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V2X Communication Protocols to Enable EV Battery Capacity Measurement: A Review
Abstract
div class="section abstract"> The US EPA and the California Air Resources Board (CARB) require electric vehicle range to be determined according to the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) surface vehicle recommended practice J1634 - Battery Electric Vehicle Energy Consumption and Range Test Procedure. In the 2021 revision of the SAE J1634, the Short Multi-Cycle Test (SMCT) was introduced. The proposed testing protocol eases the chassis dynamometer test burden by performing a 2.1-hour drive cycle on the dynamometer, followed by discharging the remaining battery energy into a battery cycler to determine the Useable Battery Energy (UBE). Opting for a cycler-based discharge is financially advantageous due to the extended operating time required to fully deplete a 70-100kWh battery commonly found in Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs). This paper provides a review of the communication protocols enabling V2X (Vehicle to X, where X can be grid, vehicle, building, etc.) power transfer and the tools required to initiate, control, and terminate the vehicle testing procedure as per SAE J1634. The primary focus is on the series of ISO 15118 standards for road vehicles - vehicle to grid communication interface and SAE J2847/2 (Surface vehicle standard for communication between plug-in vehicles and off-board DC chargers).
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Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology is viewed as a viable solution to offer auxiliary power system services. Currently, V2G operation is only possible through DC chargers using the CHAdeMO connector with the necessary communication protocol. However, in Europe, for high-power DC charging (>50 kW), the Combined Charging Service (CCS) Type 2 is preferred over CHAdeMO. Therefore, this work presents the development of a V2G testing system with a Combo CCSType 2 charger including communication via the ISO 15118-2 protocol. The BOSCH passenger car with a 400 V battery pack is used to test and validate the technical feasibility of V2G charging via a Combo CCS Type 2 connector standard. The V2G feature is characterized in terms of efficiency, signal delay, response proportionality, magnitude accuracy and noise precision. A data driven V2G charger simulation model based on the real-time data is also developed in MATLAB/Simulink. The performance under various operating settings is presented in the outcomes, emphasizing the need for appropriate hardware calibration, and understanding while delivering standard-compliant grid control services using V2G technology. Finally, the results of the simulation model are compared with the real hardware results in terms of error, noise level and data magnitude accuracy.