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International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN: 2319-7064
SJIF (2022): 7.942
Volume 13 Issue 4, April 2024
Fully Refereed | Open Access | Double Blind Peer Reviewed Journal
www.ijsr.net
Examining the Influence of Short Videos on
Attention Span and its Relationship with Academic
Performance
Mohd Asif1, Saniya Kazi2
Bachelor of Management Studies, Sanpada College of Commerce and Technology, Mumbai University
Abstract: This research examines the relationship between time spent watching short videos and academic performance. A mixed
methods approach was employed, utilizing semi-structured questionnaires with Likert scale and open-ended questions. The questionnaire
was distributed to over 200 students to gather data on short video usage and exam scores. Additionally, 10 heavy short video users ( 4+
hours daily) were interviewed regarding effects on attention span. Quantitative results revealed a negative correlation between hours spent
on short videos and exam scores in secondary school. Interview data found frequent short video viewing contributed to perceived attention
deficits among students. Taken together, findings indicate high short video consumption can adversely impact academic achievement due
to reduced attention span. This suggests a need to raise awareness of appropriate short video usage among students to mitigate risks of
Overuse. Limitations and future search directions are discussed.
Keywords: Attention span, Short videos, media consumption, screen time, concentration
1. Introduction
The emergence of videos has been a breakthrough, in the
digital era. Platforms such as TikTok, YouTube Shorts and
Instagram Reels have enabled individuals to produce and
distribute captivating video content. Consequently, there has
been a surge, in the duration of time people dedicate to
consuming these bite videos.
Nevertheless, there is a growing worry regarding the
consequences of brief videos, on our ability to concentrate
and perform well academically. Several studies have
indicated that short videos can hinder our focus on tasks and
even contribute to attention deficit issues. Moreover the
condensed nature of these videos often results in an overload
of information which can strain our abilities.
In todays world marked by advancements and the widespread
influence of digital media short videos have emerged as a
prevalent form of content consumption among young people.
These captivating snippets of information and entertainment
have captured the interest of millions across the globe.
However the widespread use of videos has also given rise to
concerns about their impact, on aspects of student life
particularly their capacity to concentrate and achieve
academic excellence. The main objective of this research is
to explore the urgent matter at hand aiming to comprehend
the impact of videos, on students ability to concentrate and
more significantly the tangible outcomes this might have on
their academic performance. With the proliferation of
smartphones and high speed internet students now have
access to a range of short video content spanning from
educational tutorials to viral trends. This accessible content
gives rise, to queries; How do these apparently harmless
videos influence students attention spans? Do they contribute
positively to the learning process. Do they act as distractions
that impede accomplishments?
To answer these questions comprehensively, our study
employs a multifaceted approach, combining quantitative
analysis with qualitative insights. By collecting data through
semi-structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews, we
aim to uncover the nuances of short video consumption
among students. We examine the number of hours spent on
short videos, the frequency of usage, and students' academic
performance in their 10th and 12th grades. Furthermore,
through direct conversations with students who report
substantial daily short video consumption, we seek to gain a
deeper understanding of the challenges they face concerning
attention and concentration.
This research is vital in the context of modern education,
where the lines between digital and physical learning
environments are increasingly blurred. As technology
continues to shape educational practices, educators,
policymakers, and parents alike must grapple with the
implications of short video consumption. Our findings aim to
provide valuable insights into how students interact with short
videos and how this interaction affects their ability to succeed
academically. Ultimately, our goal is to inform strategies that
balance the benefits of multimedia engagement with the
maintenance of robust attention spans and academic
achievements among today's students.
2. Literature Review
Nitesh Tripathi's (2021) Paper in the International Journal of
Creative Research Thoughts explores how excessive
smartphone use negatively affects youth's attention spans. It
cites increased smartphone use among young people and
discusses issues like constant distraction, reduced focus, and
multitasking's impact on filtering information. The paper
recommends setting time limits, turning off notifications, and
parental role modeling to address these concerns. In summary,
it highlights the need to manage smartphone use to support
healthy attention span development in youth.
