gave their essential support in “Jamila’s” grave
reconstruction. Hani Hayajneh, then Dean of
the Faculty of Archaeology and Anthropology,
and Zeidan Kafa, former President of Yarmouk
University, developed the Jordanian framework
for the joint CARE Project. Maysoon alNahar
(Jordan University, Amman) and Khairieh `Amr
(Jordan Museum, Amman) are thanked for her
cordial advice and readiness to assist.
Up to 16 workmen from Beidha and its
environs, and the DoA representatives guar-
anteed the success of work carried out on the
site and in the Beidha base camp – their support
was outstanding and we are very grateful
xxiv
to all of them. The tribal people of Beidha
embedded us in their warmest hospitality and
shared with us their understanding of nature
and land.
The Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG;
GZ: BO1599/161/2), Bonn, was the project’s
main sponsor, with ex oriente at Free University
of Berlin and private sponsors complementing
budget needs. Dominik Bonatz, Director of
the Institute for Near Eastern Archaeology,
supported the project from the side of Berlin Free
University. The Institute of Near Eastern Archae-
ology, AlbertLudwigs University Freiburg (then
directed by Marlies Heinz), the Wissenschaft-
liche Gesellschaft of the University of Freiburg
and Lions Club Emmendingen granted nan-
cial support for the participation of three team
members and students in the 2019 excavation and
study seasons. For the CARE Project, additional
grants by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft,
private sponsors of ex oriente, and by the Franz
undEvaRutzenStiftung made the conservation
and restoration of “Jamila’s” necklace and grave
in the new Petra Museum possible. Julia Schultz
contributed material analyses, Norbert Spichtig
and Guido Lassau provided technical support
and equipment (3D scan) for the CARE project.
The Division of Natural Sciences of the German
Archaeological Institute, and Manfred and Maria
Probst, PeterA. Schwarz, and Dietlinde Peter
granted nancial support for the language editing
and layout. We are very grateful to all of them.
We sincerely thank Brian Agro who did most
of the language editing of this book, as well as
Pauline H. King and Scott D. Haddow for editing
the synthesis in Part 1 of this volume. Our
special thanks are due to Francelin Tourtet for
his patience with our texts and the layout of the
book. We are also grateful to Katrin Bemmann
for her support in the early view online publica-
tion and eversion of the book.
Many thanks are due to Lisa Katsch for her
exemplary creation and care of the project’s
homepage (www.bajahouseholdanddeath.de). All
online appendices to this volume are available on
the ex oriente homepage: www.exoriente.org/baja/
archive/. We are grateful to Christoph Forster for
his professional support for the ex oriente home-
page over so many years.
In addition to all these acknowledgements,
MB cordially thanks her family for all their
patience. She is also grateful to Hans Georg
K. Gebel for inviting her to participate in the
Household and Death Project and for granting
access to unpublished burial data, and to
Marlies Heinz, Joachim Bauer as well as Jürgen
Baumgarten and Sigrid KochBaumgarten for
their warm and supportive advice in most di-
cult times.
Berlin, December 2023
for the editors
Marion Benz
Fig. 1 Part of the Ba`ja Team
at the end of the 2018
excavation season. (Photo:
Ba`ja N.P.)
Benz M., Gresky J., Purschwitz C. and Gebel H.G.K. (eds.), Death in Ba`ja. Sepulchral Identity and Symbolism
in an Early Neolithic Community of the Transjordanian Highlands. Household and Death in Ba`ja 2.
bibliotheca neolithica Asiae meridionalis et occidentalis. 2023. Berlin: ex oriente.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.11588/propylaeum.1224.c19488
Empirical Data and Thanatological Perspectives
on Ba`ja’s Late PPNB Sepulchral Environments: a Synthesis
Introduction
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Shubayqa
Fig. 1 Location of Ba`ja and other Middle and Late PPNB sites mentioned in the text. (Map Design: J. Benz;
based on Esri)
Household and Death in Ba`ja
Project
General Methodological
Reections
Burials as Prehistoric Archives
Perspectives of Research – on the
Way to an Integrative Thanatoarchaeology
Combining Social Neu-
rosciences and Phenomenology
Summary of the Empirical Observations
Thanatoarchaeological Theses
and Interpretations
Household
and Death Project
Household and Death Project.
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et al
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et al
Burials as Prehistoric Archives
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et al
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Fig. 2 Insights that can generally be gained from burials. For areas of inquiry written in grey, we lack clear evidence from
Ba`ja. (Graph: M. Benz, Ba`ja N.P.)
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Fig. 3 Insights that can be gained from the human remains themselves. For the areas written in grey, information
is either missing due to poor preservation or they were outside the scope of the Household and Death
Project. (Graph: M. Benz, Ba`ja N.P.)
(e.g.
et al
Fig. 4 Insights that can be gained from eco- and artefacts in the grave. (Graph: M. Benz, Ba`ja N.P.)
Burials as “un fait social total”
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denite
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Perspectives of Research: on the Way to an
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et al.
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Fig. 5 Most of the burials were located close to window-
like wall openings, suggesting that access to
the burials was important. (Photo: M. Benz,
Ba`ja N.P.)
et al.
in situ
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