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Aerobic and Explosive Power Performance of Elite Italian Regional-Level Basketball Players
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the aerobic fitness and lower-limbs explosive-power abilities of Italian regional-level amateur basketball players. Participants were basketball players playing successfully at a senior (S, n = 11) and junior (J, n = 11) regional level. Players maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was assessed with them wearing a portable gas analyzer (K4b, COSMED, Rome, Italy) during an exercise mode-specific multistage fitness test (yo-yo endurance test [Yo-Yo]). Knee extensors and plantar flexors explosive power was assessed with countermovement jump (CMJ) and stiff-leg jumps (SL), respectively. Jumps were performed using a switch mat connected to a computer (Muscle Lab, Bosco System, Rome, Italy). Jumps' fly (FT) and contact times (CT) were used for jump performances calculations. Stiff-Leg FT versus CT ratio (SL/CT) was considered as representative of lower-leg explosive power, whereas SL/CMJ.100 was considered as sign of the explosive-power balance between lower and upper leg muscles. Players' VO2max was 60.88 +/- 6.26 and 50.33 +/- 3.98 mLxkgxmin for J and S, respectively (p < 0.05). A significant difference was found in SL/CT between S and J players. Yo-Yo performance was not significantly different between groups (2,055 +/- 267 and 2,020 +/- 174 m for S and J, respectively, p > 0.05). Lower-leg explosive power showed to be positively related to distance covered during Yo-Yo. Study results showed that 50 mLxkgxmin is a sufficient VO2max value for competing at a regional level. Calf explosive power should be considered to improve sport-specific running performance in basketball using plyometrics and whole body lifts.
... The explosive power of lower limbs can be considered as a dominant ability in basketball. Considering that, distance traveled was positively correlated with lower-leg explosive power (Castagna et al., 2009). ...
... A number of recent studies have researched differences of explosive power in basketball players (Bazanov et al., 2019;Ramos et al., 2019Ramos et al., , 2020Wierike et al., 2015). Castagna et al. (2009) have explored that in amateur regional league basketball, there was no significant difference between senior and junior players in terms of explosive strength. ...
... Our results yielded that the youngest category of basketball players contributed a significant difference in JHFT between groups. In contrast to our results, Castagna et al. (2009) showed no significant difference in explosive power between senior and junior basketball players. ...
Physical performance and fitness in basketball are mostly influenced by lower-limb explosive power. The aim of this study was to examine the differences in the explosive power of the lower extremities measured by countermovement jump (CMJ) in basketball players of the regional level of competition in relation to the age category. Forty-one male participants regional level were divided in three age categories U18 (N = 14; height: 1.85 ± 0.04 m; body mass: 80.18 ± 10.71 kg; age: 17.2 ± 0.6 years), U16 (N = 13; height: 1.79 ± 0.06 m; body mass: 67.8 ± 7.4 kg; age: 15.4 ± 0.6 years), U14 (N = 14; height: 1.72 ± 0.12 m; body mass: 56.35 ± 14.11 kg; age: 13.2 ± 0.5 years) and participated in cross-sectional study. Each subject performed three maximal CMJs on a Quattro Jump force platform to determine differences in vertical jump parameters between groups. The performances of jump height from flight time (JHFT), relative maximal force (RMF), relative maximal power (RMP), relative energy (RE), jump time (JT), countermovement time (CMT), push-off time (POT). ANOVA analysis showed statistically significant differences between groups in JHFT, RMF, and POT (p less than 0.05). The post hoc test indicates that the youngest U14 age group was accountable for these differences. However, no significant differences were observed between tested age categories in RMP, JT, RE, and CMT. These results reveal differences in some of the force parameters, suggesting that these differences are attributed to the youngest group of basketball players.
... Passing and shooting, start acceleration, change of direction, and jumps are all explosive power manifested in the game of basketball. (Castagna et al., 2009;Casartelli et al., 2010;Battaglia et al., 2014). ...
... The explosive power of lower limbs can be considered as a dominant ability in basketball. Considering that, distance traveled was positively correlated with lower-leg explosive power (Castagna et al., 2009). ...
... A number of recent studies have researched differences of explosive power in basketball players (Bazanov et al., 2019;Ramos et al., , 2020Wierike et al., 2015). Castagna et al. (2009) have explored that in amateur regional league basketball, there was no significant difference between senior and junior players in terms of explosive strength. ...
Introduction. The Olympic weightlifting training methodology is a powerful tool for developing motor abilities and overall fitness. In addition, it is well established that these activities have a positive effect on the physical development of adolescents. It is important that the preparation is conducted under professional coaching in sports clubs to guarantee the achievement of good sports performance without injuries. Methodology. The goal of this study is to identify the changes that occur in the physical performance of 13-15-year-old cadets (boys), under the influence of specialized training with the means of Olympic weightlifting. 30 weightlifters aged 14 on average participated in the experiment. The study was conducted in September 2021. Results. Based on the results, we can conclude that overall the structured specialized Olympic weightlifting training protocol positively affects explosive strength, speed, and flexibility in 13-15-year-old cadets. However, the results show significant between-group variability when stratified by age. Discussion and conclusions. Habitual Olympic weightlifting training is not a very popular activity among children and adolescents. It is generally considered risky and not appropriate for youngsters. However, our results painted a different picture, and based on them and our practical experience, in our opinion, if the methodology is properly modified, Olympic weightlifting is a powerful tool for the development of motor abilities in trainees of different age groups.
... Passing and shooting, start acceleration, change of direction, and jumps are all explosive power manifested in the game of basketball. (Castagna et al., 2009;Casartelli et al., 2010;Battaglia et al., 2014). ...
... The explosive power of lower limbs can be considered as a dominant ability in basketball. Considering that, distance traveled was positively correlated with lower-leg explosive power (Castagna et al., 2009). ...
... A number of recent studies have researched differences of explosive power in basketball players (Bazanov et al., 2019;Ramos et al., , 2020Wierike et al., 2015). Castagna et al. (2009) have explored that in amateur regional league basketball, there was no significant difference between senior and junior players in terms of explosive strength. ...
Enhancing motor skills has a significant impact on athletes’ field performance. Both sports depend on a combination of highlevels of physical, technical, and tactical ability. Тhe aim of this study was to examine the differences in the motor abilities and anthropometric characteristics of the football and basketball players aged 13-15 years. Thirty-six participants were divided in two groups (football players, (n=18; height:1.71 ± 8.5m; body mass: 20.1± 2.2 kg; age: 14.7 ± 0.3 years) and basketball players, n=18; height: 1.69± 10.9; body mass 3.4 ±20.6; age:0.7 ±14.1) aged 13-15 years old. Conducted motor abilities were 10m and 20m sprint, agility t-test, countermovement jump (CMJ), countermovement jump with arm swing (CMJa) and squat jump (SJ), while anthropometric characteristics were fat percentage, body mass index, muscle percentage, height, weight. Independent sample T-test revealed statistical significance only in fat percent-age (p=.003), muscle percentage (p=.002), agility (p=.000), and sprint (p=.000), while in the countermovement jump, countermovement jump with arm swing, squat jump, body mass index, height, and weight, there were no statistical significance. Athletes who play different sports have performed different results in agility test, speed test, fat percentage and muscle percentage. Football players achieved better results compared to basketball players, which is due to the character of the game, where players move within a wider space, as well as the different structure of the training process.
... Passing and shooting, start acceleration, change of direction, and jumps are all explosive power manifested in the game of basketball. (Castagna et al., 2009;Casartelli et al., 2010;Battaglia et al., 2014). ...
... The explosive power of lower limbs can be considered as a dominant ability in basketball. Considering that, distance traveled was positively correlated with lower-leg explosive power (Castagna et al., 2009). ...
... A number of recent studies have researched differences of explosive power in basketball players (Bazanov et al., 2019;Ramos et al., , 2020Wierike et al., 2015). Castagna et al. (2009) have explored that in amateur regional league basketball, there was no significant difference between senior and junior players in terms of explosive strength. ...
Introduction. One of the main goals of the Olympic weightlifting training process is to ensure a healthy motor training regime. Those activities are aimed at achieving tangible positive effects on the body, as well as providing adequate conditions for the physical development of trainees. Preparation under professional coaching in sports clubs guarantees the achievement of good sports performance. Methodology. The goal of this study is to identify the changes that occur in the physical performance of children (boys), under the influence of specialized training with the means of Olympic weightlifting. Eighteen (18) weightlifters aged 13 participated in the experiment. The study was conducted in two stages: the baseline data were collected in June 2020, and the final measurements were in June 2022. Results. Based on the results, we can conclude that the structured, specialized Olympic weightlifting training protocol positively affects explosive strength of lower limbs, speed, and flexibility in 13-year-old children. Discussion and conclusions. Habitual Olympic weightlifting training is not a very popular activity among children. It is generally considered risky and not appropriate for youngsters. However, our results painted a different picture, and based on them and our practical experience, in our opinion, if the methodology is properly modified, Olympic weightlifting is a powerful tool for the development of motor abilities in children.
... Nevertheless, high-level players possess a better explosive power than lower level players, as shown by the significantly higher ratio of flight and contact time during rebound jumps. This finding suggests that lower-leg explosive power might be considered as a discriminative variable in basketball (Castagna, Chaouachi, Rampinini, Chamari and Impellizzeri, 2009). To our knowledge, not a single study has considered knee flexor explosive power as a variable of interest in basketball. ...
... Our results suggested that acceleration does not distinguish any competitive level which is in agreement with some earlier research (Koklu, Alemdaroglu, Kocak, Erol and Findikoglu, 2011;Abdelkrim, Chaouachi, Chamari, Chtara and Castagna, 2010). At the same time, it is unexpected because most sprints during the game last 1-2 seconds (Castagna, Chaouachi, Rampinini, Chamari and Impellizzeri, 2009). Also, previous research even recommended using short sprints in fitness programs and testing (Delextrat and Cohen, 2008;Hoare, 2000). ...
... The reasons for that can be found in the relatively low drop height (30cm), which may be insufficient to perform maximum abilities, especially in highly trained basketball players. On the other hand, in the rebound jump, the explosive, reactive character of the muscles comes to the fore, which is in line with previous research, suggested that lower-leg reactive/explosive power might be considered a discriminative variable in the selection of basketball players (Castagna, Chaouachi, Rampinini, Chamari and Impellizzeri, 2009). ...
The explosive power of the lower limbs is considered to be one of the most
dominant factors in modern basketball. Based on that, we assumed that power
characteristics are the factor that distinguishes basketball players of different quality
levels. To set qualitative levels, we tested three teams of basketball players (a total of
39 players), each participating in a competition at a different rank, from the highest
national (Elite), through second national (sub-elite) to the regional (Amateur) level.
Each player completed three parts of testing: jumping tests, sprint tests and isoinertial
power tests. Despite the obviously better results of the elite group in the sprint
variables compared to the other two groups, statistically significant differences were
observed only in tests in which maximal speed (10mF and 20m) was achieved (Elite vs.
Amateur, p<0.05). In three jumping tests (SJ, CMJa and RJ) we obtained significantly
better results in Elite players compared to the other groups (SJ: p<0.01; CMJa: Elite
vs. Sub-elite p<0.05, Elite vs. Amateur p<0.01; RJ: p<0.01), while in CMJ only a
difference between the Elite and Amateur group was observed (p<0.05). In isoinertial
power tests, the only difference was obtained for knee extensor muscles (Elite vs.
Amateur p<0.05). In accordance with the results, it can be confirmed that power is a
crucial factor in basketball performance and should be a key element in the selection of
young basketball players.
... These external workload demands impose considerable physiological strain, demonstrated by average heart rate (HR) over 80% of maximum HR and blood lactate levels exceeding 8 mmol/L during competition [2]. A key determinant of a basketball player's capacity to meet these internal [3] (effect that a certain effort causes in the body based on the task that has been assigned to the athlete) and external [4] (indicator data of the work performed, quantified through parameters such as duration, volume, intensity, etc.) workload Sensors 2024, 24, 3245 2 of 15 requirements is maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 MAX ) [5]. The average VO2 MAX values of elite basketball players range from 50 to 60 mL/kg/min, with guards exhibiting slightly higher aerobic capacities than forwards and centers [2]. ...
... Aerobic capacity is a determinant of the physical and physiological performance of basketball players [5]. For its development, high-intensity interval training has been used under normoxic conditions [7], but implementing training camps in hypoxic conditions (training high-living high) could provide higher performance enhancements [8]. ...
Basketball involves frequent high-intensity movements requiring optimal aerobic power. Altitude training can enhance physiological adaptations, but research examining its effects in basketball is limited. This study aimed to characterize the internal/external workload of professional basketball players during preseason and evaluate the effects of altitude and playing position. Twelve top-tier professional male basketball players (Liga Endesa, ACB; guards: n = 3, forwards: n = 5, and centers: n = 4) participated in a crossover study design composed of two training camps with nine sessions over 6 days under two different conditions: high altitude (2320 m) and sea level (10 m). Internal loads (heart rate, %HR MAX) and external loads (total distances covered across speed thresholds, accelerations/decelerations, impacts, and jumps) were quantified via wearable tracking and heart rate telemetry. Repeated-measures MANOVA tested the altitude x playing position effects. Altitude increased the total distance (+10%), lower-speed running distances (+10-39%), accelerations/decelerations (+25-30%), average heart rate (+6%), time in higher-intensity HR zones (+23-63%), and jumps (+13%) across all positions (p < 0.05). Positional differences existed, with guards accruing more high-speed running and centers exhibiting greater cardiovascular demands (p < 0.05). In conclusion, a 6-day altitude block effectively overloads training, providing a stimulus to enhance fitness capacities when structured appropriately. Monitoring workloads and individualizing training by playing position are important when implementing altitude training, given the varied responses.