K. Bhushan (2021): The impact of shorts and reels on
attention span & strategies to enhance focus” The article
Paper ID: SR24428105200
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.21275/SR24428105200
1877
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN: 2319-7064
SJIF (2022): 7.942
Volume 13 Issue 4, April 2024
Fully Refereed | Open Access | Double Blind Peer Reviewed Journal
www.ijsr.net
discusses the potential impact of short-form content, such as
TikTok and Instagram Reels, on attention span. The author
argues that these platforms can lead to a decline in attention
span by conditioning our brains to seek immediate
gratification and novelty. When we are constantly bombarded
with short, attention-grabbing videos, it becomes more
difficult to focus on tasks that require sustained attention,
such as reading or learning.
The author cites a number of studies that support this claim.
For example, one study found that people who watched short-
form videos for 30 minutes a day had shorter attention spans
than those who did not watch short-form videos
Yao Qin, Bahiyah Omar, and Alessandro Musetti (2022)
The addiction behavior of short-form video app TikTok: The
information quality and system quality perspective, The
article investigates why TikTok is addictive. The authors
argue that TikTok's addictiveness is due to its high-quality
information and system. TikTok's algorithm shows users
videos that are relevant to their interests, and the videos are
generally accurate and up-to-date. TikTok's user interface is
easy to use and navigate, and the system is reliable and secure.
More research is needed to better understand the causes and
consequences of TikTok addiction.
3. Objectives of the study
1) Examine the relationship between short video
consumption and student’s attention span
2) Assess the impact of short video usage on academic
Performance among students
3) To evaluate students' ability to retain educational content
from short videos.
Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no significant relationship
between the time spent on short videos and academic
performance among students.
Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There is a significant negative
relationship between the time spent on short videos and
academic performance among students.
4. Research gap
While existing literature has extensively explored the
influence of social media and short videos on attention span,
there is a notable gap in understanding how these digital
distractions specifically relate to and impact the academic
performance of students. This research seeks to bridge this
gap by investigating the direct relationship between short
video consumption, attention span, and academic outcomes,
shedding light on an important aspect of digital media's
impact on education that has received limited attention in
prior research.
5. Methodology
Research Design: This study employs a mixed-methods
research design, combining both quantitative and qualitative
approaches. Quantitative methods were used to assess
students' academic performance, while qualitative methods
were employed to understand the attention span of students
who spent more than four hours on short videos.
Participants: A total of 200 selected through a purposive
sampling technique, participated in the quantitative phase of
the study. Additionally, ten students who reported spending
over four hours daily on short videos were interviewed during
the qualitative phase.
Data Collection Methods:
Quantitative Data Collection: For the quantitative aspect,
data was collected through surveys and questionnaires
distributed to the participants. These surveys focused on
assessing students' academic performance. Data collection
commenced on July 30, 2023, and concluded on September
12, 2023.
Qualitative Data Collection: To explore the attention span of
students with extensive short video usage, semi-structured
interviews were conducted with the ten selected participants.
These interviews provided in-depth insights into their
experiences and challenges.
Variables: The independent variable in this study is the time
spent on short videos, while the dependent variable is
students' academic performance.
Data Analysis: To determine the correlation between the
independent and dependent variables, correlation analysis and
regression analysis were employed. These statistical
techniques allowed us to examine the relationship between
short video consumption and academic performance.
Qualitative data obtained from interviews underwent thematic
analysis. This qualitative approach helped identify common
themes and patterns related to attention span among students
with prolonged short video exposure.
Ethical Considerations: Ethical guidelines were strictly
adhered to throughout the research process. Informed consent
was obtained from all participants, and their responses were
treated with utmost confidentiality.
Data Presentation: Research findings will be presented using
a combination of tables, graphs, and narrative descriptions to
provide a comprehensive understanding of the study's results.
6. Finding
To enhance the accuracy of our analysis, we categorized the
students into four distinct groups based on their short video
consumption habits, with a particular focus on Instagram
Reels. This categorization aimed to capture the diverse
spectrum of usage patterns among students and shed light on
the potential correlations between their digital media
engagement and academic performance. By segmenting the
student population into these categories, we gained valuable
insights into how varying levels of short video exposure
might impact their educational outcomes. These categories
allowed us to explore the intricate relationship between the
time spent on short videos, the frequency of engagement, and
the resulting effects on class 10th and class 12th academic
performance.
