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Prevención de lesiones deportivas: Una revisión de las estrategias e intervenciones
basadas en la evidencia
Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología. 2024; 4:951
doi: 10.56294/saludcyt2024951
REVIEW
Preventing Sports Injuries: A Review of Evidence-Based Strategies and Interventions
Argin A. Gulanes1 , Stephen A. Fadare A2,3 , Joy E. Pepania1 , Cosain O. Hanima4
ABSTRACT
Athletes’ inability to return and pursue their athletics is primarily motivated by their fear of re-injury.
Sports injuries have been recognized as a signicant deterrent to further physical exercise. This study aims
to evaluate evidence-based strategies and interventions for preventing sports-related injuries, including
pre-participation screenings, suitable training programs, equipment modications, and injury prevention
programs. A systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA) approach was used to gather, choose, and
analyze publications on preventing sports injuries. Scopus, Web of Science (WoS), ProQuest, and Springer
Link were used as databases for the study. The inclusion and exclusion criteria apply to the study.
Adequate treatment of sports-related injuries aids in the recovery of injured parts of the body and the
prevention of future injuries. Athletes, coaches, and sports medicine specialists can collaborate to reduce
the frequency and severity of sports-related injuries, encouraging safer and longer-lasting physical activity
participation. Policies that reduce the likelihood of injuries players sustain can be achieved by implementing
these evidence-based strategies and interventions into sports training and competition protocols.
Keywords: Sports injuries; Strategies; Interventions; Prevention.
RESUMEN
La incapacidad de los deportistas para volver a practicar su deporte está motivada principalmente por
su miedo a volver a lesionarse. Las lesiones deportivas han sido reconocidas como un importante factor
disuasorio para la continuación del ejercicio físico. Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar las estrategias
e intervenciones basadas en la evidencia para prevenir las lesiones relacionadas con el deporte, incluidos
los cribados previos a la participación, los programas de entrenamiento adecuados, las modicaciones del
equipamiento y los programas de prevención de lesiones. Se utilizó un enfoque de revisión sistemática y
metanálisis (PRISMA) para recopilar, seleccionar y analizar las publicaciones sobre la prevención de lesiones
deportivas. Se utilizaron Scopus, Web of Science (WoS), ProQuest y Springer Link como bases de datos para
el estudio. Los criterios de inclusión y exclusión se aplican al estudio.
El tratamiento adecuado de las lesiones relacionadas con el deporte ayuda a la recuperación de las partes
lesionadas del cuerpo y a la prevención de futuras lesiones. Los deportistas, entrenadores y especialistas
en medicina deportiva pueden colaborar para reducir la frecuencia y gravedad de las lesiones relacionadas
con el deporte, fomentando una participación más segura y duradera en la actividad física. Mediante la
aplicación de estas estrategias e intervenciones basadas en la evidencia en los protocolos de entrenamiento
y competición deportiva pueden lograrse políticas que reduzcan la probabilidad de que los jugadores sufran
lesiones.
© 2024; Los autores. Este es un artículo en acceso abierto, distribuido bajo los términos de una licencia Creative Commons (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) que permite el uso, distribución y reproducción en cualquier medio siempre que la obra original
sea correctamente citada
1University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria. Philippines.
2College of SPEAR, Mindanao State University (Main) Marawi, Philippines.
3Rsearch Fellow, Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina Columbia, SC, USA.
4Research Fellow, PE Faculty, Mindanao State University Binidayan, Philippines.
Cite as: A. Gulanes A, Fadare, A SA, Pepania JE, O. Hanima C. Preventing Sports Injuries: A Review of Evidence-Based Strategies and
Interventions. Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología. 2024; 4:951. https://doi.org/10.56294/saludcyt2024951
Submitted: 11-01-2024 Revised: 06-03-2024 Accepted: 08-05-2024 Published: 09-05-2024
Editor: Dr. William Castillo-González
https://doi.org/10.56294/saludcyt2024951
Palabras clave: Lesiones Deportivas; Estrategias; Intervenciones; Prevención.