... Guards and forwards covered more distance, changes in direction, high-intensity sprints, and dribbles than centers [3,13]. The greater distances covered and accelerations performed by guards contribute to a higher external workload [3,14]. Otherwise, centers received more impacts, collisions, and contact with opponents [15,16]. ...
... Regarding acceleration and deceleration, this classification is inverted. The guards have a greater number of zones because they have a greater variety of different movements by having more space on the field and participate more in the play [14], while pivots have less space and a narrower range of motions, executing more defined movements, focused essentially on enhancing their speed and agility for gestures such as jumping to shoot or rebound [37]. ...
Currently, basketball teams use inertial devices for monitoring external and internal workload demands during training and competitions. However, the intensity thresholds preset by device manufacturers are generic and not adapted for specific sports (e.g., basketball) and players’ positions (e.g., guards, forwards, and centers). Using universal intensity thresholds may lead to failure in accurately capturing the true external load faced by players in different positions. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify external load demands based on playing positions and establish different intensity thresholds based on match demands in order to have specific reference values for teams belonging to the highest competitive level of Spanish basketball. Professional male players (n = 68) from the Spanish ACB league were monitored during preseason official games. Three specific positions were used to group the players: guards, forwards, and centers. Speed, accelerations, decelerations, impacts/min, and player load/min were collected via inertial devices. Two-step clustering and k-means clustering categorized load metrics into intensity zones for guards, forwards, and centers. Guards covered more distance at high speeds (12.72–17.50 km/h) than forwards and centers (p < 0.001). Centers experienced the most impacts/min (p < 0.001). Guards exhibited greater accelerations/decelerations, albeit mostly low magnitude (p < 0.001). K-means clustering allowed the setting of five zones revealing additional thresholds. All positions showed differences in threshold values (p < 0.001). The findings provide insights into potential disparities in the external load during competition and help establish position-specific intensity thresholds for optimal monitoring in basketball. These data are highly applicable to the design of training tasks at the highest competitive level.
... Jakovljevic (2018), through his studies, concluded, "explosive power is an essential prerequisite for sports that demand explosiveness and fast maximal energy production and finds need to be incorporated for planning and training, performance prediction and talent identification in various sports" [11]. Castagna (2016) has also further emphasized the varying role of explosive power and explosiveness in various sports like cricket and basketball, which is essential for improving their performance [12]. The study emphasized that the mean scores of VO2 (ml/ kg -/min -) max, obtained in state-level cricketers, was 44.5. ...
... [17] Study (2009) studied the aerobic and explosive power performance in elite Italian regional-level basketball players and found that explosive power played a role in influencing the rapid shift from eccentric to concentric contractions regimes and related to the total distance covered. [12] A weak association has been established between explosive power and VO2 max by this study but still should be carried out further to strengthen the base CONCLUSION Over the last decade, there have been massive changes in cricket concerning technique, tactics, and the formats in which the game is played. Due to the introduction of newer playing formats in cricket like T20 and long sporting season/sessions, there is an increasing demand for optimal physical, physiological, and motor performance. ...
Background: Often, cricket is stated as an aerobic sport; however, when broken down, the game is played by the players performing at various speeds and intensities-jumping, sprinting, catching, diving, majority of the play is in intervals, and the activity does not last for extended periods (e.g., batting, bowling, fielding, wicket keeping, making a run). The study aims to determine the association between explosive power & endurance in state-level cricket players. Previous studies have investigated physical performances concerning injury incidence and prevention. In this study, physical aspects such as power and aerobic and anaerobic fitness shall be considered. Also, due to the lack of evidence and studies in this literature, it is essential to find an association between the explosive power and endurance among cricket players at the state level.Methods: The present study was conducted in Faridabad, with 100 male state-level cricketers from different cricket academies included in the study. Subjects in the age group of 16-23 were taken in the study. Screening and assessment protocol was followed to select participants. Performance tests were measured. Explosive power with vertical jump test and endurance using yo-yo intermittent recovery test level.Results: The study results revealed that the correlation between explosive power and VO2 max was .237* and was significant at .017.Conclusion: The study concluded that explosive power is positively correlated with the V02 max levels in state-level cricketers.
... Jakovljevic (2018), through his studies, concluded, "explosive power is an essential prerequisite for sports that demand explosiveness and fast maximal energy production and finds need to be incorporated for planning and training, performance prediction and talent identification in various sports" [11]. Castagna (2016) has also further emphasized the varying role of explosive power and explosiveness in various sports like cricket and basketball, which is essential for improving their performance [12]. The study emphasized that the mean scores of VO2 (ml/ kg -/min -) max, obtained in state-level cricketers, was 44.5. ...
... [17] Study (2009) studied the aerobic and explosive power performance in elite Italian regional-level basketball players and found that explosive power played a role in influencing the rapid shift from eccentric to concentric contractions regimes and related to the total distance covered. [12] A weak association has been established between explosive power and VO2 max by this study but still should be carried out further to strengthen the base CONCLUSION Over the last decade, there have been massive changes in cricket concerning technique, tactics, and the formats in which the game is played. Due to the introduction of newer playing formats in cricket like T20 and long sporting season/sessions, there is an increasing demand for optimal physical, physiological, and motor performance. ...
... Therefore, an assessment of the speed-strength quality that underpins repeated jumping is warranted during testing. The reactive strength index represents reactive jump ability and has traditionally been assessed using drop jumps [154] or repeated jump protocols [96,155] in male basketball players. However, we propose a novel bilateral hopping test protocol [156,157] to measure both reactive strength and leg stiffness. ...
... Basketball players require well-developed aerobic capacities to tolerate the intermittent bouts of varying intensity encountered during matches [129,155,[178][179][180][181]. Players with a high aerobic capacity are better able to tolerate multiple high-intensity sprints and have improved fatigue resistance [182]. ...
Background
As basketball match-play requires players to possess a wide range of physical characteristics, many tests have been introduced in the literature to identify talent and quantify fitness in various samples of players. However, a synthesis of the literature to identify the most frequently used tests, outcome variables, and normative values for basketball-related physical characteristics in adult male basketball players is yet to be conducted.
Objective
The primary objectives of this systematic review are to (1) identify tests and outcome variables used to assess physical characteristics in adult male basketball players across all competition levels, (2) report a summary of anthropometric, muscular power, linear speed, change-of-direction speed, agility, strength, anaerobic capacity, and aerobic capacity in adult male basketball players based on playing position and competition level, and (3) introduce a framework outlining recommended testing approaches to quantify physical characteristics in adult male basketball players.
Methods
A systematic review of MEDLINE, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, and Web of Science was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to identify relevant studies. To be eligible for inclusion, studies were required to: (1) be original research articles; (2) be published in a peer-reviewed journal; (3) have full-text versions available in the English language; and (4) include the primary aim of reporting tests used and/or the physical characteristics of adult (i.e., ≥ 18 years of age) male basketball players. Additionally, data from the top 10 draft picks who participated in the National Basketball Association combined from 2011–12 to 2020–21 were extracted from the official league website to highlight the physical characteristics of elite 19- to 24-year-old basketball players.
Results
A total of 1684 studies were identified, with 375 being duplicates. Consequently, the titles and abstracts of 1309 studies were screened and 231 studies were eligible for full-text review. The reference list of each study was searched, with a further 59 studies identified as eligible for review. After full-text screening, 137 studies identified tests, while 114 studies reported physical characteristics in adult male basketball players.
Conclusions
Physical characteristics reported indicate a wide range of abilities are present across playing competitions. The tests and outcome variables reported in the literature highlight the multitude of tests currently being used. Because there are no accepted international standards for physical assessment of basketball players, establishing normative data is challenging. Therefore, future testing should involve repeatable protocols that are standardised and provide outcomes that can be monitored across time. Recommendations for testing batteries in adult male basketball players are provided so improved interpretation of data can occur.
... It is possible that basketball coaches initially filter athletes based on physical and skill-based characteristics to quickly generate a pool of athletes from which to choose, and then recruit/select players based on the more important psychological characteristics through a lengthy coach observation period. Notwithstanding, basketball performance has been positively related to body size [52], with basketball players who achieve a higher competitive standard tending to be taller [9,10,[53][54][55][56][57][58][59], heavier [9,10,53,56,[59][60][61][62][63], and have longer torsos [53,57,58,64], larger body surface areas [65,66], broader shoulders, elbow, hips, and knees [53,58], longer arms and legs [9,53,57,58], bigger hands and feet [9,53,58], and larger chest, arm, and leg musculature [53,58,62]. Participant coaches rated physical performance characteristics as more important than anthropometry. ...
... These coach observations are consistent with previous research. For example, Castagna et al. [55] and Hoffman et al. [67] suggested that a minimal level of aerobic endurance is required to adequately compete [38] and recover [67] at the professional and collegiate levels, and that higher levels are unlikely to confer an additional performance or recovery advantage. Vertical jump ability is positively associated with the number of steals per game [61], points per game [9], minutes per game [17], and 3-point shooting accuracy [60,68]. ...
Background
Little is known about which indicators of performance elite athlete coaches (i.e., professional coaches who coach at the national or international levels) consider to be important for basketball.
Objective
Using a Delphi procedure, the aim of this study was to identify the non-game performance indicators elite athlete coaches consider to be important for the recruitment/selection of basketball players.
Methods
Ninety elite athlete coaches (basketball coaches (n = 71) and strength/conditioning coaches (n = 19) who coached men (n = 60), women (n = 23), or both (n = 7)), employed in 23 countries across six continents, participated in a three-round online Delphi survey. Round 1 asked coaches to identify the non-game performance indicators (i.e., measures other than game statistics) they currently used (or would like to use) for player recruitment/selection, with common indicators combined into single indicators. Round 2 asked coaches to rate the importance of each performance indicator using a Likert scale (range: 0 = no importance whatsoever to 10 = extremely important). Round 3 asked coaches to identify the single best test measure for each indicator rated ≥ 6 (i.e., important to extremely important) in Round 2. Results were reported descriptively.
Results
A total of 608 responses (344 after removal of duplicates) were reported in Round 1, which were collapsed into 35 indicators, all of which were rated as ‘important’ in Round 2. Psychological and game intelligence indicators were typically rated as very important to extremely important (i.e., median = 9), with physical fitness and movement skills typically rated as very important (i.e., median = 8). For most indicators, coach observation was identified as the best test measure, with unique objective performance/anthropometric tests identified for all physical fitness indicators.
Conclusion
This study identified a range of psychological, game intelligence, physical fitness, and movement skill indicators that were considered by elite athlete coaches to be important to extremely important for the recruitment/selection of basketball players. These findings may inform the development of a basketball-specific test battery for recruiting/selecting and monitoring players.
... The total number of research participants from 24 of the papers included in the systematic review was 1186, and of this number 870 were male and 316 female. 18 studies (Maffiuletti et al., 2000;Trninić, Marković, & Heimer, 2001;Castagna et al., 2007;Santos & Janeira, 2008Castagna, Chaouachi, Rampinini, Chamari, & Impellizzeri, 2009;Khlifa еt al., 2010;Tsimahidis et al., 2010;Casartelli, Müller, & Maffiuletti, 2010;Zemková & Hamar, 2010;Shalfawi, Sabbah, Kailani, Tønnessen, & Enoksen, 2011;Stojanović, Ostojić, Calleja-González, Milosević, & Mikić, 2012;Marić, Katić, & Jeliĉić, 2013;te Wierike еt al., 2014;Rodriguez-Rosell, Mora-Custodio, Franco-Márquez, Yáñez-García, & González-Badillo, 2016;Snyder et al., 2018;Gonzalo-Skok, Sánchez-Sabaté, Izquierdo-Lupón, & Sáez de Villarreal, 2019) included all male participans, five studies included female participans (Delextrat & Cohen, 2009;Erculj, Blas, & Bracic, 2010;Noyes, Barber-Westin, Smith, Campbell, & Garrison, 2012;Battaglia, Paoli, Bellafiore, Bianco, & Palma, 2014;Bouteraa, Negra, Shephard, & Chelly, 2018), and one of the studies included both male and female participants (Garatachea еt al., 2014). ...
... Explosive power in basketball is manifested through different jumps, start acceleration and the change of direction, deceleration, and passing of the ball. It is why it represents a very attractive field for research (Castagna et al., 2009;Casartelli et al., 2010;Battaglia et al., 2014). Several studies show the significant differences in jumps height between the basketball players of different levels of competition (Hoare, 2000;Delextrat & Cohen, 2009). ...
Explosive power in basketball is manifested through various variants of jumps, starting acceleration, sudden changes in direction, deceleration, sudden stops and passing. The aim of this research is to identify and sum up the relevant literature published in the period from 2000 to 2019, focusing on the explosive power of basketball players, and to explain relations between training programs and explosive power development. The results confirmed that explosive power is a significant characteristic of professional basketball players and one of the most important factors for achieving top results. The results show that in spite of the inborn coefficient, the development of explosive power can be realized through planned, rational and well-organized training. A positive correlation was determined between explosive power and running at short distances, jumps and throwing, as well as between explosive power and lean body mass in basketball players of different ages. It is necessary to give greater attention to the training of explosive power, because it is an effective means that contributes to the efficiency of the basketball player.
