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Design per la sostenibilità socioambientale come medium culturale per lo scaling-out dell’agroecologia
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Riconoscendo le logiche di interazione tra l’ambito tecnologico, sociale e ambientale, è possibile favorire un nuovo paradigma per la gestione delle risorse idriche globali, oggi più che mai, minacciate dai mutamenti climatici. Il saggio presenta e discute i diversi criteri progettuali, adattivi o mitigativi, che si attuano nei confronti della carenza idrica in agricoltura, approdando così all’elaborazione di una cornice
culturale, in cui emerge una visione “concertativa” e olistica del ruolo del design nella transizione verso progetti innovativi, mutui e circolari.
Scholars and policy makers are becoming increasingly interested in the processes that lead to transformations toward sustainability. We explored how resilience thinking, and a stronger focus on social-ecological systems, can contribute to existing studies of sustainability transformations. First, we responded to two major points of critique: the claim that resilience theory is not useful for addressing sustainability transformations, and that the role of "power" in transformation processes has been underplayed by resilience scholars. Second, we highlighted promising work that combines insights from different theoretical strands, a strategy that strengthens our understanding of sustainability transformations. We elaborated three research areas on which such combined perspectives could focus: innovation and social-ecological-technological systems interactions, patterns of transformation, and agency and transformation.
This paper describes the agroecological principles necessary to guide the conversion of high‐input conventional systems to a low‐input management based on crop diversification and livestook integration schemes which break the monoculture nature of conventional systems. The new crop‐crop and crop‐animal combinations result in a series of synergisms and complementarities among farming system components which lead to optimal recycling of organic matter and nutrients, and to balanced pest‐natural enemy populations. Thus, agroecological design goes beyond “input‐substitution” by establishing systems capable of sponsoring their own soil fertility, crop protection and yield constancy. These new agroecosystems provide a sustainable level of productivity with minimal need for external (conventional or organic) resources. Biological structuring sponsors the functioning of the system.
Combining aspects of Marxist theory, the Frankfurt School, French social theory, and American social science, Marcuse outlines a theory of advanced industrial society in which changes in production, consumption, and culture combine to create a technological society in which thought and labor is restructured in such a way that perpetuates domination and dehumanization. Marcuse argues that this leads to an oversimiplified culture that he refers to as a "one-dimensional society." Reason is used as a method of control in this society. Marcuse outlines simultaneous tensions in society: 1) advanced industrial society is capable of containing qualitative change and 2) forces exist which can break this containment and explode the society.
Although agriculture and food production are pushed towards traditional industrial models, this article will describe a stratified reality where different behaviors, agricultural ethos and food cultures exist side by side. In particular, it describes five different sub-systems: the traditional system, the classic, experiential and advanced agro-business systems and, finally, social experimentation. In this general framework the paper introduces the role that design can, or could, play and criticizes the current notion of food design: a design activity aiming to transform food and food preparation into a kind of show, into a sensory theatre where everything has to be thrilling and exceptional. This article highlights the need for a design culture capable of raising more profound questions about the sensory nature of the food and food preparation experience. By way of a concrete example of where this reflection could lead, the Slow Food organization is offered as an excellent instance of strategic design in the agriculture and food system. The article also considers the opportunity for designers to look at new food networks built by creative communities all over the world. The article concludes by outlining how designers can enhance these new forms of organization, bringing their specific skills into play to improve visibility, make communication channels more fluid and implement enabling platforms that encourage the spread and development of new and promising food-networks.
The search for scientific bases for confronting problems of social policy is bound to fail, becuase of the nature of these problems. They are wicked problems, whereas science has developed to deal with tame problems. Policy problems cannot be definitively described. Moreover, in a pluralistic society there is nothing like the undisputable public good; there is no objective definition of equity; policies that respond to social problems cannot be meaningfully correct or false; and it makes no sense to talk about optimal solutions to social problems unless severe qualifications are imposed first. Even worse, there are no solutions in the sense of definitive and objective answers.
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