Paper ID: SR24428105200
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.21275/SR24428105200
1878
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN: 2319-7064
SJIF (2022): 7.942
Volume 13 Issue 4, April 2024
Fully Refereed | Open Access | Double Blind Peer Reviewed Journal
www.ijsr.net
6.1 Category :1
Students in this category spend an average of 1 hour on short
videos and open them approximately 17 times. This indicates
moderate engagement with short videos, neither too excessive
nor too limited.
Table 1: Category 1 specifications
Marks in
10th Marks in
12th Time Spent
(Hours) Time
Opened
Average
62.9 63 1 17
The average marks in both class 10th and class 12th are
relatively similar, with class 12th marks slightly higher. This
suggests that, on average, students in this category maintain a
consistent level of academic performance from class 10th to
class 12th.
Figure 1: Marks trend (category 1)
6.2 Category:2
In Category 2, comprising students who dedicate 1-3 hours to
short video consumption, our research reveals a nuanced
relationship between their digital media habits and academic
performance. On average, these students spend
approximately 2.14 hours watching short videos and open
them around 30 times. In their 10th-grade examinations, they
achieve an average score of 64.97, which is slightly higher
than Category 1 students. However, in their 12th-grade
exams, their average marks drop to 58.41, indicating a decline
in performance.
Table 2: Category 2 specifications
Marks in
10th Marks in
12th Time Spent
(Hours) Time
Opened
AVERAGE 64.97 58.41 2.14 30
Correlation 0.03921 -0.0882
Correlation analyses were conducted to scrutinize this
relationship further. Surprisingly, a weak positive correlation
of 0.0392 ,Conversely, a weak negative correlation of -0.088
was observed between time spent on short videos and class
12th marks, indicating that as students devote more time to
short videos, their 12th-grade marks tend to decrease
modestly .
Figure 2: Marks trend (category 2)
Figure 3: Predicted marks in 12th (Category 2)
The linear regression analysis shows a downward trend for
class 12th predicted marks. This means that as students spend
more time on short videos, their predicted marks for the 12th-
grade examinations tend to decrease. This finding aligns with
the negative correlation coefficient (-0.088) observed earlier,
indicating a modest negative relationship between time spent
on short videos and class 12th marks
6.3 Category.3
In Category 3, which comprises students who invest more
than 4 hours in short video consumption, the research findings
reveals that
Table 3: Category 3 specifications
Marks in
10th Marks in
12th Time Spent
(Hours) Time
Opened
AVERAGE 69.3 63.9 5.43 44
Correlation 0.2304 -0.3217
On average, students in this category achieve impressive
marks in their 10th-grade examinations, with an average
score of 69.3. This demonstrates that in the early stages of
their education, these students excel one of the main reason
was that they were not exposed to short videos (Revealed in
interview)
As these students progress to their 12th-grade exams, their
average marks decrease to 63.9. This indicates a notable
decline in academic performance as they advance to the later
stage of their education. Students in this category invest an
extensive amount of time in short video consumption,
dedicating an average of 5.43 hours to these platforms
This represents a significant commitment to digital media
engagement. Furthermore, they exhibit a high frequency of
short video access, opening these videos approximately 44
times on average. This suggests a frequent and intensive
interaction with short video content
Paper ID: SR24428105200
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.21275/SR24428105200
1879
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN: 2319-7064
SJIF (2022): 7.942
Volume 13 Issue 4, April 2024
Fully Refereed | Open Access | Double Blind Peer Reviewed Journal
www.ijsr.net
Figure 4: Marks trend (category 3)
Correlation analyses were conducted to examine the
relationship between time spent on short videos and academic
performance
Figure 5: Predicted marks in 12th (Category 3)
The correlation coefficient for class 10th marks and time
spent on short videos is 0.2304, indicating a moderate positive
correlation. This means that, in class 10th, there is a
substantial positive association between the time these
students allocate to short videos and their academic
performance.
Conversely, the correlation between class 12th marks and
time spent on short videos is -0.3217, signifying a moderate
negative correlation. In class 12th, longer engagement with
short videos is linked to a considerable decline in academic
performance
For students in Category 3, who invest more than 4 hours in
short video consumption, the linear regression analysis
indicates a significantly downward trend in their predicted
class 12th marks. This implies that, on average, as these
students allocate more time to short videos, their predicted
marks for the 12th-grade examinations tend to decrease
notably.