... Our findings are in line with those of few previous studies that performed recreational basketball training (12-24 weeks; 2-3 times/week), using either small side games (3 vs. 3) or modified exercise programs with basketball drills, and found significant improvements in flexibility [25], balance [25], strength [25,26] and aerobic capacity [25,28,45] in young healthy adults or those with autism, intellectual disabilities, etc. Basketball is a team sport that is influenced by both anaerobic and aerobic metabolism [72][73][74]. On the one hand, basketball is considered an intermittent high-intensity sport consisting of different skills such as shooting, jumping, blocking, passing, and lay-ups that require mainly the contribution of anaerobic metabolism [75][76][77], leading therefore to significant improvement in different physical fitness parameters (i.e., strength, power). In our study, we designed and implemented a modified basketball exercise program consisting of exercises and drills with (passing, dribbling, shooting, etc.) and without the ball (pivot, stops, sliding, etc.) to improve specific indices of physical fitness (strength, power, balance etc.). ...
Recreational team sports have received great acceptance lately, in different populations, indicating encouraging results in health-related quality of life. This study examined the efficacy of a 3-month basketball exercise program on selected indices of health (body mass—BM, body fat—BF, blood pressure—BP), functional capacity (flexibility of lower and upper limbs, balance), and physical fitness (maximum strength of lower limbs, trunk and handgrip, aerobic capacity) in middle-aged individuals. Forty middle-aged individuals (males and females; 40–55 years old) were randomly divided into (a) exercise (EG; n = 20) and (b) control groups (CG; n = 20). The EG followed a 3-month modified basketball exercise program (2 times/week; 24 training units), including different basketball drills with and without the ball (dribbling, passing, pivot, stops, etc.), to improve participants’ health and physical fitness. Repeated measures ANOVA showed that the EG significantly increased their flexibility (17.23–74.88%; p < 0.001), static balance (44.76–54.69%; p < 0.001), and strength of lower limbs and trunk (11.67–13.13%; p < 0.001), while reducing BP (7.31–12%; p < 0.001), heart rate and RPE (5.30–34.37%; p < 0.001), and time during time-up-and-go test (−10.91%; p < 0.001). Handgrip strength, BM, and BF did not change following the program in the EG (p > 0.05). In the CG, the above variables remained stable. In conclusion, this program may be used to eliminate the detrimental effects of aging on health, functional capacity, and physical fitness parameters.
... Explosive power is one of the most essential parts of many players' skills and enables players to have the best reaction during the match (e.g., performing powerful accelerations and winning jumps) [42]. The reason for the increase in explosive power of the PT group is the increase in utilization of elastic energy [43], muscle contraction velocity, cross-sectional area and muscle stiffness [44]. ...
Purpose
To improve basketball players’ athletic performance, effective and optimal training programs are needed. The study aim was to compare the effects of 6 weeks of plyometric training (PT) to high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on youth female basketball player’s athletic performance.
Methods
The athletes were randomly divided into PT (n = 8), HIIT (n = 8), and control (n = 8) group. The two experimental groups participated separately in a PT and HIIT program during 6 weeks and 2 sessions of 30–60 min per week. Before and after the intervention the athletes were assessed for 20-m sprint (s), jump-specific power (W), medicine ball throw for distance (m), change of direction sprint ability (s), basketball-specific anaerobic power (W), basketball-specific performance (s), basketball dribble sprint skill (s), basketball pass skill (points), and basketball shot skill (points).
Results
The between-group analyses revealed similar improvements in dependent variables between PT and HIIT groups. However, the PT and HIIT groups had greater (p ≤ 0.001–0.009, pη² = 0.372–0.555) improvements compared to the control group for 20-m sprint, jump-specific power, basketball-specific performance, basketball dribble sprint skill with right hand, and basketball dribble sprint skill with left hand, and near-significant (p = 0.054–0.060, pη² = 0.246–0.254) for the outcomes basketball-specific anaerobic power, medicine ball throw for distance, and basketball shot skill.
Conclusion
Compared to regular basketball training, both PT and HIIT improved youth female basketball player’s athletic performance.
... Basketball is one of the most popular team sports in the world and its popularity is growing. Basketball players have highly developed aerobic and anaerobic fitness, a high level of motor performance, and excellent visual and perceptive characteristics [2][3][4]. Highly ranked basketball tournaments are characterized by quick, combined movements and complex motions performed by the players. ...
The aim of this study was to implement a familiarization protocol and to determine the
constructive validity of four different non-reactive agility tests on a sample of professional female
basketball players (n = 12; age: 18.17 ± 1.90 years). Following the protocol, the participants performed
standardized tests three times (the Agility t-test and the Sprint 9-3-6-3-9 m with 180◦ Turns), while
the lateral agility, universal agility, frontal agility, and semicircular agility tests were repeated five
times each, with a three-minute rest period between each repetition. A single-factor analysis of
variance for repeated measures (ANOVA) determined significant differences between a series of
test repetitions for familiarization. Hierarchical cluster analysis grouped the samples based on the
results of the standardized tests into two groups. A t-test for independent samples determined a
significant difference between these groups (p < 0.05) on all four tests (lateral, universal, frontal,
and semicircular agility). Pearson’s linear correlation determined a correlation between the results
of the standardized agility tests and the lateral, universal, frontal, and semicircular agility tests,
with correlation coefficients ranging from r = 0.936 to r = 0.987. A high value was observed for the
discriminant analysis (0.821), while the maximum value was observed for the Kendall coefficient
of concordance (W = 1). The study confirmed the validity of the applied tests and determined that
the results are influenced by the number of series performed during the preparation for testing. In
practice, it is necessary to perform two series of universal and frontal agility tests, i.e., four series of
repetitions of lateral and semicircular agility tests in professional women’s basketball.
... Basketball represents a very popular team sport and its popularity is based on expressed attractiveness, game dynamics, and unpredictability. Often the game itself requires a lot of short sprints and numerous changes in the direction of movement in a small space (Castagna et al., 2009). Nowadays, science strives to improve the motor abilities of players and achieve an ideal body composition. ...
... Differences of explosive strength among different age groups due to anthropometric characteristics and percentage of muscle fiber composition were assessed by (Temfemo et al., 2009). One study has explored that no significant difference in explosive strength was found between senior and junior basketball players in amateur regional level (Castagna et al., 2009) The previous research has tended to focus on differences in explosive power between senior players, rather than examining differences among young football, basketball and volleyball players. There seems to remain many unanswered questions about the particular area of difference between explosive power in football, basketball and volleyball. ...
Abstract: The specificity of learning motor movements in artistic gymnastics is the state in which the action should
be performed automatically, in order to reduce or minimize the risk of unsuccessful performance. Properly learned
floor exercises requires technically correct movement, which is provided by the FIG Regulations for a given discipline.
All those acrobatic exercises are characterized by changes in extremely short-term, alternating support of the arms
and legs on the ground, where the body is very often in the phase without support, ie in the flight phase. The subject of
this paper are basic floor discipline exercises that are realized in the programs of the subject Gymnastics or Exercises
on apparatus in primary schools in the Republic of Serbia, while the aim of the paper is a methodical procedure of
training certain basic floor exercises, through certain phases, to a properly learned performance technique. Some
researchers have suggested that the best way to do a new exercise is through a step-by-step approach, which is known
in coaching as a progressive approach to learning. The steps taken in teaching new motor actions may vary and there
may not be a single “best way”. The basic gymnastic floor exercises that are selected from the Curriculum of primary
schools are basic forward movements. During the training process, the new student (gymnast) is enabled to develop a
proprioceptive consciousness that enables him to identify himself and correct his posture much more effectively.
Developing greater proprioceptive and kinesthetic awareness is important for gaining greater control during dynamic
work of certain phases in the training model. In the modern age of great development of information technologies,
modern electronics means such as video cameras, computers, digital cameras, etc. are of great help, but if we do not
know the models of the elements we analyze, even these are not helpful. This research examines the problems of the
learning process of some basic floor exercises and it’s modern approach, which is reflected in a faster and more efficient
learning method. The scientific approach to the evaluation of analogy is not only applicable to artistic gymnastics, but
it’s implementation is possible in all branches of sports where the goal is to achieve the desired results faster and more
successful.
Key words: training, method, artistic gymnastics, floor
... Differences of explosive strength among different age groups due to anthropometric characteristics and percentage of muscle fiber composition were assessed by (Temfemo et al., 2009). One study has explored that no significant difference in explosive strength was found between senior and junior basketball players in amateur regional level (Castagna et al., 2009) The previous research has tended to focus on differences in explosive power between senior players, rather than examining differences among young football, basketball and volleyball players. There seems to remain many unanswered questions about the particular area of difference between explosive power in football, basketball and volleyball. ...
... Research has shown that basketball players can cover a maximum of 5 km in one game [11], indicating that about 57% of the game time is walking and 9% of the time is stationary [12]; this demonstrates the aerobic metabolic requirements in basketball. Some people think that basketball is an intermittent highintensity sport that mainly requires anaerobic metabolism [13,14]. However, half of the able to make decisions of their own volition; those who were unable to participate because of age, mental, or physical condition or due to circumstance, status, or social and economic conditions were excluded. ...
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the speed, agility, and explosive strength performance of elite basketball players over an 8-week plyometric training program. Fifteen elite male college basketball players in Taiwan (average age 22.16 ± 0.85 years old) were publicly recruited. All participants received 24 plyometric training courses three times per week for 8 weeks, and the courses were implemented pre- and post-test. The speed and agility test items were divided into a 20 m sprint and a T-shaped run. In the explosive strength test, a force plate was used to measure countermovement jump to understand the pre- and post-test differences in all the test indicators, including the rate of force development, time of the rate of force development, ground reaction forces for the moment of jumping, duration of passage, and jump height. It was found that, after the participants underwent the plyometric training program, the body mass index and body fat percentage were significantly reduced, the skeletal muscle mass was significantly increased, and the post-test scores for speed and agility improved significantly. All the participants exhibited a steeper gradient for the rate of force development (r = −0.816~−0.963) and a shorter time for the rate of force development (0.107~0.232 s). The ground reaction forces reached 1509.61~2387.11 Newtons. The duration of passage reached 0.643 s, and the jump height reached 0.624 m. The conclusion was that the plyometric training program can increase muscle volume in the lower limbs and legs, increase the rate of force development, and shorten the jumping time, thereby enhancing explosive strength.
... Additionally, players perform jumps or other high-intensity movements during sprints (Conte, et al., 2015). In basketball, it includes intermittent high-intensity activities that require a good stretch-shortening cycle (SSC), especially during change of direction (deceleration-change of direction-acceleration) (Castagna, et al., 2009;Morio, et al., 2011). It is seen that it is important to develop physical fitness for optimal performance of basketball players (Bakırcı & Kılınç, 2014). ...
Bu araştırmanın amacı; basketbol sporcularına sezon öncesi sekiz haftalık fonksiyonel kuvvet antrenmanın uygulanması sonrasında bazı fiziksel uygunluk parametreleri üzerine etkisinin incelenmesidir. Yaş ortalamaları deney grubu (n=10) 13,7 ± 0,4 yıl; kontrol grubu (n=10) 13,6 ± 0,5 olarak saptanmıştır. Sekiz haftalık süreçte ilk ve son haftalarda 20 m ve 30 m Sürat, Öne Uzun Atlama, 1 Dakika Mekik, Modifiye Şınav, Dikey Sıçrama, 25 Metre V Cut (kat) Yön Değiştirme, İllinois ve Çeviklik (T Test) değerleri tespit edilmiştir. Kontrol ve deney grubu mikro döngüde basketbol branşına özgü teknik ve taktik antrenman yaparken deney grubuna ayrıca fonksiyonel kuvvet antrenman programı uygulanmıştır. Normallik varsayımları sağlanan veriler Tekrarlı Ölçümler ANOVA ile değerlendirilmiştir. Grupların kendi içinde ön-son test değerleri karşılaştırıldığında 20 m ve 30 m Sürat, Öne Uzun Atlama, 1 Dakika Mekik, Modifiye Şınav, Dikey Sıçrama, 25 Metre V Cut (kat) Yön Değiştirme ve Çeviklik (T Test) değerleri her iki grup lehine istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı bir farklılık görülürken deney grubu değerlerinde daha fazla değişim bulunmaktadır (p<.05). Sonuç olarak; fonksiyonel kuvvet antrenmanlarının 20 m Sürat, Öne Uzun Atlama, 1 Dakika Mekik ve Modifiye Şınav, Dikey Sıçrama, 25 Metre V Cut (kat) Yön Değiştirme, İllinois Çeviklik (negatif etki) ve Çeviklik (T testi) değerlerine büyük etki sağlarken 30 m Sürat değerlerine orta derecede etki etki sağladığı görülmektedir. * The purpose of this research; The aim of this study is to examine the effect of eight-week functional strength training on basketball players before the season on some physical fitness parameters. The mean age of the experimental group (n=10) was 13.7 ± 0.4 years; control group (n=10) was found to be 13.6 ± 0.5. In the first and last weeks of the eight-week period, 20 m and 30 m Speed, Forward Long Jump, 1 Minute Shuttle, Modified Push-ups, Vertical Jump, 25 m V Cut (floor) Change of Direction, Illinois and Agility (T Test) values were determined. While the control and experimental groups were doing technical and tactical training specific to the basketball branch in the micro cycle, the experimental group was also given a functional strength training program. Data with normality assumptions were evaluated with Repeated Measures ANOVA. When the pre-post test values of the groups were compared, the 20 m and 30 m Sprint, Forward Long Jump, 1 Minute Shuttle, Modified Push-up, Vertical Jump, 25 m V Cut (floor) Change of Direction and Agility (T Test) values were in favor of both groups. While there is a statistically significant difference, there is more variation in the experimental group values (p<.05). As a result; 20 m Speed, Forward Long Jump, 1 Minute Sit-up and Modified Push-ups, Vertical Jump, 25 m V Cut (floor) Change of Direction, Illinois Agility (negative effect) and Agility (T-test) values of functional strength training, while 30 m Sprint It is seen that it has a moderate effect on the values.
