Automatic Braking System

Abstract

With the proliferation of vehicles and the integration of technology into daily transportation, ensuring road safety has become paramount. Traffic accidents, often resulting in substantial damage and casualties, persist as a global concern. The Automatic Braking System (ABS) stands as a pivotal safety innovation adopted by vehicle manufacturers worldwide. This paper explores the significance and functionality of ABS in preventing wheel lock-up during braking, thereby enabling drivers to maintain steering control. Through an examination of ABS technology, its effectiveness, limitations, and potential advancements, this research aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on enhancing road safety measures in the modern automotive landscape.

Full text

J. Electrical Systems 20-7s (2024): 957-964
957
1 Rakhi Pete
2 Dr. Manik
Deosarkar
Automatic Braking System
Abstract: - With the proliferation of vehicles and the integration of technology into daily transportation, ensuring road safety has become
paramount. Traffic accidents, often resulting in substantial damage and casualties, persist as a global concern. The Automatic Braking
System (ABS) stands as a pivotal safety innovation adopted by vehicle manufacturers worldwide. This paper explores the significance and
functionality of ABS in preventing wheel lock-up during braking, thereby enabling drivers to maintain steering control. Through an
examination of ABS technology, its effectiveness, limitations, and potential advancements, this research aims to contribute to the ongoing
discourse on enhancing road safety measures in the modern automotive landscape.
Keywords: ARDUINO, Automatic Braking System, Buzzer, LED, Ultrasonic sensor.
I. INTRODUCTION
As the number of vehicles on the road continues to increase, driving has become an integral aspect of daily life for
a majority of individuals [1]. The evolution of technology has undoubtedly facilitated faster and more convenient
travel; however, it has also introduced new challenges [2]. The escalation of speed, if left unchecked, significantly
heightens the risk of traffic accidents, resulting in extensive damage and loss of lives. Globally, a staggering number
of individuals are either killed or injured in traffic mishaps annually, underscoring the urgent need for robust safety
measures in modern transportation. Among these measures, the Automatic Braking System (ABS) stands out as a
critical safety innovation embraced by vehicle manufacturers worldwide. By preventing wheel lock-up during
braking, ABS empowers drivers to maintain essential steering control, thereby mitigating the severity of potential
accidents [3]. This paper delves into the importance, functionality, and implications of ABS technology, aiming to
contribute to the ongoing discourse on enhancing safety standards within the contemporary automotive landscape
[4] [5].
II. LITERATURE REVIEW:
ABS was initially launched in the 1960s and has since become extensively used in contemporary cars due to its
ability to avoid skidding and preserve steering control during emergency braking conditions. ABS has seen
tremendous advancements in response speed, dependability, and safety features throughout the years [1] [2] [4]
"Development of an Automatic Braking System for Emergency Situations Using Stereo Vision Sensors and a Fuzzy
Logic Controller" by S. I. Kim, et al. - This paper proposes an automatic braking system that uses stereo vision
sensors and a fuzzy logic controller to detect and respond to emergencies [1].
"Design and Implementation of an Automatic Braking System Using Ultrasonic Sensors" by R. K. Rana, et al. -
This paper presents the design and implementation of an automatic braking system using ultrasonic sensors to detect
obstacles and control the vehicle's speed [2].
"Automated Braking System: An Overview of the Current Technologies and Future Trends" by J. D. Kim and S.
W. Lee - This paper provides an overview of current technologies and future trends in automated braking systems,
including the use of sensors, algorithms, and communication networks [3].
"A Review on Development of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems with Focus on Automatic Braking System"
by S. Khan and N. J. Ahn - This paper reviews the development of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS)
with a focus on automatic braking systems, including the history, benefits, and challenges of these systems [4].
"Simulation and Experimental Study of an Automatic Braking System Using a Fuzzy Controller" by J. Wang, et al.
- This paper presents a simulation and experimental study of an automatic braking system using a fuzzy controller
to improve the accuracy and reliability of the system [5].
1
, 2 Department of Chemical Engineering, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Bibwewadi, Pune.
* Corresponding Author Email: 1 rakhi.pete20@vit.edu, 2 manik.deosarkar@vit.edu
Copyright © JES 2024 on-line: journal.esrgroups.org