These findings for Category 3 underscore a complex
relationship between short video consumption and academic
performance. While these students excel in the early stages of
their education, their academic performance declines
significantly as they start spending more times on short
videos.
6.4 Qualitative data analysis
To comprehensively assess the attention span of the
participants in our research, we employed a multifaceted
approach that included both qualitative data collection
methods, namely interviews and surveys via questionnaires.
These methods allowed us to gain rich insights into the
participants' attentional behaviors , perceptions, and
experiences concerning their engagement with short videos
Questionnaire-based data collection
We engaged with a diverse pool of 200 respondents through
questionnaires to gain insights into their personal experiences
and challenges associated with short video consumption.
Through a series of carefully crafted questions, we probed
respondents about the specific problems they encounter while
engaging with short videos. These questionnaires provided us
with a wealth of valuable data, enabling us to understand the
subjective aspects of attention span and the multifaceted
challenges posed by short video platforms. Following are the
thematic analysis of the survey questionnaires
Lack of Focus: A significant subset of respondents reported
experiencing a diminished ability to focus as a consequence
of engaging with short videos. Phrases such as "Can't focus"
and "Sometimes can't focus" were recurrent in their remarks,
indicating a perceived challenge in maintaining concentration
and attention.
Productivity Impact: The notion of reduced productivity
surfaced, with participants describing feelings of
unproductivity, stating "Nothing" and highlighting their
struggles with concentration, which they attributed to
excessive short video consumption
Negative Impact on Brain: Several participants voiced
concerns about the detrimental effects on their cognitive
faculties, describing the impact as "Very bad" on the human
brain. This theme underscores the potential cognitive
consequences of prolonged engagement with short video
content.
Addiction: Addiction was a recurring topic, with participants
acknowledging that while short videos could be entertaining,
they could also become highly addictive. Phrases like "It's
very much addictive" and "For fun it is okk but addiction is
not good for all" exemplified this sentiment, indicating that
some individuals felt compelled to continuously scroll
through short videos.
Life Changes: Short video consumption was perceived as a
factor contributing to changes in daily routines and habits,
with participants noting shifts in patience, discipline, and a
heightened urge to check their phones. These alterations
underscored the dynamic nature of individuals' daily lives.
Time Management: Concerns related to time management
were evident, with participants mentioning time wastage and
difficulty in balancing short video consumption with other
activities, especially during study sessions.
Waste of Time: A recurrent theme was the perception that
short videos often resulted in wasted time. This sentiment was
captured in phrases like "Time wastage" and "Waste of time,"
underscoring concerns about unproductive engagement.
These thematic categories provide a comprehensive
understanding of the diverse experiences and perspectives of
individuals regarding the impact of short videos on their daily
lives. This analysis sheds light on the complex interplay
between entertainment, distraction, knowledge acquisition,
Paper ID: SR24428105200
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.21275/SR24428105200
1880
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN: 2319-7064
SJIF (2022): 7.942
Volume 13 Issue 4, April 2024
Fully Refereed | Open Access | Double Blind Peer Reviewed Journal
www.ijsr.net
and productivity in the context of short video consumption.
In-depth interview
To delve deeper into the experiences of individuals who
dedicate more than 4 hours to short video consumption, we
conducted in-depth interviews with 10 selected respondents.
These interviews allowed us to explore the nuances of their
engagement with short videos, uncovering personal
anecdotes, motivations, and challenges. Through these
qualitative interviews, we gained a richer understanding of
how extended short video usage impacts attention span and
the potential consequences it may have on academic
performance.
Following are the highlight of interview:
1) Difference in Ability to Concentrate: This question
reveals that 7 out of 10 respondents acknowledge a
noticeable difference in their ability to concentrate on
academic tasks on days when they've viewed a lot of
short videos. This suggests that, for a majority of
participants, short video consumption impacts their
attention span and academic focus.
2) Duration of Focus: With 7 out of 10 respondents
reporting that they can't focus for extended periods
without getting distracted, it indicates a common
challenge in maintaining concentration. Short video
usage appears to affect their ability to sustain attention
on tasks.
3) Retention of Information: The finding that 8 out of 10
respondents have difficulty recalling information from
short videos underscores the impact on memory
retention. This supports the idea that short videos may
hinder the retention of knowledge or information.