... Basketball represents a very popular team sport and its popularity is based on expressed attractiveness, game dynamics, and unpredictability. Often the game itself requires a lot of short sprints and numerous changes in the direction of movement in a small space (Castagna et al., 2009). Nowadays, science strives to improve the motor abilities of players and achieve an ideal body composition. ...
Basketball is a popular sport, and the fundament of that popularity is based on pronounced attractiveness, game dynamics, and unpredictability. Often the game itself requires a lot of short sprints and a lot of changes in the movement direction in a small space. In addition to good motor skills, for players to satisfy all the requirements of a modern game, it is necessary to have a particular body composition that can contribute to the game one-on-one. This study aimed to determine the relationes of body composition and certain motor abilities of basketball players. A total of 25 basketball players participated in the research. Agility assessment was carried out by the following tests: T-test, Zigzag test, and Slalom test. For speed assessment, running speed was measured at 5, 10, and 20 meters. Body height, body mass, Body Mass Index, percentage of muscle tissue, and percentage of adipose tissue were measured (calculated) for the body composition assessment. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was conducted to confirm the data's distribution normality. The relationship between body composition and motor abilities was assessed using Pearson's coefficient of correlation. We can conclude from the results obtained, that there is a statistically significant correlation between body composition and motor abilities. Statistically significant negative correlation was achieved between percentage of muscle tissue and following tests: Zigzag (p=0.008), Slalom test (p=0.000) and running speed tests at 5m (p=0.000) and 10m (p=0.000). The percentage of adipose tissue was positively related to T-test (p=0.007) and Slalom test (p=0.018). A positive correlation was also found between the percentage of adipose tissue and the running speed tests at 5m (p=0.003) and 20m (p=0.005). BMI achieved a statistically significant positive correlation only with the T-test (p=0.006). The percentage of body fat and body mass index adversely affects the results of agility. Consequently, we can improve the player's skills by improving body composition. The results emphasize the importance of muscle development because the percentage of muscle mass improves agility and speed results in basketball players.
... Basketball represents a very popular team sport and its popularity is based on expressed attractiveness, game dynamics, and unpredictability. Often the game itself requires a lot of short sprints and numerous changes in the direction of movement in a small space (Castagna et al., 2009). Nowadays, science strives to improve the motor abilities of players and achieve an ideal body composition. ...
The aim of the research was to determine the effects of exercise programs on lower limbs’ explosive strength in junior tennis players. For collecting of appropriate scientific researches from 2010 till 2021 the following keywords were used: tennis, eplosive strength, training and exercise program, motor ability- in three electronic databases (Google Scholar, KobSon, SCI index). Based on the keywords, the existing scientific researches have gone through three levels of selection in order to enter the final analysis. These analyzed researches are presented through five groups of parameters: authors of the research, sample description (sex, age and number), experimental treatment (description, frequency), measuring instruments and results. Only 10 researches have met the criteria, and the analysis shown that the exercise programs lasted from 6 to 8 weeks, with weekly training frequency between two and three times of 30 minutes, that is, as an addition to the training. Exercise programs that have been used for the development of lower limbs’ explosive strength in tennis players were of plyometric type, with and without equipment. The tests, by which the assessment of the lower limb’ explosive strength was determined, were: CMJ, CMJ (bilateral/unilateral), SJ, DJ and OLH. The results of the applied exercise programs have shown, in all of the analyzed researches, statistically significant progress (p<0.05). A lower-limb explosive strength represents a very significant segment within the basic motor skills of tennis players in the junior category due to the latent period of development period, but also to the pretensions of the increasing dynamism of the tennis game. In accordance with this, the research can help trainers to use the information for planning the development of the explosive strength of their tennis players, and for athletes to advance and manifest the maximum potential of this part of this basic motor space.
... Physical fitness is an important determinant of success in basketball as in many sports, upper body strength, lower body explosive power, running speed/agility, and cardiorespiratory endurance all correlate positively with game-related statistics, particularly offensive statistics (Castagna, Chaouachi, Rampinini). , Chamari and Impellizzeri, 2009;McGill, Andersen and Horne, 2012;Eraslan et al., 2020;Sarıakçalı et al., 2022).The results of this study reflect the benefits of prenatal testosterone on shooting skills, which have long-term benefits for basketball players. Prenatal testosterone affects the growth and development of the heart, muscles, bones and brain, which are important for athletic success (Geschwind and Galaburda, 1987). ...
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 2d:4d digit ratio on shooting performance in basketball players. 30 male and 30 female basketball players who have been actively playing basketball for 3 years at the age of 15±04.1.69 participated in the study. Participants were asked to score 5 shots from the free throw line by scoring between 0 and 5 to determine their basketball shooting skill performance. To determine finger length, the second finger (2D) and fourth finger (4D) (Figure 3) were measured using a 0-150 mm (USA, Cocraft) Vernier digital caliper with an accuracy of 0.
... Basketball is a sports branch in which includes high intensity, sudden rotations and deflections and in which high-level biomotoric properties are used. 1 Of this sports branch, 20% requires an aerobic and 80% an anaerobic energy system. 2 Therefore, anaerobic performance (AP) is of great importance for team sports which are completed in a short time and require explosive strength. 3 In basketball, skills such as jumping, throwing, and quick starts are needed during the match to produce the necessary energy [adenosine diphosphate-phosphocreatine (ATP-PC) and lactic acid]. ...
The aim of this study is to determine the free radical formation and the acute response of the antioxidant mechanism in the neuromuscular fatigue test applied to basketball players. Material
and Methods: A total of 27 professional basketball players (Age:
21.40±2.02 years, Height: 187.93±8.84 cm and Body Weight:
82.51±12.55 kg), actively playing in the Turkish Second Basketball
League, constituted the study population. The Wingate anaerobic
strength test was used to determine the acute neuromuscular fatigue
index of the athletes. Superoxide Dismutase, Glutathione, Catalase,
Malondialdehyde and blood Lactate values were determined before and
after the Want test. Analyzes of intergroup and in group parameters
were performed with the Two-Way Repeated Measures MANOVA
test. Results: It was determined that the athletes had an increase in the post-test Superoxide Dismutase and Glutathione value and there was a statistically significant difference between them and the pre-test (P=0.000). There was no statistically significant difference between the pre-test and post-test Catalase values of the athletes (P=0.217). It was determined that the athletes had an increase in the post-test Malondialdehyde value and there was a statistically significant difference between them and the pre-test (P=0.016). It was observed that there was a statistically significant difference of 1.91±0.815 (mmol.L) in the lactate pre-test value and 6.44±2.25 (mmol.L) in the post-test value of the athletes (P=0.000). Conclusion: As a result, it can be said that high anaerobic power and capacity cause an increase in antioxidant enzymes in acute neuromuscular fatigue and prevent free radical formation by forming reaction chains.
... During a game, basketball players spend 34% of their time running and jumping, 56.8% walking, and 9% standing, while the intensity of movement or its form takes place approximately every 2s (Jakovljević et al., 2011). During a game, a player on average achieves 46 ± 12 jumps (Castagna, Chaouachi, Rampinini, Chamari, & Impellizzeri, 2009), performing as many as 100 different jumps during the entire game (Manojlović & Erčulj, 2013). ...
Plyometric movement improves athletes' muscular performance and is used in the plyometric training method as an unavoidable principle of explosive power and speed development training. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of plyometric programs on biomechanical parameters, including any differences between them. The study focused on three sports, junior age group athletes, and was based on a systematic analysis of previous results. Electronic databases such as PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, ERIC were searched for studies from 1999 to 2022. The results from 15 studies are summarized in detail. They show the positive effects of the plyometric programs on biomechanical parameters equally in the three sports. Training duration ranges from 20 to 90 min, and is directly related to the intensity of training and the number of jumps. Shorter sessions are of very high intensity with fewer jumps, while longer sessions are moderate and high intensity with fewer jumps (more than 138 to more than 2976). The most frequent training duration is 45 to 60 min, with high intensity and 600 to 900 different jumps. Greater improvements in explosive power and speed are seen in the parameters of sprint and jump tests. High intensity programs lasted from seven to 12 weeks, with a frequency of two to four times a week (СМЈ 6,2% to 16,9%, while for SJ 7,6% to 19,8%), while lower intensity programs lasted from three to six weeks (СМЈ 6,3% to 9,1%, and for SJ 6,6% to 8,9%). It is concluded that longer programs, of a moderate and high intensity and training sessions from 45 to 60 min, enable the best progress, regardless of sport.
... Physical fitness is an important determinant of success in basketball as in many sports, upper body strength, lower body explosive power, running speed/agility, and cardiorespiratory endurance all correlate positively with game-related statistics, particularly offensive statistics (Castagna, Chaouachi, Rampinini). , Chamari and Impellizzeri, 2009;McGill, Andersen and Horne, 2012;Eraslan et al., 2020;Sarıakçalı et al., 2022).The results of this study reflect the benefits of prenatal testosterone on shooting skills, which have long-term benefits for basketball players. Prenatal testosterone affects the growth and development of the heart, muscles, bones and brain, which are important for athletic success (Geschwind and Galaburda, 1987). ...
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 2d:4d digit ratio on shooting performance in basketball players. 30 male and 30 female basketball players who have been actively playing basketball for 3 years at the age of 15±04.1.69 participated in the study. Participants were asked to score 5 shots from the free throw line by scoring between 0 and 5 to determine their basketball shooting skill performance. To determine finger length, the second finger (2D) and fourth finger (4D) (Figure 3) were measured using a 0-150 mm (USA, Cocraft) Vernier digital caliper with an accuracy of 0.01 mm in millimeters (mm). In addition, the 20 Meter Shuttle Running Test was applied to measure the endurance of the participants. Independent sample T-Test and Pearson correlation test were used for statistical analysis. There was no significant difference in the participants' shot parameters, Shuttle Run Test and other 2D and 4D parameters (p>0.05). There was a negative correlation between the 20 Meter Shuttle Running Test and the left hand 2d:4d variables of the participants (p0.05). It was found that there was no effect between 2D: 4D and aerobic performance and shooting in adolescent male and female basketball players. This result may be due to the age, training level and heterogeneity of the sample group.
... The significance of vertical jumps in basketball is also confirmed [25] with the fact that one basketball match consists of (46 ± 12) jumps per one player [36,37], i.e. a basketball player performs up to 100 different jumps in a game [38]. During half an hour the player jumps about (16)(17) times, and when we count it, we get 35 times during the whole match [39]. ...
Background and Study Aim. Team sports, basketball and handball, as well as their competitions, are very popular throughout the world. The aim of this research was evaluation and comparative analysis of the results of a vertical jump between young basketball and handball players. Material and Methods. A group of 37 participants took part in the research: 21 basketball players from the basketball club OKK ''Novi Pazar'' (age: 15.5 ± 0.5) from Novi Pazar formed the first subgroup and 16 handball players from the handball club RK ''Železničar 1949'' (age: 25.4 ± 5.8; body height = 193.5 ± 7.5 cm; body weight = 94.0 ± 7.4 kg; body mass index = 25.03 ± 2.38 kg/m2) from Niš formed the second subgroup. Explosive power of the vertical jumps was assessed by the following tests: countermovement jump, countermovement jump/arm swing, squat jump. Participants had at least 5 years of training experience and held similar acute training histories prior to study commencement, completing 4 weeks of baseline conditioning during the general preparatory phase. Participants were free of injury, illness and disease as determined by a team physician prior to study participation. Results. The results of the independent samples t-test show that there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between basketball and handball players in all vertical jump tests. Conclusions. This article contains new information about vertical jumps of young male basketball and elite male handball players that could be extremely useful for coaches. Also, these findings suggest that basketball coaches may benefit from talents’ identification in young basketball players.
... The significance of vertical jumps in basketball is also confirmed [25] with the fact that one basketball match consists of (46 ± 12) jumps per one player [36,37], i.e. a basketball player performs up to 100 different jumps in a game [38]. During half an hour the player jumps about (16)(17) times, and when we count it, we get 35 times during the whole match [39]. ...
Background and Study Aim
Team sports, basketball and handball, as well as their competitions, are very popular throughout the world. The aim of this research was evaluation and comparative analysis of the results of a vertical jump between young basketball and handball players.
Material and Methods
A group of 37 participants took part in the research: 21 basketball players from the
basketball club OKK ‘’Novi Pazar’’ (age: 15.5 ± 0.5) from Novi Pazar formed the frst subgroup and 16 handball players from the handball club RK ‘’Železničar 1949’’ (age: 25.4 ± 5.8; body height: 193.5 ± 7.5 cm; body weight: 94.0 ± 7.4 kg; body mass index: 25.03 ± 2.38 kg/m2) from Niš formed the second subgroup. Explosive power of the vertical jumps was assessed by the following tests: countermovement jump, countermovement jump/arm swing, squat jump. Participants had at least 5 years of training experience and held similar acute training histories prior to study commencement, completing 4 weeks of baseline conditioning during the general preparatory phase. Participants were free of injury, illness and disease as determined by a team physician prior to study participation.