INTRODUCTION
Sports injuries may negate the positive outcomes of engaging in activities, especially if they keep an athlete
from practicing because of persistent discomfort. Participating in sports has a great impact on physiology,
psychology, and social life, with improved health conditions, social contacts, self-worth, and a lower chance
of depression However, participation in sports is inextricably connected to the development of injuries. The
degree and duration of these eects may vary depending on factors such as the person's personality, coping
mechanisms, and the depth of the injury.(1,2)
In recent years, sports-related injuries have been recognized as a signicant deterrent to further physical
exercise. The situation has gotten worse as more people participate in sports. Recognizing the eects of
physical activity on the body, as well as the possible outcomes of dierent motions and pressures. It's essential
to understanding the concept of sports injuries.(3) Sports injuries are a broad category that includes a variety
of particular ailments and is used to describe any type of injury that occurs during physical activity or sports.
However, playing sports now carries a greater psychological and physical cost, requiring players to exercise and
train more, which raises their risk of injury.(4)
Numerous epidemiological studies on injuries associated with sports and recreation have examined certain
demographics, activities, and sport outcomes. Sports-related injuries frequently impact the spine or the joints
of the extremities (hip, shoulder, elbow, wrist, ankle, and ankle). Among the most frequent are injuries to the
knee. Meniscal and chondral lesions can arise from knee trauma, frequently in conjunction with damage to the
cruciate ligament. Ankle injuries comprise 21 % of all sports-related injuries. Ankle ligament injuries sustained
during sports are most commonly (83 %) classied as ligament sprains (incomplete rips). Athletes frequently get
musculoskeletal injuries such as fractures, dislocations, sprains, strains, tendinitis, or bursitis.(5)
In sports injuries, pain is the most common symptom depending on the sort of damage, it may vary as the
body's warning indication that something is o. Typical symptoms of musculoskeletal injuries include nociceptive
pain, inammatory pain, or both. Muscle injuries are often in high-demand sports, amounting to 10 to 55 % of
all acute sports injuries.(6,7)
Sports injuries are common in young athletes; young athletes frequently sustain sports-related injuries,
and the likelihood is mostly due to earlier initiation of more vigorous practice and a higher degree of sports
specialization compared to adult athletes. Several studies have suciently demonstrated that top athletes
are more likely than athletes participating in recreational sports to experience trauma and overuse injuries
and that these injuries also have an impact on their long-term health.(8) Numerous factors can contribute to
sports-related injuries, such as subpar equipment, exercising when exhausted, intentionally rude behavior
from partners, inadequate insurance, dicult workouts without proper planning, and violations of hygienic and
technical standards in training facilities.(9,10) Sports injuries cost the health system a lot of nancial constraints,
so it's imperative to create policies that will reduce the likelihood that players will sustain them.(11) Athletes
in every sport have dierent demands. Hence the researchers will likely want to provide evidenced -based
strategies and interventions to help prevent and reduce the risk of sports-related injuries among university
athletes. Athletes, coaches, and trainers can use the information to implement proactive injury prevention
measures. Additionally, enhancing performance and preventing sports injuries can assist athletes in maintaining
their tness, avoiding missed playing time, and achieving optimal performance. Thus, enhancing safety will help
implement the strategies and interventions highlighted in the study, which can help create a safer environment
for athletes, reducing the likelihood of serious or catastrophic injuries.
METHODS
A systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA) approach was employed for this study. PRISMA was selected
as the study's methodological base since it was thought to be the best approach for minimizing potential bias.
The reporting items used in this study gather, choose, and analyze publications on preventing sports injuries.
Methods of search and sources of information Scopus, Web of Science (WoS), ProQuest, and Springer Link are
some of the databases that were employed in this investigation. The databases were selected because of
their excellent standing in the scholarly community and their accessibility to our circumstances. All articles
that are relevant to a chosen study subject were approved because there is no publication time constraint
for the article search that was conducted. In databases that provide "search within results," like Scopus and
Web of Science, the built search string is entered into the "search within result" line, one phrase at a time,
sequentially. Both inclusion and exclusion criteria apply to this study. Documents meeting the exclusion criteria
were eliminated, while those meeting the inclusion criteria were added. After several articles was review, An
adequate treatment of these injuries among athletes’ aids in the recovery of the injured part of the body and
Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología. 2024; 4:951 2
the prevention of future injuries.
