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Online ISSN:
ISSN: 2821-2371
Research of Literary Texts in Iraqi Career
journal homepage: https://motounadabi.razi.ac.ir/
A reflection on the explanation of some verses of Khaghani's poems
Jamileh Akhyani 1
1. Associate Professor of Persian Language and Literature, Department of Persian Language and Literature, Faculty of
Literature and Humanities, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran. E-mail: j_akhyani@znu.ac.ir
Article Info
ABSTRACT
Article type:
Research Article
Khaghani's poems are one of the most difficult and the most complex
Persian poems, and many commentaries have been written on these
poems since long ago. Much has been said about the Factors of this
complexity and what has caused the difficulty of understanding his
poems accurately, and many efforts have been made to solve these
difficulties. Despite this and despite the valuable efforts of
commentators and Khaghani scholars, the knot of some verses of
Khaghani's poems remains unsolved and the meanings provided by
commentators for these verses do not seem convincing. Some of
these ambiguities are related to Khaghani's special way of making
words and combinations, and others are related to his special way of
using words, verbs, phrases, etc., which has created a amazing style
but the ambiguity of some of his other verses is due to their incorrect
reading. In this article, we have tried to resolve the ambiguity of some
verses of his poems with the help of evidence from Persian literature
and evidence from Khaghani's poetry and in one verse by using one
of the
using one of the parallel descriptive texts. Based on this, we
are going to explain some verses whose meaning remains unclear
despite the explanations of the commentators. Also, by correcting the
reading of a verse that has become ambiguous due to misreading, we
try to provide an acceptable meaning for it.
Article history:
Received: 08 September 2023
Received in revised form:
24 November 2023
Accepted: 27 November
2023
Keywords:
Khaghani,
Ode,
Explanation,
Bad reading.
Cite this article: Akhyani, J. (2024). A reflection on the explanation of some verses of Khaghani's poems.
Research of Literary Texts in Iraqi Career, 4 (4), 1-18.
© The Author(s). Publisher: Razi
University
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22126/ltip.2023.9596.1189
Online ISSN:
ISSN: 2821-2371
Research of Literary Texts in Iraqi Career
journal homepage: https://motounadabi.razi.ac.ir/
Extended Abstract
Introduction:
Khaghani's poems are one of the most difficult and the complex Persian poems, and many
commentaries have been stated on these poems for ages. Much has been declared about the factors
of this complexity and what has caused the difficulty of understanding his poems accurately, and
many efforts have been made to reslove these difficulties. Despite these valuable efforts that have
made it possible to solve many of the difficulties of Khaqani's poetry, there are still many verses
in his divan that the explanations of them do not convince the reader and require more detailed
research. Some of these ambiguities are related to Khaghani's special way of making words and
combinations, and others are related to his special way of using words, verbs, phrases, etc., which
has created an amazing style but the ambiguity of some of his other verses is due to their incorrect
reading. In this article, we have tried to resolve the ambiguity of some verses of his poems with
the help of evidence from Persian literature and evidence from Khaghani's poetry and in one verse
by using one of the using one of the parallel descriptive texts. Based on this, we are going to
explain some verses whose meaning remains unclear despite the explanations of the
commentators. Also, by correcting the reading of a verse that has become ambiguous due to
misreading, we try to provide an acceptable meaning for it.
Materials and Methods:
In this article, attempts have been made to resolve the ambiguity of some verses of Khaghani
poems. These verses are:
The earthy heart fell into bloody gambling, the bloody tears became the recipient of the blood
money (Khaghani, 1937, P. 60)
After killing Khaghani, his punishment was carried out from the court of a king to whom other
kings are subordinate (The same source, P. 62).
Online ISSN:
ISSN: 2821-2371
Research of Literary Texts in Iraqi Career
journal homepage: https://motounadabi.razi.ac.ir/
At night, when the Sky Turks move, the caravan of Hayat is on the alert.
Turks loot the caravans on the way when immigrating (The same source, P. 65).
Whoever is killed by the ear, his blood is wasted (The same source, P. 67).
Those who kiss the black stone will see the light in the essence of that stone.
Kissing Hajar al-Aswad while saying goodbye to it suddenly shows them the Khidr spring (The
same source, P. 98).
By the right of the one who gives the children of Bostan (flowers) a white lion from the breast of
the black head of Cloud (The same source, P. 50).
In this article, attempts have been made to resolve the ambiguity of some verses of Khaghani's
poems. Accordingly, the opinions of the commentators of the mentioned verses have been
mentioned, and followed by that, the reasons for the inaccuracy or inadequacy of their opinions
have been discussed. last but not least, by the assistance provided by the evidence from prose and
verses of Persian literature and the evidence from Khaghani's own poetry, a more meticulous
explanation has been provided, in this respect. Also, by using Ibn Battuta's travelogue, which is
referred to as a descriptive text, the ambiguity of two consecutive verses about Hajar al-Asvad
(black stone embedded in the house of the Kabe) has been resolved. Also, by correcting the
reading of a verse that has become ambiguous due to the misreadings, we have tried to provide
an acceptable meaning in this regard.
Results and Discussion:
In this article, it has been shown that it is necessary to pay attention to several points to understand
the concept of Khaghani's poetry more precisely. Prior to anything, is the poet's unconventional
word formations with the suffix "Setan". Secondly, the specific use of verbs is addressed. As an
instance, the known verbs are used to convey the unknown meaning; including the verb "to kill"
which the poet used to mean "to be killed". The third is to pay attention to alliteration and verbal
proportions, which is highly desired by the poet, and with the help of this alliteration, the
misreading of a verse is corrected. Last but not least, the fourth is to pay attention to the poet's
special combinations and metaphors. In two consecutive verses, to get Khaghani's description of
Online ISSN:
ISSN: 2821-2371
Research of Literary Texts in Iraqi Career
journal homepage: https://motounadabi.razi.ac.ir/
the Black Stone, Ibn-e Battuta's travelogue is referred to. In this article, composition of "Hadar
raftan-e khun" (waste of blood) means to be killed, which is not found in Persian dictionaries.
Conclusion:
Khaqani's works are one of the most difficult Persian poems. The new method, which is used in
the poem "Tarigh-e gharib" (strange way), has made it difficult to be similar to his poetry. Unlike
the poetry of Sadi and Hafez, it is difficult for ordinary people to get connected with this type of
poetry. Despite the valuable research that has been done in the analysis of Khaghani's poems,
there are still many verses whose meaning has not been unraveled. In the current research, factors
such as paying attention to Khaghani's special way of wording, his different way of using words,
expressions and terms, using travelogue of Ibnu Batuta, the correct reading, incorrect or
insufficient meanings presented for some verses have been have been taken into account in
Khaghani poems to be revised and their semantic knots to be opened.
Keywords: Khaghani, ode, explanation, bad reading
https://motounadabi.razi.ac.ir/
ISSN: 2821-2371
j_akhyani@znu.ac.ir
©
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22126/ltip.2023.9596.1189
(setan)
(estan)
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