Results
The results of the independent samples t-test show that there were no signifcant differences (p > 0.05) between basketball and handball players in all vertical jump tests.
Conclusions This article contains new information about vertical jumps of young male basketball and elite male handball players that could be extremely useful for coaches. Also, these fndings suggest that basketball coaches may beneft from talents’ identifcation in young basketball players
... Strength indicators of examined basketball players matched those of their peers: USA (NCAA Division 1) -35.77 cm (Heishman et al., 2018), Spain -41.57 cm (Calleja-Gonzalez et al., 2016), Tunisian youth national team -41.4 cm (Ben Abdelkrim et al., 2010) and Italian regional-level juniors -48.11 cm (Castagna et al., 2009). Köklü et al. (2011) reported CMJ performance for the first division Turkish players -40.6 cm and for the second division -36.0 cm. ...
The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in seasonal changes in physical capacities of elite youth basketball players during preparatory and competitive periods. A total of 17 elite youth male basketball players from second and third basketball leagues of Lithuania (age: 17.8 ± 1.3 years; height: 198.5 ± 8.2 cm; body mass: 86.4 ± 8.6 kg) voluntarily participated in this study. All of these players also play for youth national teams. The players underwent testing 4 times: before preparatory period, after preparatory period, after first competitive round and after second competitive round. For each player, stage, countermovement jump (CMJ), countermovement jump with free arms (CMJ FA), 10-20 m sprint and lane agility tests were performed. Descriptive analysis was performed using the mean of the count of the event and standard deviation. The reliability of differences between averages was determined in accordance with the Student criterion for independent samples (the normality of distribution was tested by applying the Shapiro-Wilk criterion). In the assessment of the reliability of the results, the difference was deemed to be statistically significant when p < 0.05 (95% reliability). All statistical tests were performed using the software package IBM SPSS version 23.0 for Windows. This study showed that in elite youth basketball players, there were seasonal changes between testing before preparatory period and after second round competitive period, i.e., there was an increase in the indicators of CMJ and lane agility (p < 0.05) but not in CMJ FA and 10-20 m sprint indicators. Physical fitness tests (10-20 m sprint test, CMJ, CMJ FA, and lane agility test) are essential for the development process of youth basketball players to allow coaches to determine whether players are developing in terms of physical fitness.
... However, some studies indicate that plyometric training has proven to be an effective method for improving jump height, while the influence on short sprints is less clear (Bavli, 2011;Bouteraa et al., 2020). A professional basketball player performs short sprints (1 s -2s) 105 ± 52 times on average during a game (Castagna et al., 2009). McInnes et al. (1995 in their study of basketball games of the Australian National League indicate that the longest sprint lasted 5.5s, 5% of sprints lasted longer than 4s, and the largest number of sprints (51%) lasted 1.5 s -2 s. ...
Plyometric training involves the use of exercises in which the actual muscles after eccentric contraction
become concentric. The aim of this narrative review was to determine the significance and role of plyometric training
in basketball, ie this review aimed to determine the influence of plyometric training on the explosive power, sprint,
and the change of direction speed of basketball players. The results of this review indicate that plyometric training is
an effective method that has a positive effect on short-term maximum performance in basketball. However, some
studies have indicated that the effect may be absent on sprint and change of direction speed in basketball players. The
general factors of application of plyometric training are age, warm-up, exercises, performance technique, equipment,
and surface. The effects of plyometric training can vary depending on factors such as athlete's level, gender, sports
activity, duration, type of plyometric training. Therefore, further original studies are needed, in order to further clarify
the effect of plyometric training on short-term maximum performance, especially on sprint and change of direction
speed of basketball players.
... Analyses of physiological requirements of modern basketball game showed a major reliance on the anaerobic metabolism across positions, with secondary reliance on the aerobic energy system (Hoffman, J.R., 2003). The basketball is considered as an intermittent high-intensity sport that requires mainly anaerobic metabolism (Castagna et al., 2009;Popovic S., et al, 2013).The average intensity of basketball game is above 85% of maximal heart rate and above of maximal oxygen consumption ( Balciunnas et al., 2006). ...
... Analyses of physiological requirements of modern basketball game showed a major reliance on the anaerobic metabolism across positions, with secondary reliance on the aerobic energy system (Hoffman, J.R., 2003). The basketball is considered as an intermittent high-intensity sport that requires mainly anaerobic metabolism (Castagna et al., 2009;Popovic S., et al, 2013).The average intensity of basketball game is above 85% of maximal heart rate and above of maximal oxygen consumption ( Balciunnas et al., 2006). ...
... Cook ve diğ., Genç elit basketbolcuların boy ortalamalarının (n=71), 191,4±9,2 cm, vücut ağırlığı ortalamalarının 81,4±9,5 kg olduğunu rapor etmiştir (Cook, Kiss, Khan, Purdam, & Webster, 2004). Castagna ve diğ., bir çalışmalarında genç basketbolcuların boy uzunluğu ortalamalarının 181,7±6,9 cm vücut ağırlıklarının ise 72,4±11,4 kg olarak tespit ettiklerini (Castagna, Impellizzeri, Rampinini, D'ottavi, & Manzi, 2008), farklı bir çalışmada ise 180,75±5 cm, vücut ağrılıklarını ise 69,25±5,85 kg olarak ölçtüklerini bildirmişlerdir (Castagna, Chaouachi, Rampinini, Chamari, & Impellizzeri, 2009). Iğdır, 15,02±1,42 yaş ortalamasına sahip basketbolcular ile yaptığı çalışmada, boy uzunluğu ortalamalarının 170,4±10,71 cm, vücut ağırlıklarının ise 59,26±12,66 kg olarak ölçtüğünü rapor etmiştir (Iğdır, 2018). ...
Basketbol oyunu zamanla günümüzde milyonları bulan taraftar sayısı
ile en popüler spor dallarından biri haline gelmiştir. Yapısı gereği motorik
özellikleri en üst düzeyde kullanan spor dalı olan basketbolda, gelişmiş
motorsal özellikler başarının anahtarı olarak kabul edilebilir. Oyunun hızlı
oynanmasından ötürü anaerobik güç ağırlıklı bir spor türüdür.
Basketbolcular aynı yaş ve cinsiyetteki spor yapmayan akran gruplarından
fiziksel olarak farklılık gösterirler (Metin, Öztürk, Yücesir, &
Bayraktar, 2003). Sporcuların branşları ne olursa olsun sporcuların motorik
ve antropometrik özelliklerinin bilinmesi sporcu profillerinin doğru
oluşturulması için gereklidir (Akçakaya, 2009) (Sevim, 1991). Basketbol
için öncelikli motorik özellikler; kuvvet, sürat, esneklik, patlayıcı kuvvet
ve dayanıklılıktır.
Basketbol müsabakasında değişik şiddetlerde toplu ve topsuz koşular
ve sıçrama gibi çeşitli hareketler yapıp, ortalama 4500-5000 metre mesafe
kat edilmektedir. Bir oyunda temponun ortalama 350 defa değiştiği, oyun
içerisinde sıçrama, sprint, kol hareketleri yanında kalça fleksiyonu ve gövde
rotasyonu yapıldığı bildirilmiştir. (Nazaraki, Berg, Stergiou, & Chen,
2009). Bompa, iyi bir basketbolcuda; taktiksel zekâ ve işbirlikçi yapının
yanında uzun boy ve uzun kollar, yüksek anaerobik güç, yüksek aerobik
kapasite, yorgunluk ve strese karşı dayanıklılık ile birlikte koordinasyon
gibi özelliklerin bulunması gerektiğini belirtmiştir (Bompa, 1998).
“Basketbol sporunda önde oynayan oyun kurucu (guard) pozisyonundaki
sporcuların fazla uzun boylu olmaması gerektiği düşünülmektedir.
Forvet ve pivot pozisyonunda oynayan sporcuların ise pota altı veya ribaunt
mücadelesine girmeleri nedeniyle fiziksel olarak güçlü ve daha uzun
oyuncular arasından seçilmeleri gerekmektedir. Oyun kurucuların, oyun
kurma becerileri için hızlı ve çabuk olmaları, daha çok topla oynamaları
(dripling) ve iyi pas vermeleri, diğer pozisyonda oynayan oyuncuların sıçrama
veya başka özelliklerine göre gelişmesi basketbol sporunun kurgusal
stratejisine dayanmaktadır” (Drinkwater, Pyne, & McKenna, 2008). (Ostojic,
Mazic, & Dikic, 2006) (Sallet P. , Perrier, Ferret, & Vitelli, 2005).
Vertical jump is an essential component for success in sports and athletic performance. This study determined the effectiveness of squat and countermovement jumps in improving vertical jump performance of Tertiary Athletes in one of the Universities in Cagayan de Oro City for School Year 2018-2019. This study utilized quasi-experimental design (pretest and posttest) where two treatment groups were involved. There were seventy-four (74) athletes who participated and they were distributed into two groups with specific exercise routines such as squat jump and countermovement jump. Findings reveal that there was a significant increase in the vertical jump performance of the athletes after exposure to the two exercise routines. This study concluded that both half squat jump and countermovement jump enhanced the vertical jump performance of the tertiary athletes. The study further established that both squat jump and countermovement jump was comparably effective in improving the vertical jump performance of the participants. It is recommended that the two exercise routines will be integrated in the varsity training program as well as in the physical education classes to improve the vertical jump performance of both athletes and the students.
Background: This study aimed to investigate the effects of post-activation potentiation (PAP) on sport performance. Methods: The data used in this study were reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 guidelines. Researchers extracted relevant randomized controlled trials from the available literature using prominent scientific indexing databases such as EBSCOhost, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, as well as Google Scholar. Ten of the 125 studies that met the inclusion criteria were included. The overall quality of each study was determined using the PEDro scale. Ten studies had scores ranging from 3 to 5. Results: In PAP interventions, power (n = 4) was the primary aspect of sports performance, followed by endurance (n = 1), speed (n = 2), and jumping ability (n = 2). Meanwhile, PAP significantly affects the power, endurance, speed, and jumping abilities of athletes in basketball, volleyball, track and field, and soccer. Conclusion: Compared with conventional training, PAP is a relatively novel dynamic warm-up routine that can greatly enhance the sports performance of athletes in terms of endurance, power, speed, and jumping ability. As a phenomenon of rapid increase in muscle strength and power caused by high-intensity warm-up activities, PAP can help athletes quickly adjust the physical condition to the best state in the pre-match warm-up. However, since some study findings did not reflect the effect of PAP on the sports performance of athletes, more high-quality randomized controlled trials are required to further prove the effect of PAP. Additionally, the existing evidence does not consider the effect of PAP on agility and flexibility performance. In formulating the PAP induction program, it is also necessary to consider the impact of the gender and age of the inducer, exercise level, pre-stimulation load, and interval time on PAP.
The aim of the present study was to analyze the relationship between the highest value of the Reactive Strength Index (RSI) and sprint acceleration in basketball players. Seven basketball players (age 19 years± 2.16, height 1.85 meters± 0.04, body mass 80.16 kg± 12.20, BMI 24.21 km/m2± 3.33 and practice time 6.28 years± 2.75) at the regional level, from the city of João Pessoa, Paraíba, were evaluated in the reactive strength index and acceleration in the sprint, at 0-10, 0-20 and 10-20 meters, measured by a contact platform and photocells, respectively. Data were analyzed in SPSS 22.0 software quantitatively through mean and standard deviation. The Shapiro-Wilk normality test was used and, after the result of non-normality of the data, the Spearman correlation. Negative and weak correlations were found between RSI and 0-10 meters (r= -0.107, p= 0.819), and negative and moderate correlation between RSI and 0-20 (r= -0.429, p= 0.337) and 10-20 meters (r= -0.214, p= 0.645). It can be concluded that experienced athletes may have a moderate correlation between the highest RSI values and a 20-meter sprint.
Neues Medium zur Leistungssteigerung und Verletzungsprävention veröffentlicht
Die für sportlichen Erfolg erforderliche optimale Abstimmung von Athletik, Dynamik, Schnelligkeit und einem perfekten Ballgefühl machen den Basketball zu einer der komplexesten Mannschaftssportarten der Welt. Die Komplexität der beliebten Ballsportart birgt allerdings ein hohes Verletzungsrisiko: So wurden in der Saison 2019/20 in der ersten und zweiten deutschen Spielklasse über 800 Verletzungen registriert. Im Durchschnitt verletzen sich Basketballspieler in dieser Spielzeit 1,6 Mal. Durch Verletzungen verursachte Ausfälle reduzieren erheblich die Erfolgswahrscheinlichkeit der betroffenen Teams. Ein neues Präventionsmedium der VBG liefert den Clubs nützliche Tests und Tools, die zur Leistungssteigerung, Verletzungsvorbeugung und Gesunderhaltung ihrer Basketballprofis beitragen sollen.
Die Broschüre Diagnostik und Betreuung im Basketball wurde von Sportwissenschaftlern der VBG in Zusammenarbeit mit den Deutschen Basketballärzten, dem Deutschen Basketball Bund (DBB) sowie weiteren Experten ausgearbeitet. Ziel der basketballspezifischen Tests ist es,
die individuelle Leistungsvoraussetzung sowie
die körperliche Fitness und
die mentale Gesundheit
der einzelnen Basketballerinnen und Basketballer zu ermitteln. Die Ermittlung der individuellen Parameter bildet die nötige Grundlage einer hinsichtlich Belastung und Erholung optimal austarierten Trainingssteuerung. Denn nur anhand der daraus gewonnenen Informationen, wie zum Beispiel identifizierten Stärken, Schwächen und Leistungswerten, kann ein Coach ein zielgerichtetes Training aufbauen und die Leistung seiner Mannschaft nachhaltig entwickeln. Zudem helfen die ermittelten Werte im Fall einer Verletzung dabei, den Rehabilitationsprozess optimal zu steuern.