DISCUSSION
Classication of sport injuries
Sports injuries can be broadly categorized into two main types: Acute and chronic injuries(12) Athletes often
sustain injuries from sports to the shoulder, elbow, wrist, knee, and ankle, among other body parts. Abrupt
damage to previously healthy tissue occurs. Acute injuries are characterized by abrupt stress on the tissue and
manifest their symptoms nearly instantly. The idea here is that the force applied to the tissue (bone, muscle,
tendon, ligament, etc.) at the time of injury is greater than the tissue's strength. The site of the injury (bone,
cartilage, ligament, muscle, tendon, joint, nerve, or skin) and the kind of damage (fracture, dislocation, sprain,
or strain) can be used to categorize acute injuries.(13,14,15) In contrast, Chronic sports injuries are injuries that
occur over time (repetitive stress) as a result of overuse of a certain body area. Chronic injuries usually develop
gradually and are linked to repeated motions, movements, patterns, or sustained stress at a specic location,
in contrast to acute injuries, which happen quickly and are frequently the consequence of a singular occurrence
or trauma.(16,17) Individuals who participate in frequent physical activities, where the same set of actions are
done again, are more likely to get these injuries. This type of injury includes tendinitis (inammation of a
tendon)(18,19) stress fractures(20) runner's knee (Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome)(21) shin splints(22) stiness and
muscle imbalances, and bursitis (inammation of the bursa).
Figure 1. Axillary Nerve Injury (Adapted from Apaydin et al.,2010)
It's critical for players, coaches, and medical professionals to distinguish between acute and chronic sports
injuries. Accurately identifying the types of injuries and their causes helps determine the best course of
action for care and treatment, as well as the best rehabilitation schedule and safe return to play dates. A key
component of thorough sports injury prevention and treatment is the coach or trainer's ability to distinguish
between these two types of injuries.
Causes of sports injuries
Sports-related mishaps occur sometimes but mostly result from a variety of factors, including poor quality
sports equipment, exercising while fatigued, indiscipline, dicult workouts without adequate preparation,
and violations of hygienic and technical standards in training facilities.(23) By engaging in safe activities in
designated zones and adopting other preventative measures, these injuries can be adequately avoided. For
instance, sliding and falling might occur when playing soccer on damp leaves.(24)
Prevention of sports injuries
Recent trends in the growing acknowledgment of sports injuries as a public health problem have led to
an increase in intervention measures for sports injury prevention. Injury prevention is a multimodal process
that require collaboration and skill contributions from a variety of professionals to achieve this common
goal. Improving understanding of each expert's role in this interdisciplinary team fosters collaboration.(25)
Technological innovation, scientic study, and a growing understanding of biomechanics have all contributed to
https://doi.org/10.56294/saludcyt2024951
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astonishing breakthroughs in the eld of sports injury prevention.(26)
Intervention studies to prevent sports injuries.
According to (27), a study conducted on psychosocial factors and sports injuries stated that numerous
interventions based on psychological strategy have been conducted to prevent the risk of sports injuries.
