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Vol. 63, p. 103-130, jan./jun. 2024. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/dma.v63i0.88042 e-ISSN 2176-9109
Desenvolv. e Meio Ambiente usa uma Licença Creative Commons - Atribuição 4.0 Internacional 103
Sustainability assessment in water planning: a case study in
the Billings reservoir basin
Avaliação de sustentabilidade no planejamento da água: um estudo de
caso na bacia hidrográca do reservatório Billings
Larissa Ribeiro SOUZA1, 2*, Carla Grigoletto DUARTE¹
¹ Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, SP, Brazil.
University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
* Contact e-mail: larissa.ribeiro@unifesp.br
ABSTRACT
integration, especially between water and land use planning. As potential issues for improvement, we indicate
Keywords
public management.
SOUZA, L. R.; DUARTE, C. G. Sustainability assessment in water planning: a case study in the Billings reservoir basin
104
RESUMO
Palavras-chave
1. Introduction
Região Metropolitana de São Paulo
-
et al.
Paulo, Santo André, Diadema, Rio Grande da Serra,
Ribeirão Pires, and São Bernardo do Campo (SBC)
a severe state of degradation, it could serve about
et al.
SMA, 2010).
Bernardo it is also possible to identify multiple uses
Orlando Feliciano
primary contact recreation (as occurs in Prainha do
Riacho Grande
Tommasi, 2018).
Desenvolv. Meio Ambiente, v. 63, p. 104-131, jan./jun. 2024.
protect and recover water source basins (State Law
Source Protection and Recovery Areas (APRMs, in
Áreas de Proteção
e Recuperação dos Mananciais
planning and management instruments, including
Plan (PDPA, Plano de Desenvolvimento e Proteção
Ambiental), responsible for proposing programs and
-
-
-
-
vironmental planning processes, sustainability
-
sion-making by guiding a strategic mapping of sus-
tainability issues and integrating policies and plans
-
-
-
assessment.
2. Sustainability assessment and the Billings
reservoir – theoretical foundations
-
study area.
2.1. Sustainability assessment
-
mental planning is based on integrating environ-
SOUZA, L. R.; DUARTE, C. G. Sustainability assessment in water planning: a case study in the Billings reservoir basin
-
environmental limits (Santos, 2004). In general, en-
-
-
et al.
-
-
-
-
-
et
al.-
are mutually reinforcing and generate positive
-
-
et al., 2013).
-
et al. (2013) and biodiesel in
Gaudreau and Gibson (2010). For water resources,
et al.
et al.
in water plans.
Desenvolv. Meio Ambiente, v. 63, p. 104-131, jan./jun. 2024.
Criterion Description
Socio-ecological
system integrity
Livelihood suciency
and opportunity
Intragenerational
equity
-
Intergenerational
equity
opportunities and capabilities of future generations to live sustainably.
Resource
maintenance and
eciency
-
-
Socio-environmental
civility and
democratic
governance
reciprocal awareness and collective responsibility, and more integrated use of admi-
nistrative, market, customary and personal decision-making practices.
Prudence,
precaution, and
adaptation
Respect uncertainty, avoid even poorly understood risks of serious or irreversible
manage for adaptation.
Immediate and long-
term integration
and multiple gains.
SOURCE: Gibson et al.
not to treat sustainability as an integrating concept
SOUZA, L. R.; DUARTE, C. G. Sustainability assessment in water planning: a case study in the Billings reservoir basin
108
et al.
1 and seek multiple
decision and implementation of measures(Gibson,
et al.,
2.2. Brief history of planning at APRM-
Billings
Traição Pumping Stations were built to improve
Light Company – The São Paulo
Tramway, Light and Power Company, Limited (Car-
tributary (Risso et al., 2018).
formal
sewage and solid waste directly into water bodies
et al
1 Trade-o
associated losses (Mattos et al., 2011).
Desenvolv. Meio Ambiente, v. 63, p. 104-131, jan./jun. 2024.
et al., 2018).