Mehr als 40 Testbatterien, Tools, Fragebögen und Messprotokolle
Auf den 208 Seiten des neuen Mediums finden sich neben grundlegenden Informationen zum basketballspezifischen Leistungsprofil und zu den Grundlagen der praktischen und theoretischen Leistungsdiagnostik praktikable Tests unter anderem zur
aeroben und anaeroben Ausdauer,
Kraft und Stabilität,
Schnelligkeit und Richtungswechselschnelligkeit,
Beweglichkeit.
Zu den meisten von ihnen liegen entsprechende Orientierungswerte und Beurteilungstabellen vor, die den Verantwortlichen im Trainerteam die Bewertung ihres Kaders erleichtern. Als sinnvolle Ergänzung gibt es außerdem digital ausfüllbare Messprotokolle, in die die gesamten Daten einer Mannschaft eingetragen, ausgewertet und gespeichert werden können. Ziel der Vereine sollte es sein, aus den Testergebnissen entsprechende Trainingsmaßnahmen abzuleiten, um mittelfristig Verletzungen zu reduzieren und die Mannschaftsleistung zu steigern.
Neben den zahlreichen Tests und Tools zur Leistungsdiagnostik enthält die neue Basketball-Broschüre unter anderem wichtige Tipps zur
Beanspruchung und Erholung,
Medizinischen Betreuung und
Rückkehr nach Verletzungen
sowie praktische Hinweise zur Einführung und Etablierung eines vereinsspezifischen Präventionskonzepts. Die Diagnostik und Betreuung im Basketball aus der Medienreihe VBG-Fachwissen ist ab Mitte Januar 2023 als Printmedium und im Medien-Center der VBG als PDF zum Download kostenfrei verfügbar.
Introduction: The study compared the effects of 6-week (2 sessions/week) velocity-based resistance training (VBRT) and percentage-based resistance training (PBRT) on athletic performance in Sport-College female basketball players.
Methods: Fifteen participants were assigned to the VBRT (n = 8) or PBRT (n = 7) groups. The load in VBRT group were determined through the sessional target velocity and velocity loss monitoring, whereas PBRT group used a fixed-load based on percentage of 1-repetition maximum (1RM). Both groups completed intervention that involved the free weight back squat and bench press using the same relative load (linear periodization from 65% to 95% 1RM). Training loads data was continuously recorded. Measurements at baseline (T0) and post-training (T2) included 1RM, countermovement-jump (CMJ), squat-jump (SJ), eccentric-utilization-ratio (EUR), drop-jump height and reactive-strength-index (DJ, DJ-RSI), plyometric-push-up (PPU), 505 change-of-direction (COD), 10-m、20-m sprint (T-10、T-20), 17 × 15 m drill-lines (17-drill), Hexagon agility, and functional movement screen (FMS). A mid-term (T1) assessment was included to investigate the short-term effects of both methods and the fluctuation of personalized 1RM.
Results: No between-group differences were observed at T0 for descriptive variables (p > 0.05). Both groups showed significant improvement in strength gains for back squat and bench press, but VBRT showed likely to very likely favorable improvements in CMJ, SJ, EUR, DJ-RSI, Hexagon and COD among athletic performance. The VBRT showed likely to very likely improvements in 17-drill and DJ, while PBRT showed unclear effects. The lifted weights adjusted by VBRT method were higher than prescribed by PBRT (p < 0.05) for the same subjects.
Conclusion: Compared with fixed-load PBRT, VBRT enhanced power and athletic performance despite similar strength gains. VBRT can be regarded as a more functional resistance-training method under linear periodization.
Istraživanje efekata programiranog trenažnog rada tematika je istraživanja mnogih studija. Osnovni cilj ovog istraživanja je utvrđivanje efekata tromjesečnog programiranog rada na transformaciju (promjene) morfoloških karakteristika mladih košarkašica uzrasne dobi 13 – 15 godina koje redovno treniraju u ŽKK „Ljubuški“ iz Ljubuškog.
Uzorak za istraživanje obuhvatio je 88 ispitanica-mladih koarkašica uzrasne dobi 13-15 godina koje aktivno treniraju košarku u ŽKK „Ljubuški“ iz Ljubuškog.
U istraživanju je primijenjen set od 12 varijabli za procjenu morfoloških karakteristika mjerene prema uputama Internacionalnog biološkog programa (IBP). Mjerenje morfoloških varijabli izvršeno je u dvije vremenske tačke, prije realizacije programa (inicijalno) i poslije realizacije programiranog rada (finalno).
U cilju utvrđivanja efekata tromjesečnog programiranog rada na transformaciju (promjene) morfoloških karakteristika mladih košarkašica primijenjena je faktorska analiza (metod kongruencije).
Rezultati faktorske analize pokazuju da je pod utjecajem tromjesečnog programiranog rada došlo do strukturalnih promjena morfoloških karakteristika kod tretiranog uzorka ispitanica. U odnosu na inicijalno mjerenje gdje su izolovane četiri latentne dimenzije u finalnom mjerenju došlo je do kvalitenijeg grupisanja primijenjenih varijabli te su izolovane tri latentne dimenzije, odnosno došlo je do sužavanja hiperkonusa projekcije izolovanih glavnih komponenti u finalnom mjerenju u odnosu na inicijalno mjerenje.
Dobiveni rezultati istraživanja ukazuju da dobro osmišljen i programiran trenažni rad može efikasno doprinjeti željenim promjenama morfoloških karakteristika u pravcu rasta i razvoja mladih košarkašica.
The aim of this study was "application of different passing techniques in basketball". The
aim of the study was to present ways of passing in basketball based on the analysis of selected
matches. Based on the sample of matches and the application of descriptive statistics, conclusions
were drawn: that the players are in all positions in the team, ie. the defenders mostly applied the
addition from the chest with two hands - directly, then the addition with one hand from the chest -
directly. The players on the wing position, like the defenders, mostly used the two-handed pass from
the chest - directly, then the two-handed pass over the head. The players in the center position also
mostly applied passing from the chest with two hands - directly, then passing with one hand from the
chest - directly. It can be concluded that adding is one of the most important technical elements in
basketball. Therefore, adding a lot of time and attention should be devoted to basic training in
working with children. This data, which was obtained, can help in further work with children, coaches
and physical education teachers
The aime of this study is "Analysis of the application of blockades in basketball". The aime
of the study was to present the ways of setting up blockades, as well as their application in modern
basketball. Other goals are to analyze the application of blockades in relation to the position
(workplace) of players in the team participating in the blockades as well as their success.The tasks of
the work were collecting videos (matches), and materials, observation sheet, collecting and analyzing
data. Based on all set goals and after the analysis of videos of seven matches of the European
Championship in Poland in 2009, the quantity of application of techniques of set blockades of teams
and players in different playing positions (point guard, forward and center) was determined.
International Journal of Exercise Science 15(6): 974-984, 2022. The purpose of this study was to determine if significant relationships exist between absolute and relative lower-body power and selected measures of speed among male and female collegiate basketball players. Archived performance testing data from 29 (male = 14; female = 15) NCAA division II collegiate basketball players were used for this analysis. These measures included lane agility, 10-yard sprint, and shuttle run time (sec). A Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to determine if significant relationships existed between measures of lower-body power and linear sprint time, change of direction speed (CODS), and shuttle performance. Statistical significance was set a priori at p ≤ 0.05. A significant large correlation was found between absolute power and lane agility (r = 0.54, p = 0.05) among male players. No significant correlations were found between absolute or relative power for 10-yard sprint times, lane agility, or shuttle run performance (p > 0.05). Females showed no significant correlations between relative power and lane agility (r =-0.25, p = 0.37) or 10-yard sprint (r =-0.47, p = 0.08), but did show a significant large correlation (r =-0.64, p = 0.01) between relative power and shuttle run performance. Generating high amounts of relative power is vital in intermittent team sports such as basketball. In particular, this study provided evidence that relative power in female collegiate basketball players is significantly related to shuttle run ability.
U ovom radu provedeno je istraživanje na vrhunskim sportašima momčadskih sportova odbojkašima i košarkašima s ciljem analiza razlika morfoloških karakteristika i eksplozivne snage tipa skočnosti primjenom testova na tenziometrijskoj platformi. Istraživanjem je utvrđena statistički značajna razlika košarkaša u odnosu na odbojkaše u varijabli „Tjelesna visina“. Značajne razlike košarkaša i ne čude obzirom da uspješnost u košarci u velikoj mjeri ovise o tjelesnoj visini međutim odbojkaši u ovom istraživanju bili su znatno niži od odbojkaša zahvaćenih nekim ranijim istraživanjima. Također, utvrđena je statistički značajna razlika odbojkaša u odnosu na košarkaše u varijabli „Skok iz čučnja s pripremom“, a objašnjenje leži u činjenici da uspješnost u odbojci u velikoj mjeri ovisi o ekscentričnokoncentričnoj kontrakciji čija učestalost tijekom igre značajno premašuje učestalost skokova tijekom košarkaške igre. Utvrđena je statistički značajna razlika između odbojkaša i košarkaša u varijabli „Maksimalni skok iz čučnja s pripremom“. Specifičnosti struktura kretanja u odbojci, prije svega, skokovi, dominiraju tijekom svih faza igre u kojima upravo zamah rukama čini neizostavan dio svakog kvalitetnog skoka te direktno ovise o uspješnosti. Uz činjenicu da je njihova učestalost veća nego u košarci, potrebno je uzeti u obzir da se skokovi odbojkaša ne izvode u interakciji sa drugim igračima kao što je to slučaj u košarci. Razlike u rezultatima eksplozivne snage tipa skočnosti mogli bi objasniti specifičnostima pojedinog sporta koji su ovim istraživanjem zahvaćeni. Specifičnosti se prije svega odnose na poštivanje dominacije energetskih kapaciteta te hijerarhijske distribucije motoričkih sposobnosti koje su potrebne u određenom sportu da bi se ostvarila uspješnost. Zaključno valja spomenuti kako rezultati istraživanja imaju reperkusije kako na trenažne operatore i programiranje tako i na selekciju sportaša ako uzmemo u obzir da su upravo razlike u rezultatima odraz manifestacije eksplozivne snage tijekom same igre, biomehaničke različitosti kretnih struktura te same zastupljenosti eksplozivne snage tipa skočnosti u sportovima zahvaćenim ovim istraživanjem.
Abstract. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of complex training (a
combination of weight training and biomechanically similar plyometric jumps) on the sprint
abilities. Young basketball players (N=31, Age=17-18) from OKK "Konstantin" and OKK
"Junior" from Nis were divided into two groups: the experimental group (E, n = 16; AVIS =
186,17cm ± 6,50cm; AMAS = 74,75 ± 9,48kg) and control group (K; n = 15; AVIS = 185,15
± 9,10cm; AMAS = 79,23 ± 11,87kg). The experimental group (E) was made up of the
players from basketball team OKK "Konstantin", which in addition to basketball trainings
also took part in complex training. The control group (K) was made up of the players from
basketball team OKK "Junior", who at that time only took part in basketball trainings. To
assess their sprint abilities, three tests were used: the 10x5m Shuttle Test (10x5m), Sprint
Fatigue Test (SFT) and Sprint Speed at 15m (S15m). The measurement was done with the
help of the photocell "MICROGATE", a parameter which was monitored and the processed
time was read in 1/100sec. The experimental program lasted for 12 weeks (2x per week).
Data processing was carried out using the SPSS statistical program. To determine the effect
of complex training on the sprint abilities of young basketball players, the analysis of
covariance ANCOVA was used. The results showed that group E achieved significantly
greater progress than group K on the tests: 10x5m and S15m. There was no difference
between group E and K on the test SFT. Based on these results we concluded that complex
training has positive effects on the development of sprint abilities, as well as on the
development of the capacity of changes of direction after a full sprint in young basketball
players. However, the aforementioned training method does not lead to improvements in
sprint endurance, i.e. it does not lead to an improved index of fatigue.
Key words: complex training, abilities, basketball, young players.
Modern basketball is characterized by a high intensity activity throughout the game, which requires optimal physical condition for the players. The increasing demands of modern basketball and inadequate physical preparation also result in an increased number of sports-related injuries. Physical preparation in the form of strength and power training is part of the strategy in preventing and reducing such injuries, but also in improving the performance of basketball players in the game. Strength and power have a direct impact on improving the performance of basketball players, but also influence on improving other motor skills and characteristics of basketball players. As the benefits of the strength and power training are known and recognised, this review paper aims to point out some specifics of the training process in the development of strength and power of basketball players. The paper points to the importance of being systematic and progressive in the long-term development of power , but also within the annual cycle of training. In addition, the paper provides some specific guidelines for conducting strength and power training within the various stages of the preparation and competition periods, with an emphasis on the functionality and specificity of the training.
Background:
The aim of this study was to examine the fitness profile of Italian male national teams Team-Handball players of different competitive level.
Methods:
Forty-one male handball players from the Senior (n=21, height 1.90±0.06m, body mass 94.04±11.59kg, BMI 26.13±2.45) and the Junior (n=20, height 1.86±0.06m, body weight 84.99±12.52kg, BMI: 24.56±3.35) Italian National Teams participated in this study. Players were tested for lower and upper limbs muscle strength, change of direction ability and specific endurance. Lower limbs explosive strength was assessed with squat (SJ) countermovement (CMJ), stiff leg (Stiffness) jumps. Explosive strength was assessed by measuring kinematic aspects of squat and bench exercises. Change of Direction ability was assessed with the 505 test. The Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (YYIR1) was considered for specific endurance.