This can be accomplished by altering stress reactions through participation in practices that have been
shown to reduce the risk of injury, such as cognitive behavioral therapy, psychological skills training, and the
mindfulness-acceptance-commitment method.(25) in the same vein, introduce the training process framework
and contextualization role of manipulating training load (TL) in monitoring injury prevention. These strategies
are founded on the essential training concepts of progression and overload. This entails creating the training
curriculum, in which the expert formulates a plan using the body of knowledge, expertise, and accessible
data. Training-load monitoring enables the coach to assess how well athletes have handled the physical stress,
their psychology toward training, and if they have nished training according to improved functionality to
meet the specic requirements of the schedule. A great deal of the research evidence on preventing sports
injuries focuses on the behaviors and mindsets of individual athletes, evaluating behavioral change on the
part of an athlete.(6,28,29,30,31) The use of eective equipment plays a vital role in the prevention of sports
injuries. A key component of this advancement is the creation and use of specic technology designed to
meet the particular needs. and shortcomings of various recreational and competitive sports activities. From
impact-absorbing equipment and protective padding to biomechanically designed footwear and cutting-edge
monitoring technologies.(32,33) this equipment covers a broad spectrum. Helmets, which protect the head against
traumatic brain injuries and concussions common in contact sports like football, hockey, and cycling, are
at the cutting edge of injury prevention equipment(34) Likewise, protective shields and pads are essential
for preventing abrasions, contusions, and ligamentous injuries while protecting sensitive body areas such as
the shoulders, elbows, and knees. Sports functional clothing, which helps enhance performance and improve
functionality to meet specic requirements among sportsmen, such as physical, physiological, ergonomic, and
psychological requirements(35) try to “work through” the pain of an injury, regardless of whether it is an acute
or overuse injury. When you have pain from a particular movement or activity, you should stop right away.
Continuing the activity may cause further harm.
Treatment and management of sports injuries
Continued activity, regardless of whether it is an acute or overuse injury during sport, results in further
harm and poor functionality. Treatment of these injuries’ aids in the recovery of the injured part of the body
and the prevention of future injuries. Sports injuries are usually managed by combining multiple strategies
among athletes. strategies employed for treatment include the administration of rapid and appropriate rst
aid via immobilization and rest, ice, compression, and elevation (R.I.C.E.)(36) medical evaluation (physical
examination, diagnostic imaging),(37) non-surgical treatment (physical therapy, bracing or taping, modality)(38),
surgical intervention. (fracture xation, arthroscopic surgery, ligament or tendon repair)(39,40), and rehabilitation
(progressive exercise program, sport-specic training, education, and injury prevention strategies).(1) To speed
up healing, maximize performance, and advance general well-being, athletes, coaches, athletic trainers,
physical therapists, and other medical experts must collaborate in the treatment process of sports injuries.
Psychological buildup after injuries
Athletes' inability to return and pursue their athletics is primarily motivated by their fear of re-injury.
Research has recently revealed that 50 % of athletes who have had long-term, untreated injuries never fully
recover because of the negative eects on their physiological and physical preparedness. There is an urgent
need for the adoption of psychological support couches and qualied specialists.(41)
The vital component of the recovery from sports injuries in terms of psychological development, every
wounded athlete must acknowledge their emotions and admit that their pain is real. Acknowledge that
it's normal to feel a variety of emotions, including disappointment, annoyance, and even sadness.(42) Self-
connectivity through self-awareness, self-acceptance based on self-awareness, and behavior alignment with
self-awareness is the most crucial component of acceptance. An athlete ought to embrace their identity as
unique individuals and project a positive image of themselves onto the system. Concentrate on the areas of
your rehabilitation that you can manage to help you develop an upbeat mindset. Stress how crucial having a
positive outlook is to the healing process.(43)
Athletes should use goal-setting interventions to select goals they believe are signicant, to assist them
improve them choices, and to promote commitment to training regimens. Giving up control over the goal-
setting process to the athlete encourages self-ecacy, which enhances the results of rehabilitation. For
your rehabilitation, set short- and long-term objectives that are both attainable and reasonable. Divide the
objectives into more manageable benchmarks and acknowledge and appreciate your progress as you go(44)
Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología. 2024; 4:951 4
The requirement is that athletes consistently establish open lines of communication with their medical team,
which consists of coaches, physiotherapists, and physicians. Talk about your worries, ask questions, and keep
updated on the rehabilitation plan and your progress. Create a solid support network with your teammates,
coaches, friends, and family. Talk to people they can trust and who can understand and support you about
personal thoughts and experiences, include visualization and mental imagery exercises in your daily practice.