-
te of São Paulo, a new legal norm for water source
-
Fundação Agência da Bacia Hidrográca do Alto
Tietê
Billings-Tamanduateí Subcommittee, composed
society representatives).
address guidelines for sectoral policies and activities
-
standards, and a new framework for environmental
recovery areas (ARA, Áreas de Recuperação Am-
biental
monitoring, environmental education, control and
inspection and, investment programs (São Paulo,
in land use and occupation on its riparian area,
(Figure 1), namely: Corpo Central I and II, Ta-
quacetuba-Bororé, Capivari-Pedra Branca and
Rio Grande-Rio Pequeno
-
-
be even more advanced in terms of sustainability
-
3. Methodology
evaluative case study. It included documental and
-
-
-
interviews.
SOUZA, L. R.; DUARTE, C. G. Sustainability assessment in water planning: a case study in the Billings reservoir basin
110
FIGURE 1 – Environmental Compartments of APRM-Billings.
-
website2
-
GIRS, Plano Municipal de Gestão Integrada de
Resíduos Sólidos
Plano Local de Habitação de Interes-
se Social
Comitê de Bacia Hidrográca do Alto
Tietê
2
3
Desenvolv. Meio Ambiente, v. 63, p. 104-131, jan./jun. 2024.111
(CEP, Comitê de Ética em PesquisaUniver-
sidade Federal de São Paulo
-
a Billings-Tamanduateí subcommittee member, a
-
Contacts were made by e-mail, and interviews
to participate, according to procedures approved
-
-
plored below.
4. Results and discussion
4.1. Description of the content of the PDPA-
Billings
PCompanhia Brasileira
de Projetos e Empreendimentos
its 213 pages (Figure 2):
of land use and occupation, territorial planning,
vectors, sanitary infrastructure, protected areas, and
(3) Scenario modeling, based on a model
MQUAL, Modelo de Correlação Uso do Solo e
Qualidade da Água
-
SOUZA, L. R.; DUARTE, C. G. Sustainability assessment in water planning: a case study in the Billings reservoir basin
112
Id Interviewee Key Points Discussed
E1
Specialist
4-
E2
Billings-
Tamanduateí
Subcommittee
Member
-
-
E3
Specialist
-
tion and Billings degradation.
E4
Former
Environment
Secretary of São
Bernardo do Campo
-
-
-
E5
Representative of
PDPA-Billings
-
4Índice de Qualidade
das Águas Brutas para Fins de Abastecimento Público and Índice de Estado Tróco
-
-
-
-
4.2. PDPA-Billings Sustainability Assessment
-
-
Desenvolv. Meio Ambiente, v. 63, p. 104-131, jan./jun. 2024.113
Plano de Bacia Hidrográca do Alto Tietê
Criteria and Questions
Socio-ecological system integrity
A1. Water quality
A1a. How is APRM-Billings water quality considered?
Companhia Ambiental do Estado de
São Paulo
SOUZA, L. R.; DUARTE, C. G. Sustainability assessment in water planning: a case study in the Billings reservoir basin
114
A1b. What are the instruments/programs related to water quality in APRM-Billings?
A1c. What are the proposed water quality targets?
-
A1d. Are the data on the collection and treatment of sewage presented, and is there evidence that this
wastewater is discharged in accordance with appropriate parameters to ensure the integrity of aquatic
ecosystems?
treatment plants (ETEs, Estações de Tratamento de Esgoto
SSRH-SP, 2017).
A1e. Does the PDPA deal specically with the protection of spring discharge points separately to ensure
the hydrological balance?
Áreas de Preservação Permanente) in general,
A1f. Is the PDPA linked to the municipal solid waste management plan?
Plano Nacional de
Saneamento Básico
apud
A1g. Does the PDPA present studies on the rainfall regime of the region?
A1h. Does the PDPA consider potential sources of point/diuse pollution, that may reach the reservoir
without treatment, as well as the existence of environmental liabilities?
Desenvolv. Meio Ambiente, v. 63, p. 104-131, jan./jun. 2024.
A1i. Does the PDPA consider separately the discharge of industrial wastewater in the municipality?
A2. Biodiversity
A2a. Does the PDPA identify deforestation in the basin? Are actions being taken to address this issue?
A2b. Does the PDPA include specic measures to achieve the vegetation cover goal of the Specic Law?
-
A2c. Do the vegetation cover targets included in the PDPA take into account the connectivity between
vegetation fragments?
-
Livelihood suciency and opportunity
B1. Individual livelihood
B1a. Is shing considered as a protable and subsistence activity considered in the PDPA?