Results:
Large and significant differences [d>1; partial ɳ2>0.14; p<0.01] between senior and junior national team players were found in anthropometrics, jumping, power, sprint, agility and aerobic fitness (junior body weight accounting for 10% less than the senior one, p=0.021; SJ and CMJ in juniors smaller than the seniors by 15% and 12%, p=0.000 and p=0.001 respectively). Similar differences were found among positional roles (goalkeepers, backs, centers, pivots, wings), suggesting practical implications for training.
Conclusions:
Competitive level and playing role differences in relevant handball performance were reported in Italian national team players. The magnitude of the differences suggest the need of individual training approach when dealing with the young handball players.
Background
Measuring the physical work and resultant acute psychobiological responses of basketball can help to better understand and inform physical preparation models and improve overall athlete health and performance. Recent advancements in training load monitoring solutions have coincided with increases in the literature describing the physical demands of basketball, but there are currently no reviews that summarize all the available basketball research. Additionally, a thorough appraisal of the load monitoring methodologies and measures used in basketball is lacking in the current literature. This type of critical analysis would allow for consistent comparison between studies to better understand physical demands across the sport.
Objectives
The objective of this systematic review was to assess and critically evaluate the methods and technologies used for monitoring physical demands in competitive basketball athletes. We used the term ‘training load’ to encompass the physical demands of both training and game activities, with the latter assumed to provide a training stimulus as well. This review aimed to critique methodological inconsistencies, establish operational definitions specific to the sport, and make recommendations for basketball training load monitoring practice and reporting within the literature.
Methods
A systematic review of the literature was performed using EBSCO, PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science to identify studies through March 2020. Electronic databases were searched using terms related to basketball and training load. Records were included if they used a competitive basketball population and incorporated a measure of training load. This systematic review was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO Registration # CRD42019123603), and approved under the National Basketball Association (NBA) Health Related Research Policy.
Results
Electronic and manual searches identified 122 papers that met the inclusion criteria. These studies reported the physical demands of basketball during training (n = 56), competition (n = 36), and both training and competition (n = 30). Physical demands were quantified with a measure of internal training load (n = 52), external training load (n = 29), or both internal and external measures (n = 41). These studies examined males (n = 76), females (n = 34), both male and female (n = 9), and a combination of youth (i.e. under 18 years, n = 37), adults (i.e. 18 years or older, n = 77), and both adults and youth (n = 4). Inconsistencies related to the reporting of competition level, methodology for recording duration, participant inclusion criteria, and validity of measurement systems were identified as key factors relating to the reporting of physical demands in basketball and summarized for each study.
Conclusions
This review comprehensively evaluated the current body of literature related to training load monitoring in basketball. Within this literature, there is a clear lack of alignment in applied practices and methodological framework, and with only small data sets and short study periods available at this time, it is not possible to draw definitive conclusions about the true physical demands of basketball. A detailed understanding of modern technologies in basketball is also lacking, and we provide specific guidelines for defining and applying duration measurement methodologies, vetting the validity and reliability of measurement tools, and classifying competition level in basketball to address some of the identified knowledge gaps. Creating alignment in best-practice basketball research methodology, terminology and reporting may lead to a more robust understanding of the physical demands associated with the sport, thereby allowing for exploration of other research areas (e.g. injury, performance), and improved understanding and decision making in applying these methods directly with basketball athletes.
Oxygen uptake during treadmill running was measured at submaximal and maximal intensities in six different groups of endurance athletes (N = 134) and in seven endurance-trained men. The relationship between body mass (M) and oxygen uptake (VO2) was evaluated by deriving the exponent b in the equation VO2 = a.Mb. Thus, if b = 1, the oxygen uptake increases in proportion to body mass and oxygen uptake per kg is independent of body mass; if b less than 1, than the oxygen uptake per kg is inversely related to body mass. The exponent b was found to be less than unity for all groups for both submaximal (b = 0.76, s = 0.06) and maximal oxygen uptake (b = 0.71, s = 0.05). These results indicate that neither submaximal nor maximal oxygen uptake increases in proportion to body mass during running. The relationship between submaximal oxygen uptake and body mass observed in this study may explain why the oxygen uptake per kg of body mass has been found to be higher for children than for adults.
The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of the 1 min stage version of the 20 m shuttle run multistage test to predict VO2max in adults (53 males and 24 females, 19 to 47 years old). The maximal shuttle run speed (S-MAS) was thus compared to the VO2max attained during a multistage treadmill test (TE-VO2max), the retroextrapolated VO2max at time zero of the O2 recovery curve of the shuttle run (SR-VO2max) and the VO2max predicted from a previously developed regression equation with children (Mercier et al., 1983) and putting 18 year olds in the regression equation for all adults which yielded (SP-VO2max = -27.4 + 6.0 S-MAS). The latter regression equation was very similar to the ones obtained with the two other criteria and was thus retained to ensure a smooth transition between children and adults in predicting VO2max. Correlations and standard errors of the estimate between S-MAS and TE-VO2max (r = 0.90 and Syx = 4.4) or SR-VO2max (r = 0.87 and Syx = 4.7) were quite good. TE-, SR- and SP-VO2max were also similar (mean +/- SD = 49.4 +/- 10.1, 48.8 +/- 9.3 and 47.1 +/- 8.3 mL.kg-1.min-1, respectively, p greater than 0.05). It was concluded that the 20 m shuttle run is a valid test to predict VO2max in adults.
In order to validate a maximal multistage 20-m shuttle run test for the prediction of VO2 max, 91 adults (32 females and 59 males, aged 27.3 +/- 9.2 and 24.8 +/- 5.5 year respectively and with mean VO2 max (+/- SD) of 39.3 +/- 8.3 and 51.6 +/- 7.8 ml . kg-1 . min-1 respectively) performed the test and had VO2 max estimated by the retroextrapolation method (extrapolation to time zero of recovery of the exponential least squares regression of the first four 20-s recovery VO2 values). Starting at 8 km . h-1 and increasing by 0.5 km . h-1 every 2 min, the 20-m shuttle run test enabled prediction of the VO2 max (y, ml . kg-1 . min-1) from the maximal speed (x, km . h-1) by means of the following regression equation: y = 5.857x - 19.458; r = 0.84 and SEE = 5.4. Later, the multistage protocol was slightly modified to its final version, in which the test started at stage 7 Met and continued with a 1 Met (3.5 ml O2 . kg-1 . min-1) increment every 2 min. Twenty-five of the 91 subjects performed the 20-m shuttle test twice, once on a hard, low-friction surface (vinyl-asbestos tiles) and another time on a rubber floor, as well as a walking maximal multistage test on an inclined treadmill. There was no difference between the means of these tests or between the slopes of the VO2max - maximal speed regressions for the two types of surfaces. The 20-m shuttle run test and another maximal multistage field test involving continuous track running gave comparable results (r = 0.92, SEE = 2.6 ml O2 . kg-1 . min-1, n = 70). Finally, test and retest of the 20-m shuttle run test also yielded comparable results (r = 0.975, SEE = 2.0 ml O2 . kg-1 . min-1, n = 50). It is concluded that the 20-m shuttle run test is valid and reliable test for the prediction of the VO2 max of male and female adults, individually or in groups, on most gymnasium surfaces.
This study examined the effect of high intensity, moderate duration (40 min) exercise and water restriction on anaerobic power, vertical jumping height, and basketball shooting performance. Ten healthy male basketball players participated in two simulated '2 on 2 full-court' basketball games. Water consumption was permitted in one game (Wa) but not in the other (NWa), in a balanced cross-over design. Subjects began each game euhydrated. All jump tests (squat jump, counter movement jump, and 30 second jump test) were performed prior to, at half-time, and immediately following each game (POST). Performance was measured by both field goal (FG%) and free throw (FT%) percentages recorded during each half. Players incurred a -1.9 +/- 0.4% body weight loss during NWa. No significant differences were observed between WA and NWa in anaerobic power, squat jump, or counter movement jump. However, a 19% difference in anaerobic power (p > 0.05) was observed between Wa (36.1 +/- 4.8 W.kg-1) and NWa (30.4 +/- 6.6 W.kg-1) at POST. No significant differences were observed between Wa and NWa in both FG% and FT% however, an 8.1% decrease (p > 0.05) in FG% was seen between the first and second half during NWa. Although the decreases in anaerobic power and FG% did not reach significance, the results suggest that the combination of high intensity, moderate duration exercise, and fluid restriction might be detrimental to performance.
To investigate the effects of simultaneous explosive-strength and endurance training on physical performance characteristics, 10 experimental (E) and 8 control (C) endurance athletes trained for 9 wk. The total training volume was kept the same in both groups, but 32% of training in E and 3% in C was replaced by explosive-type strength training. A 5-km time trial (5K), running economy (RE), maximal 20-m speed (V20 m), and 5-jump (5J) tests were measured on a track. Maximal anaerobic (MART) and aerobic treadmill running tests were used to determine maximal velocity in the MART (VMART) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max). The 5K time, RE, and VMART improved (P < 0.05) in E, but no changes were observed in C. V20 m and 5J increased in E (P < 0.01) and decreased in C (P < 0.05). VO2 max increased in C (P < 0.05), but no changes were observed in E. In the pooled data, the changes in the 5K velocity during 9 wk of training correlated (P < 0.05) with the changes in RE [O2 uptake (r = -0.54)] and VMART (r = 0.55). In conclusion, the present simultaneous explosive-strength and endurance training improved the 5K time in well-trained endurance athletes without changes in their VO2 max. This improvement was due to improved neuromuscular characteristics that were transferred into improved VMART and running economy.
The purpose of this study was to identify the relationships between leg muscle power and sprinting speed with changes of direction.
the study was designed to describe relationships between physical qualities and a component of sports performance.
testing was conducted in an indoor sports hall and a biomechanics laboratory.
15 male participants were required to be free of injury and have recent experience competing in sports involving sprints with changes of direction.
subjects were timed in 8 m sprints in a straight line and with various changes of direction. They were also tested for bilateral and unilateral leg extensor muscle concentric power output by an isokinetic squat and reactive strength by a drop jump.
The correlations between concentric power and straight sprinting speed were non-significant whereas the relationships between reactive strength and straight speed were statistically significant. Correlations between muscle power and speed while changing direction were generally low and non-significant for concentric leg power with some moderate and significant (p<0.05) coefficients found for reactive strength. The participants who turned faster to one side tended to have a reactive strength dominance in the leg responsible for the push-off action.
The relationships between leg muscle power and change-of-direction speed were not consistent. Reactive strength as measured by the drop jump appears to have some importance for lateral change-of-direction speed, possibly because of similar push-off actions. It was concluded that reactive strength of the leg extensor muscles has some importance in change-of-direction performance but the other technical and perceptual factors than influence agility performance should also be considered.
This study was designed to examine peak VO(2) responses of prepubescent children following a 7-week aerobic training. Twenty-three boys and thirty girls (9.7 +/- 0.8 years) were divided into a high intensity experimental group (HIEG: 20 girls and 13 boys) and a control group (CG: 10 girls and 10 boys). A graded 20-m shuttle run with measurement of gas exchange values was performed prior to and after the 7-week training program. The test consisted of a 3-min run at 7 km x h(-1) to determine energy cost of running, immediately followed by a 20-meter shuttle run test. HIEG had two 30 min-sessions of short intermittent aerobic training per week at velocities ranging from 100 up to 130 % of the maximal aerobic speed. For HIEG, absolute peak VO(2)(9.1 %) and relative to body mass peak VO(2)(8.2 %) increased significantly (p < 0.001); it was unchanged in the CG. Similarly, maximal shuttle run improved significantly in HIEG (5.1 %, p < 0.001). In contrast, there was no significant change for CG. For both groups energy cost of running remained unchanged. These findings show that prepubescent children could significantly increase their peak VO(2) and maximal shuttle velocity with high intensity short intermittent aerobic exercises.
The aim of this study was to assess physical fitness, match performance and development of fatigue during competitive matches at two high standards of professional soccer. Computerized time-motion analyses were performed 2-7 times during the competitive season on 18 top-class and 24 moderate professional soccer players. In addition, the players performed the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test. The top-class players performed 28 and 58% more (P < 0.05) high-intensity running and sprinting, respectively, than the moderate players (2.43 +/- 0.14 vs 1.90 +/- 0.12 km and 0.65 +/- 0.06 vs 0.41 +/- 0.03 km, respectively). The top-class players were better (11%; P < 0.05) on the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test than the moderate players (2.26 +/- 0.08 vs 2.04 +/- 0.06 km, respectively). The amount of high-intensity running, independent of competitive standard and playing position, was lower (35-45%; P < 0.05) in the last than in the first 15 min of the game. After the 5-min period during which the amount of high-intensity running peaked, performance was reduced (P < 0.05) by 12% in the following 5 min compared with the game average. Substitute players (n = 13) covered 25% more (P < 0.05) ground during the final 15 min of high-intensity running than the other players. The coefficient of variation in high-intensity running was 9.2% between successive matches, whereas it was 24.8% between different stages of the season. Total distance covered and the distance covered in high-intensity running were higher (P < 0.05) for midfield players, full-backs and attackers than for defenders. Attackers and full-backs covered a greater (P < 0.05) distance in sprinting than midfield players and defenders. The midfield players and full-backs covered a greater (P < 0.05) distance than attackers and defenders in the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (2.23 +/- 0.10 and 2.21 +/- 0.04 vs 1.99 +/- 0.11 and 1.91 +/- 0.12 km, respectively). The results show that: (1) top-class soccer players performed more high-intensity running during a game and were better at the Yo-Yo test than moderate professional players; (2) fatigue occurred towards the end of matches as well as temporarily during the game, independently of competitive standard and of team position; (3) defenders covered a shorter distance in high-intensity running than players in other playing positions; (4) defenders and attackers had a poorer Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test performance than midfielders and full-backs; and (5) large seasonal changes were observed in physical performance during matches.