4) Impact on Enjoyment of Longer Content: All 10
respondents highlighting that short videos impact their
satisfaction with longer content, such as movies, books,
or lectures, indicates a preference for shorter, easily
digestible content. This shift in consumption patterns
may be linked to attention span and the desire for instant
gratification
5) Remembering Appointments and Obligations: All 10
respondents reporting difficulties in remembering
appointments or obligations suggests that short video
consumption may lead to lapses in organizational skills
and memory, potentially affecting daily responsibilities.
6) Avoiding or Delaying Tasks: The revelation that 9 out
of 10 respondents often delay starting tasks requiring
deep thought implies procrastination tendencies. This
procrastination could be linked to short video
distractions.
7) Difficulty Concentrating on Verbal Communication:
The observation that 7 respondents have difficulty
concentrating on verbal communication highlights
potential issues in active listening and maintaining
attention during conversations.
8) Distraction by Activity or Noise:
The agreement of 9 respondents that they are often
distracted by surrounding activity or noise reinforces the
idea that short video usage may lead to heightened
distractibility.
9) Changes in Focus Duration:
All respondents noting that they find it harder to maintain
focus on tasks for extended periods compared to a few
years ago signifies a perceived change in their attention
span. Short video consumption may contribute to this
shift.
These interview findings provide qualitative evidence of how
short video consumption can impact various aspects of
attention span, memory, task management, and overall focus.
The responses collectively reflect a trend where short videos
may contribute to reduced attention span and increased
distractibility, potentially influencing academic and daily life
7. Solution
7.1 Ease of access
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter connected to motivation and
reward. When we anticipate a rewarding activity, our
dopamine levels rise, generating excitement and happiness.
This is a normal and healthy process. However, problems
arise when dopamine drops below baseline levels after
receiving a reward, creating a Chronic Dopamine Deficit
State. In this state, we can't experience pleasure and happiness
as intensely, leading us to seek more stimuli for the same
effect.
This concept applies to cigarettes,drugs and even short
videos. Short videos are easily accessible and offering quick
rewards, continuously stimulate our brains. As we receive
constant rewards in short bursts, our attention span is
impacted, making it challenging to focus on other tasks that
don't provide immediate gratification.
To tackle this problem following Steps can be taken:
1) Delete the Apps: Remove short video apps from your
phone (You can still you it in your browser) This reduces
ease of access and prompts conscious decisions to use
them.
2) Logout and Secure Passwords: If you want to keep the
apps, regularly log out and create lengthy, complex
passwords for them, making access less convenient.
3) Awareness of Triggers: Identify triggers that lead to app
use, such as boredom, and actively avoid these situations.
4) Engage in Alternative Activities: Replace short video
consumption with activities like exercise, puzzles,
meditation, or music to boost concentration, attention, and
mental sharpness.
5) Social Interaction: Interact with people to improve
communication and listening skills, reducing reliance on
short videos for social connection.
7.2 Educational Awareness Campaigns:
Implementing educational campaigns is a vital strategy to
address the impact of excessive short video consumption on
attention span and academic performance. These campaigns
should target three key audiences: students, educators, and
parents. Here's how these campaigns can be structured:
Students: Conduct workshops or seminars for students, both
in schools and online, focusing on digital literacy. Teach them
to recognize the potential consequences of excessive short
video consumption on their academic performance and
overall well-being.
Paper ID: SR24428105200
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.21275/SR24428105200
1881
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN: 2319-7064
SJIF (2022): 7.942
Volume 13 Issue 4, April 2024
Fully Refereed | Open Access | Double Blind Peer Reviewed Journal
www.ijsr.net
Educators: Offer professional development for educators to
understand short video challenges and equip them with
classroom strategies, including recommending monitoring
tools to track student screen time and offer guidance when
necessary.
Parents: Parenting Workshops: Organize workshops and
webinars for parents to inform them about the effects of short
video consumption on attention span and academic
performance. Equip them with practical strategies for
managing their children's screen time.
7.3 Digital Wellbeing Tools for Managing Screen Time
Promoting digital wellbeing tools and applications is a
practical strategy to help students monitor and manage their
screen time, including their engagement with short videos.