Imagine yourself getting well soon, going back to your favorite sport, and giving it your all. This may support
the preservation of optimism.(45)
The mindfulness-acceptance-commitment method should be considered to help athletes heal from injuries.
Deep breathing, meditation, progressive muscle relaxation, and other mindfulness and relaxation practices can
help manage the tension and anxiety brought on by the injury. Athletes are starting to use mindfulness as a
kind of mental training more frequently. Athletes should not be taught to accept defeat in the face of diculty;
instead, mindfulness should be explicitly taught as awareness of the current situation or awareness of one's
mental or emotional response to it. Based on preliminary data, athletes may nd it easier to achieve the ow
state when they engage in mindfulness practices.(46)
CONCLUSION
Based on the objectives outlined earlier, here are some possible inputs and outputs that a research study
based on the review paper could emphasize:
Inputs:
1. Literature review on sports injuries: A comprehensive analysis of existing research and studies
related to the causes, prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and psychological aspects of sports injuries.
2. Primary data collection: conducting surveys, interviews, or observational studies to gather
additional insights and perspectives from athletes, coaches, trainers, and healthcare professionals.
3. Comparative analysis: comparing dierent approaches, interventions, or strategies used in the
prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of sports injuries to identify their eectiveness and potential
gaps.
4. Meta-analysis: conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of relevant studies to synthesize
the available evidence and determine overall trends, patterns, and outcomes related to sports injuries.
Outputs:
1. Recommendations for injury prevention: Provide evidence-based guidelines and recommendations
for athletes, coaches, and healthcare professionals to reduce the risk of sports injuries. This could
include suggestions for training techniques, equipment modications, and injury prevention programs.
2. Treatment guidelines: developing guidelines for the acute management and treatment of various
types of sports injuries, highlighting the most eective interventions and approaches.
3. Rehabilitation protocols: proposing evidence-based rehabilitation protocols and exercise programs
to optimize recovery and facilitate the safe return to sports activities after injuries.
4. Psychological support strategies: identifying eective strategies for psychological support and
counseling to help athletes cope with the emotional and psychological challenges that arise after a
sports injury.
5. Identication of research gaps: Highlighting areas where further research is needed, such as
investigating novel prevention strategies, evaluating long-term outcomes of specic injuries, or exploring
innovative psychological interventions.
These outputs would contribute to the existing body of knowledge and provide valuable insights to inform
future practices and research related to sports injuries.
Acknowledgments
We should express our appreciation to the scholars whose works were mentioned in this study. In addition,we
appreciate the assistance of Prof. Maria C. Fadare, MAED-SPED, Prof. Samuel Arua, FOCS, and Prof. Falegbe
Kehinde, FOCS, who served as our internal peer reviewers and made sure the review paper met the real
standards. Additionally, we appreciate how carefully the editor chose to publish our work in the journal and the
insightful criticism from peer reviewers, despite their anonymity. All of you are appreciated.
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FINANCING
The authors did not receive nancing for the development of this research.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there is no conict of interest.
AUTHORSHIP CONTRIBUTION
Conceptualization: Gulanes, A. Argin, Fadare A. Stephen, Bodbod, C. Isabelita, Cosain, O. Hanima.
Data curation: Fadare, A. Stephen, Gulanes, A. Argin.
Formal analysis: Fadare, A. Stephen.
Acquisition of funds: Gulanes, A. Argin, Fadare A. Stephen, Bodbod, C. Isabelita, Cosain, O. Hanima.
Methodology: Fadare A. Stephen, Bodbod, C. Isabelita, Cosain, O. Hanima.
Resources: Gulanes, A. Argin, Fadare A. Stephen, Bodbod, C. Isabelita, Cosain, O. Hanima.
Supervision: Gulanes, A. Argin, Cosain, O. Hanima
Display: Fadare, A. Stephen.
Drafting - original draft: Fadare, A. Stephen, Bodbod, C. Isabelita, Cosain, O. Hanima
Writing - proofreading and editing: Gulanes, A. Argin, Fadare A. Stephen.
Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología. 2024; 4:951 8