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III. PROBLEM STATEMENT
Despite the safety precautions used by car manufacturers, road accidents continue to be a serious worry worldwide.
Most of these incidents are the result of human mistakes, such as speeding or inattentive driving. As a result,
enhanced safety measures are required to assist avoid accidents and mitigate the severity of their repercussions [6].
IV. PROPOSED SYSTEM
One such safety element that has been found to be beneficial in lowering the likelihood of accidents is the Automatic
Braking System (ABS). However, most ABS systems on the market are costly and only accessible in high-end cars.
As a result, a low-cost ABS system that can be installed into any vehicle to increase its safety is required [7] [8].
V. WORKING OF ABS SYSTEM
The Automatic Braking System (ABS) is intended to keep the vehicle from collapsing. The ultrasonic sensor-based
technology operates by continually assessing the distance between the vehicle and any obstacles in front and behind
it. The technology is meant to function in two modes: regular driving and emergency braking [9] [10].
The ultrasonic sensor sends out ultrasonic waves in regular driving mode and measures the time it takes for them
to bounce back off an obstruction in front of the car. The distance between the vehicle and the obstacle is estimated
and shown on the Nokia Display 5110 LCD based on this time measurement [10].
If the distance between the vehicle and the obstruction falls below a specified threshold when in emergency braking
mode, the ABS system will activate to slow down the speed of the DC motor, as well as the buzzer and LED to
inform the driver [8] [4] [10].
The Bluetooth module HC05 enables wireless connection between the ABS and a mobile device, allowing for
remote system monitoring and control. The mobile device may be used to choose between driving modes such as
Normal, Reverse parking, and Neutral [2] [11].
Normal driving mode: The car travels in forward direction this mode [10].
Reverse parking mode: In this mode, cars go backward, which is usually useful while parking [10].
The car is in a stable state when in neutral mode [10].
Overall, the ABS with an ultrasonic sensor adds an extra layer of protection to the driver and helps prevent accidents
by allowing the car to stop swiftly in an emergency [1] [10].
Figure 1. Working of ABS System

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VI. SYSTEM DESIGN
Figure 2. System Design
Choice of Hardware
Table 1: Hardware

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VII. IMPLEMENTATION
Hardware Implementation
1. Block Diagram
Figure 3. Block Diagram
For this system below pins of ARDUINO are used:
Bluetooth module HC-05 [1] [10]:
Rx pin is defined as Digital Input from ARDUINO Pin no.PD0
Tx pin is defined as Digital Output from ARDUINO Pin no PD1
Ultrasonic sensor HC-SR-04 [3] [10]:
Trigger_1 pin is defined as Digital Input from ARDUINO Pin no. PD2
Echo_1 pin is defined as Digital Output from ARDUINO Pin no. PD3
Trigger_2 pin is defined as Digital Input from ARDUINO Pin no. PD4
Echo_2 pin is defined as Digital Output from ARDUINO Pin no. PD5
Nokia LCD Display 5110 [5] [10]:
SCLK pin is defined as Digital Output from ARDUINO Pin no. PC5
DIN pin is defined as Digital Output from ARDUINO Pin no. PC1
DC pin is defined as Digital Output from ARDUINO Pin no. PC2
CS pin is defined as Digital Output from ARDUINO Pin no. PC3
RST pin is defined as Digital Output from ARDUINO Pin no. PC6
Buzzer [10]:
Buzzer pin is defined as Analog Output from ARDUINO Pin no. PC0
Warning LED [10]:
Led Out pin is defined as Digital Output from ARDUINO Pin no. PD1
Mode indicator LED [2] [10]:
Drive Modeled pin is defined as Analog Output from ARDUINO Pin no. PB5
Reverse Modeled pin is defined as Analog Output from ARDUINO Pin no. PD5
Neutral Modeled pin is defined as Analog Output from ARDUINO Pin no. PD4
Motor Driver [4] [10]:
MotorPin1 pin is defined as Digital Output from ARDUINO Pin no. PD2
MotorPin2 pin is defined as Digital Output from ARDUINO Pin no. PD3

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Motor Driver [10]:
MotorPin1 pin is defined as Digital Output from ARDUINO Pin no. D2
Circuit Diagram
We created this circuit diagram in the open-source platform that is EasyEDA. EasyEDA is a web-based software
platform for designing, simulating, and sharing electrical circuit designs [10] [12].
Figure 4. Circuit Diagram
Steps to draw circuit diagram –
1. Identify the components: Begin by identifying all the components and their corresponding symbols in the
circuit diagram.
2. Identify the power source and how it is linked to the rest of the components.
3. Follow the connections between the components to learn about the flow of current and how the
components interact with one another.
4. Voltage and current values: Confirm that the voltage and current values provided in the schematic are
within the safe operating range of the components.
5. Determine how the ground connection is linked to the components.
6. Control logic: Determine the circuit diagram's control logic and how it interacts with the other
components.
7. Identify the protective devices in the circuit diagram, such as fuses, circuit breakers, and overvoltage
protection devices.
8. Signal processing: Locate any signal processing or filtering components, such as amplifiers, filters, or
signal conditioning circuits, in the circuit design.
9. Testing and verification: Once the circuit diagram has been completed, it should be tested and confirmed
to verify that it functions as planned [13] [10].