B1b. Does the PDPA consider establishments moved by tourism?
-
B1c. How does the PDPA deal with agricultural activities that use reservoir water for irrigation?
B1d. Does the plan encourage the training of tourist guides in the region?
SOUZA, L. R.; DUARTE, C. G. Sustainability assessment in water planning: a case study in the Billings reservoir basin
B2. Leisure
B2a. Does the PDPA consider recreational activities in the APRM-Billings?
-
Intragenerational equity
C1. Water
C1a. Does the municipality provide water treatment and distribution to all individuals?
apud
C2. Residence
C2a. How is land regularization of subnormal settlements treated in the PDPA?
-
C2b. Does the PDPA propose housing alternatives for families living in areas of geological risk within
the basin?
Programa de Recuperação de Interesse
Social-
-
C3. Socioeconomics
C3a. Does the PDPA take into account the socio-economic conditions of the population living in the ba-
sin?
Índice Paulista de Vulnerabilidade Social-
Intergenerational equity
D1. Long-term Water Quality
D1a. Have phosphorus load targets been set with a view to long-term basin quality given population
growth?
Desenvolv. Meio Ambiente, v. 63, p. 104-131, jan./jun. 2024.
D1b. Are there measures in place to ensure the protection of aquatic life in the PDPA?
Índice de Qualidade das Águas para a Proteção
da Vida Aquática
D1c. Does the PDPA include measures to address the eects of climate change on water sources?
-
et al.
D2. Vegetation Cover
D2a. Does the PDPA provide for the creation of new protected areas or the expansion of existing ones?
new Conservation Units (UCs, Unidades de Conservação
Desenvolvimento Rodoviário S/A
Parque Estadual Águas da Billings
Resources maintenance and eciency
E1. Loss Reduction
E1a. Does the PDPA include proposals to reduce water distribution losses?
E2. Reuse
E2a. Does the PDPA present measures to promote the use of reused water?
Aquapolo Ambiental Project
E2b. Does the PDPA include measures for using rainwater?
-
-
E2c. Does the PDPA encourage the reuse of sludge from treatment plants?
E3. Agriculture
E3a. Does the PDPA consider the sustainability of agricultural activities?
-
SOUZA, L. R.; DUARTE, C. G. Sustainability assessment in water planning: a case study in the Billings reservoir basin
118
E4. Solid Waste
E4a. Does the PDPA cover activities such as recycling?
E5. Water Usage Charge
E5a. Does the plan consider charging for the use of water resources, a PNRH instrument?
-
Fundo Estadual de Recursos Hídricos
Socio-environmental civility and democratic governance
F1. Civil Society Representation
F1a. Does the Subcommittee have members representing dierent sectors of civil society?
Movimento em
Defesa da VidaUniversidade Federal do ABC (UFA-
Associação Brasileira de
Engenharia Sanitária e AmbientalCentro
das Indústrias do Estado de São Paulo
F1b. Is the vulnerable population represented on the committee?
-
F1c. Was civil society involved in the process of drafting the PDPA?
-
F1d. Is there evidence of civil society participation in monitoring the activities proposed by the PDPA?
-
F1e. Are there any criticisms of the subcommittee's activities?
F2. Environmental Education
F2a. Does the plan present the interaction of the population with natural landscapes as an environmen-
tal education action?
Estações de Tratamento
de Água
Desenvolv. Meio Ambiente, v. 63, p. 104-131, jan./jun. 2024.
F2b. What plans involving environmental education are proposed in the PDPA?
-
F2c. Does the municipality carry out activities aimed at environmental education in the APRM?
Centro de Educação Ambiental-
-
(Ecoescola Aberta-
mental issues (São Bernardo do Campo, 2022).
Prudence, precaution, and adaptation
G1. Enforcement
G1a. Is there a proposal to create a system for the inspection risk areas in the PDPA?
G1b. Is there environmental enforcement to minimize urban expansion on the APRM in the municipa-
lity based on vectors?
G2. Environmental zoning
G2a. Does the PDPA consider areas already protected by other legislation (parks and other UCs)?
G2b. Is the municipal zoning in line with what is established by the APRM?
G3. Monitoring
G3a. Does the PDPA propose environmental quality monitoring programs for the whole basin?