These tools are designed to empower individuals to make
informed choices about their digital consumption habits and
foster a healthier relationship with technology. Digital
wellbeing tools offer a range of features to help users manage
their screen time effectively. They enable the tracking of app
and activity usage, providing valuable insights into screen
time patterns. Users can set limits on specific apps to prevent
excessive use and employ focus modes that block distracting
notifications during work or study sessions. Bedtime features
promote healthier sleep habits by reducing screen brightness
and notifications at night. Customizable app notifications help
minimize interruptions, while usage insights empower
individuals to make informed decisions about reducing their
screen time and fostering a healthier digital balance.
Examples of Digital Wellbeing Applications:
1) Apple Screen Time (iOS): Apple's Screen Time feature,
available on iOS devices, offers detailed insights into app
usage, allows users to set app limits, and provides a daily
summary of screen time.
2) Google Digital Wellbeing (Android): Google's Digital
Wellbeing provides similar features for Android users,
including app timers and a dashboard to track screen time.
3) Forest: Stay Focused (iOS and Android): This app allows
users to "grow" virtual trees while focusing on tasks. If
they leave the app to use distracting apps, their tree
withers, encouraging them to stay on track.
4) Freedom (iOS and Android): Freedom blocks access to
selected websites and apps for set periods, helping users
maintain their attention span during work or study
sessions.
5) StayFree (Android): StayFree offers a detailed analysis of
app usage and enables users to set usage limits for
individual apps.
6) Calm (iOS and Android): While primarily a meditation
and relaxation app,Calm includes tools to track and
manage screen time, encouraging mindful tech usage.
By implementing these solutions, we can work towards
mitigating the negative effects of short video consumption on
attention span and academic performance, fostering a more
balanced and focused digital lifestyle for students
8. Limitations
The limitations of this research stem from budgetary
constraints, which prevented the acquisition of advanced
technology for directly assessing students' attention spans, the
absence of advanced technology limited the exploration of
certain technology-related variables
9. Conclusion
In this research, we embarked on an exploration of the
influence of short videos on attention span and its
consequential impact on academic performance. Through a
blend of quantitative and qualitative methodologies, we
uncovered essential insights that shed light on the complex
relationship between students' engagement with short videos
and their educational outcomes. Our quantitative analysis,
drawing from responses of over 200 students, unveiled a
concerning trend. As the time spent on short videos increased,
academic performance, particularly in 12th-grade
assessments, exhibited a noteworthy decline. This statistical
correlation signifies the tangible repercussions of excessive
short video consumption on academic achievements.
In parallel, our qualitative investigation, comprising
interviews with 10 students spending more than 4 hours on
short videos, provided a profound understanding of the
subjective experiences. These students reported difficulties in
concentration, retention of information, and a preference for
instant gratification over longer content. These qualitative
findings align with the quantitative data, reaffirming the
adverse influence of short videos on attention span and
academic focus.
To address these challenges, we proposed a multifaceted
solution. Firstly, we emphasized the need to reduce ease of
access by deleting apps, logging out regularly, and identifying
triggers for short video usage. Secondly, we advocated for
educational awareness campaigns targeting students,
educators, and parents to promote digital responsibility and
provide practical strategies. Lastly, we recommended the use
of digital wellbeing tools to help students manage their screen
time effectively.
This research highlights the undeniable impact of short video
consumption on attention span and academic performance
among students. It underscores the urgency of addressing this
issue through a combination of individual actions, educational
initiatives, and digital tools. By adopting these strategies, we
can empower students to strike a balance between digital
engagement and academic success, fostering a more focused
and resilient generation in the digital age.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to express their deep gratitude to their
research supervisor, Professor Sanjana Salunke, for her
invaluable feedback and mentorship throughout this research
project. Her expertise and guidance were instrumental in
shaping the direction of this work and ensuring its quality. We
are particularly grateful for her insightful comments on the
methodology and assistance in navigating research hurdles
We are fortunate to have had her support and are incredibly
thankful for her contribution to this research.
Paper ID: SR24428105200
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.21275/SR24428105200
1882
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN: 2319-7064
SJIF (2022): 7.942
Volume 13 Issue 4, April 2024
Fully Refereed | Open Access | Double Blind Peer Reviewed Journal
www.ijsr.net
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