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FLOW CHART
Figure 5. Flow Chart
VIII. TESTING AND EVALUATION
Table 2: Test Summary
Advantages-

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• The Automatic Braking System (ABS) is an important safety feature in modern cars. It works by using
sensors to monitor the speed of the wheels and automatically applying the brakes if the wheels begin to lock up.
The benefits of ABS are numerous [14].
• Greater Control: ABS helps drivers to maintain greater control over their vehicles, especially in
emergencies. By preventing the wheels from locking up, the driver can steer the car more effectively and avoid
collisions.
• Versatility: ABS is not just useful for nighttime driving; it can be helpful in many other situations where
unexpected road impediments or crises occur. For example, if a driver suddenly encounters a large pothole, ABS
can help them avoid losing control of the car [5].
• Reduced Injuries: ABS helps to reduce the risk of accidents, which in turn reduces the number of fatalities
and injuries on the road. By allowing drivers to maintain control of their vehicles, ABS can help prevent collisions
and reduce the severity of any accidents that do occur [15].
• Cost Savings: Incorporating ABS into cars can save insurance costs while improving overall transportation
safety. Insurance companies often offer lower premiums for cars equipped with ABS, as they are less likely to be
involved in accidents [16].
Limitation –
• Sensor Reliability: ABS systems rely heavily on sensors to detect changes in wheel speed and apply the
brakes accordingly. Any issues with the sensors can result in the system malfunctioning, which can be dangerous.
• Slippery Conditions: While ABS systems are effective in dry road conditions, they can be less effective
in slippery conditions such as ice or snow. The system may not be able to prevent the vehicle from skidding or
sliding [11].
• Cost: The cost of implementing ABS systems in vehicles can be high, making it difficult for some
manufacturers to include them in their models.
• Maintenance: Like any other technology, ABS systems require regular maintenance to function properly.
Failure to maintain the system can lead to issues and malfunctions [17].
• False Sense of Security: Drivers may become overly reliant on ABS systems, assuming that they can
prevent all accidents. However, ABS systems have their limitations and cannot always prevent accidents from
occurring [18].
Future Scope-
• Artificial Intelligence Integration: By incorporating AI algorithms, ABS systems may be made more
sensitive and adaptive to changing road conditions, resulting in more efficient and effective braking [9].
• Multi-sensor Fusion: The fusion of numerous sensors, including ultrasonic, LiDAR, radar, and cameras,
can increase obstacle recognition and avoidance, hence increasing vehicle safety [19].
• Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication: By allowing vehicles to interact with one another and share
information about road conditions, traffic, and dangers, ABS systems may be made more intelligent, resulting in a
safer and more efficient driving experience [18].
IX. CONCLUSION
The implementation of an Automatic Braking System (ABS) featuring an ARDUINO UNO module and an
Ultrasonic sensor has demonstrated promising capabilities in identifying obstacles and halting the vehicle during
emergencies. This technology holds significant potential in mitigating accidents arising from driver fatigue or
distraction, especially during extended journeys or nighttime driving. By leveraging the advanced functionalities of
the ARDUINO UNO module and Ultrasonic sensor, such as precise distance measurement and real-time data
processing, the ABS offers an additional layer of safety to vehicles. However, to ensure the reliability and
effectiveness of the system across diverse driving conditions and scenarios, further testing and refinement are
imperative. Continued research and development efforts are necessary to optimize the ABS technology and bolster
its contribution to enhanced road safety standards in the automotive domain.
X. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to express our innermost gratitude to my research manager, Dr. Manik Deosarkar for their non-stop
steerage, support, and knowledge during this challenge. Their insights and encouragement had been worthwhile in
shaping my studies and developing my abilities as a researcher. We also are thankful to all the professors of the

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Department of Chemical Engineering for supplying the possibility & and helping with the finishing touch of this
paper. Their comments, assistance with information evaluation, and considerate discussions have greatly better the
exceptional of this research. This research might not have been possible without the contributions and assistance of
those people, and for that, we are deeply grateful.
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