-
SOUZA, L. R.; DUARTE, C. G. Sustainability assessment in water planning: a case study in the Billings reservoir basin
120
G4. Risks of accidents involving toxic products
G4a. Does the PDPA propose safety measures for the reservoir in cases of accidents, such as spills on
the roads?
G4b. Does the PDPA mention high-risk industrial activities in the APRM?
Immediate and long-term integration
H1. Strategic level of objectives and vision of the future
H1a. Does the PDPA include measures to mitigate existing conicts over environmental resources (e.g.
energy production vs water supply)?
H2. PDPA implementation
H2a. Does the PDPA have the resources needed for its implementation?
-
H2b. Does the PDPA present dierent future scenarios taking into account the investments available?
stations (EEEs, Estações Elevatórias de Esgoto-
H3. Integration with other plans
H3a. Does the municipal Master Plan include the urban standards established in the PDPA?
-
Desenvolv. Meio Ambiente, v. 63, p. 104-131, jan./jun. 2024.121
tion between APRM zoning and municipal zoning
link between environmental protection and land use
strategies.
-
environmental protection strategy because it allows
tiering
et al.
-
-
Strategic Environmental Assessment5 in supporting
environmental licensing decisions precisely because
it provides regional information on socio-environ-
-
-
4.2.1. Strengths and potential of the PDPA
-
PDPA-Billings operates in a metropolitan territory
(Monteiro Neto et al.
Unidade de Gerenciamento de
Recursos Hídricos
-
-
SOUZA, L. R.; DUARTE, C. G. Sustainability assessment in water planning: a case study in the Billings reservoir basin
122
territorial planning, basic sanitation, urbanization,
et al., 2022).
4.2.2. Multiple uses of water
criterion of socio-ecological system integrity,
come from:
-
and Guarapiranga Reservoir Basins, carried out by
indicators adopted for diagnosis can be considered
et al
-
Prainha
do Riacho Grande, in São Bernardo do Campo.
Sustainable
Tourism Development Plan, Environmen-
tal Recovery and Preservation Program, in Action
and indigenous communities (Silva et al.
-
(Política
Nacional de Recursos Hídricos
Risso et al., 2018).
-
Desenvolv. Meio Ambiente, v. 63, p. 104-131, jan./jun. 2024.123
et al.
and intersectoral proposals. According to Gibson
multiple gains in terms of sustainability. In some
-
-
-
4.2.3. Water security
and long term (Questions A1g and D1c). As a result
a topic of crucial importance to include in water
et al
-
et al.
promoting measures to restore rivers and reduce
Security Plan (, Plano Nacional de Segurança
Hídrica),
SOUZA, L. R.; DUARTE, C. G. Sustainability assessment in water planning: a case study in the Billings reservoir basin
124
Resilient
Strategies Plan,
-
4.2.4. Governance
-
-
-
of municipal zoning and APRM zoning (Question
basic sanitation being given greater prominence,
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
gic issues from a sustainability perspective, but,
(Fracalanza et al.
-
Desenvolv. Meio Ambiente, v. 63, p. 104-131, jan./jun. 2024.
4.2.5. Considerations on the application of
the method adopted
-
-
tation of a broad scope for its elaboration. In addi-
tion, sustainability assessment depends on a large
-
-
policies aimed at sustainability.
-
-
-
content, and its implementation.
5. Conclusion
-
guidelines, programs and goals aimed at improving
from a current scenario of severe degradation.
between water resource planning and municipal
land use planning because it operates on a regio-
nal scale, enabling alignment of strategies among
municipalities.
SOUZA, L. R.; DUARTE, C. G. Sustainability assessment in water planning: a case study in the Billings reservoir basin
-
-
be addressed.
-
water uses, non-consideration of water security,
and difficulties in governance of planning and
supply for current and future generations, as also
mandated by legislation.
-
-
development
plan-
water and land use and occupation issues, but also
concerning industrial development and tourism in
-
vant considerations about sectoral planning, espe-
-
-
nance structure for its implementation. To illustrate
to preserve and recover water sources and promote
Desenvolv. Meio Ambiente, v. 63, p. 104-131, jan./jun. 2024.
Acknowledgments
-
Conselho Nacio-
nal de Desenvolvimento Cientíco e Tecnológico)
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