The aim of this study was 2-fold: a) to describe the physiological and technical characteristics of elite young basketball players, and b) to examine the relationship between certain field and laboratory tests among these players.
Thirteen male players of the junior's Basketball National team (age: 18.5 +/- 0.5 years, mass: 95.5 +/- 8.8 kg, height: 199.5 +/- 6.2 cm, body fat: 11.4 +/- 1.9%, means+/-SD) performed a run to exhaustion on the treadmill, the Wingate test and 2 types of vertical jump. On a separate day, the field tests (control dribble, defensive movement, speed dribble, speed running, shuttle run and dribble shuttle run) were conducted.
Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and ventilatory threshold were 51.7 +/- 4.8 ml/kg/min and 77.6 +/- 7.0% VO2max, respectively. Maximum power output was 10.7 +/- 1.3 Watts/kg and mean power (Pmean) 8.0 +/- 0.7 Watts/kg. Counter-movement and squat jump height were 40.1 +/- 3.7 and 39.8 +/- 4.0 cm, respectively. Performance in control dribble (13.70 +/- 0.96 s), speed dribble (4.24 +/- 0.75 s), high intensity shuttle run (27.90 +/- 1.04 s) and dribble shuttle run (29.50 +/- 1.22 s) was correlated with Pmean (r=-0.58, r=-0.62, r=-0.56 and r=-0.73, respectively, p<0.05). Percent body fat was negatively correlated with all the above field tests (r=0.63, r=0.57, r=0.66, r=0.65, respectively, p<0.05).
These players presented a moderate VO2max and anaerobic power. The significant correlation between Pmean and certain field tests indicates that these tests could be used for the assessment of anaerobic capacity of young basketball players.
To compare aerobic capacity of young and adult elite soccer players using appropriate scaling procedures.
Twenty four male adult (mean (SD) age 24 (2) years, weight 75.7 (7.2) kg, VO2max 66.6 (5.2) ml/lbm/min, where lbm is lean body mass in kg) and 21 youth (14 (0.4) years, 60.2 (7.3) kg, 66.5 (5.9) ml/lbm/min) elite soccer players took part in the study. Allometric equations were used to determine the relation between maximal and submaximal oxygen cost of running (running economy) and body mass.
Maximal and submaximal oxygen uptake increased in proportion to body mass raised to the power of 0.72 (0.04) and 0.60 (0.06) respectively. The VO2max of adult players was similar to that of the youth players when expressed in direct proportion to body mass--that is, ml/kg/min--but 5% higher (p<0.05) when expressed using appropriate procedures for scaling. Conversely, compared with seniors, youth players had 13% higher (p<0.001) energy cost of running--that is, poorer running economy--when expressed as ml/kg/min but not when expressed according to the scaling procedures.
Compared with the youth soccer players, VO2max in the seniors was underestimated and running economy overestimated when expressed traditionally as ml/lbm/min. The study clearly shows the pitfalls in previous studies when aerobic capacity was evaluated in subjects with different body mass. It further shows that the use of scaling procedures can affect the evaluation of, and the resultant training programme to improve, aerobic capacity.
This study investigated the effects of the neuromuscular and force–velocity characteristics in distance running performance and running economy. Eighteen well-trained male distance runners performed five different tests: 20 m maximal sprint, running economy at the velocity of 4.28 m s−1, 5 km time trial, maximal anaerobic running test (MART), and a treadmill test to determine VO2max. The AEMG ratio was calculated by the sum average EMG (AEMG) of the five lower extremity muscles during the 5 km divided by the sum AEMG of the same muscles during the maximal 20 m sprinting. The runners’ capacity to produce power above VO2max (MART VO2gain) was calculated by subtracting VO2max from the oxygen demand of the maximal velocity in the MART (V
MART). Velocity of 5 km (V
5K) correlated with V
MART (r=0.77, p<0.001) and VO2max (r=0.49, p<0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that MART VO2gain and VO2max explained 73% of the variation in V
5K. A significant relationship also existed between running economy and MART VO2gain (r=0.73, p<0.01). A significant correlation existed between V
5K and AEMG ratio during the ground contact phase at the 3 km (r=0.60, p<0.05) suggesting that neural input may affect distance running performance. The results of the present study support the idea that distance running performance and running economy are related to neuromuscular capacity to produce force and that the V
MART can be used as a determinant of distance-running performance.
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of specific (small-sided games) vs. generic (running) aerobic interval training on physical fitness and objective measures of match performance in soccer. Forty junior players were randomly assigned to either generic (n=20) or specific (n=20) interval training consisting of 4 bouts of 4 min at 90-95 % of maximum heart rate with 3 min active rest periods, completed twice a week. The following outcomes were measured at baseline (Pre), after 4 weeks of pre-season training (Mid), and after a further 8 weeks of training during the regular season (Post): maximum oxygen uptake, lactate threshold (Tlac), running economy at Tlac, a soccer-specific endurance test (Ekblom's circuit), and indices of physical performance during soccer matches (total distance and time spent standing, walking, and at low- and high-intensity running speed). Training load, as quantified by heart rate and rating of perceived exertion, was recorded during all training sessions and was similar between groups. There were significant improvements in aerobic fitness and match performance in both groups of soccer players, especially in response to the first 4 weeks of pre-season training. However, no significant differences between specific and generic aerobic interval training were found in any of the measured variables including soccer specific tests. The results of this study showed that both small-sided games and running are equally effective modes of aerobic interval training in junior soccer players.
The physical demands of modern basketball were assessed by investigating 38 elite under-19-year-old basketball players during competition. Computerised time-motion analyses were performed on 18 players of various positions. Heart rate was recorded continuously for all subjects. Blood was sampled before the start of each match, at half time and at full time to determine lactate concentration. Players spent 8.8% (1%), 5.3% (0.8%) and 2.1% (0.3%) of live time in high "specific movements", sprinting and jumping, respectively. Centres spent significantly lower live time competing in high-intensity activities than guards (14.7% (1%) v 17.1% (1.2%); p<0.01) and forwards (16.6% (0.8%); p<0.05). The mean (SD) heart rate during total time was 171 (4) beats/min, with a significant difference (p<0.01) between guards and centres. Mean (SD) plasma lactate concentration was 5.49 (1.24) mmol/l, with concentrations at half time (6.05 (1.27) mmol/l) being significantly (p<0.001) higher than those at full time (4.94 (1.46) mmol/l). The changes to the rules of basketball have slightly increased the cardiac efforts involved during competition. The game intensity may differ according to the playing position, being greatest in guards.
The physical characteristics of basketball players are closely related to their position on the team, according to this study. The authors believe this type of information would be useful in the selection and training of players.
“Bridging the Gap” is a continuing feature of the NSCA Journal Various topics are presented with companion articles addressing the physiological and/or research basis, as well as the practical applications. In this way, the NSCA. Journal continues to bridge the gap between, sports researchers and sports practioners. See page 16 for the practical application of these concepts.
Recombination processes in antimonide-based materials for thermophotovoltaic (TPV) devices have been investigated using a radio-frequency (rf) photoreflectance technique, in which a Nd–YAG pulsed laser is used to excite excess carriers, and the short-pulse response and photoconductivity decay are monitored with an inductively coupled noncontacting rf probe. Both lattice-matched AlGaAsSb and GaSb have been used to double cap InGaAsSb active layers to evaluate bulk lifetime and surface recombination velocity with different active layer thicknesses. With an active layer doping of 2×1017 cm−3, effective bulk lifetimes of 95 ns and surface recombination velocities of 1900 cm/s have been obtained. As the laser intensity is increased the lifetime decreases, which is attributed to radiative recombination under these high-level injection conditions. Similar measurements have been taken on both TPV device structures and starting substrate materials for comparison purposes. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
This study examined the relationship of athletic performance tests, player evaluations, and playing experience relative to playing time in 29 male Div. I college basketball players over 4 years. Performance tests consisted of field tests common to athletic conditioning programs. Regression analysis indicated that the most prominent predictor in each equation was the coach's evaluation of the player. This variable explained 56 to 86% of the playing time variance. The physical fitness components and playing experience explained an additional 6 to 20% of playing time variance. When player evaluation and playing experience were excluded from the regression equation, the performance tests explained 64 to 81% of the playing time variance. This study demonstrated the important relationships between leg strength, vertical jump, speed, and agility on playing time. It also appears that minimum levels of upper body strength and aerobic endurance are important components of a basketball player's preparation. However, levels greater than those of average college players do not appear to offer any further advantages in playing time.
(C) 1996 National Strength and Conditioning Association
This study evaluated the physiological status and assessed the validity of the 20-m shuttle run test (20 MST) in predicting [latin capital V with dot above]O2 max values of these same athletes. Thirteen highly trained male soccer players (age 12.62 +/- 0.65 years) were tested for [latin capital V with dot above]O2 max, heart rate max, and maximum lactate via direct laboratory measurement (i.e., maximal treadmill test [TM]) and the 20 MST. Based on two 20 MST prediction equations, the cross-validation statistics were r = 0.78, SE 3.82 for equation 1 and r = 0.86, SE = -1.39 for equation 2. No significant differences were found between the observed and predicted VO2 max values (p > 0.05). Specifically, the directly measured [latin capital V with dot above]O2 max = 56.53 +/- 5.80, with predicted values of 58.68 +/- 3.22 and 55.14 +/- 3.89 for equations 1 and 2, respectively. There was a small but significant (p <= 0.05) difference in HR max between the test protocols, with no significant difference for lactate values (TM lactate = 6.07 +/- 1.40 and 20 MST lactate = 6.26 +/- 1.92 mm/L). In conclusion, the 20 MST appears to be a valid method for predicting the cardiovascular fitness of youth soccer athletes.
(C) 1999 National Strength and Conditioning Association
It is important for the coach, athlete, and researcher to be aware of the physiological and performance changes that occur during a college basketball career. The purpose of this investigation was twofold: (a) report measures of body composition, aerobic fitness, flexibility, power, vertical jumping ability, and strength in freshman basketball players; and (b) report changes in these fitness variables between freshman/sophomore, sophomore/junior, and junior/senior years. Preseason measures for body weight, percent fat, maximum oxygen uptake ([latin capital V with dot above]O2 max), one-repetition maximum (1-RM) bench press and squat, sit-and-reach flexibility, vertical jump, and peak and average power during vertical jump are reported. The basketball players were lean (8.3% fat) and maintained low percent fat despite a mean 7.4-kg increase in body weight between freshman and senior years. Compared to professional and college basketball players, the freshmen had relatively high [latin capital V with dot above]O2 max (over 50 ml [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1) and maintained this value across their college careers. No significant change was observed in sit-and-reach flexibility, but vertical jump increased 4.9 cm between the freshman and senior years. Vertical jump peak power output increased 570 W while average power output increased 274 W. Finally, bench press and squat 1-RM values both increased a substantial 22 and 44.7 kg, respectively. This information should be of value to coaches for both developing realistic training objectives and for evaluating progress of athletes.
(C) 1993 National Strength and Conditioning Association
This study evaluated the effects of preseason practice and a season of basketball on aerobic fitness, anaerobic fitness, and body composition in 9 NCAA Div. I basketball players, ages 18 to 22 years. Test items included % body fat, a functional capacity test, and an anaerobic capacity test. The study comprised 3 testing phases. Phase 1 tested fitness before preseason practice began. The subjects were considered to be deconditioned at this time. Phase 2 occurred 5 weeks later following preseason practice and 4 days before the first game of the season. The same fitness tests were administered as in Phase 1 to determine the effects of preseason practice on fitness. Phase 3 took place at the end of the season, at which time the subjects were again tested to determine the effects of the season on fitness. Results suggest that players had significant decreases in body fat and significant improvements in anaerobic capacity during preseason. Aerobic capacity did not improve during preseason. The players also lost aerobic capacity during the season but maintained anaerobic capacity.
(C) 1995 National Strength and Conditioning Association
This study compared a countermovement jump (CMJ) and drop jumps performed according to 3 objectives: maximum jump height (DJ-H), minimum contact time (DJ-t), and maximum jump height/contact time ratio (DJ-H/t). Subjects (N = 17 males) performed all 4 jump conditions on a contact mat/computer system that recorded the contact and flight times. DJ-H produced significantly greater jump height/contact time at all drop heights than DJ-H/t. DJ-H/t produced significantly greater jump height, longer contact time, and greater jump height/contact time at all drop heights than DJ-t. CMJ and best height in DJ-H height and best DJ-H/t performance was low. As DJ drop height increased, so did the jumps resulting in heel-ground contact. DJ characteristics are similar to CMJ when jump height is the only objective. But when DJ contact time is shortened, the imposed stretch loads probably increase and different qualities are required for successful jumps.
(C) 1995 National Strength and Conditioning Association
This study examined the effect of aerobic capacity on performance, fatigue, and heart rate recovery following high-intensity anaerobic exercise in national-level basketball players. Twenty subjects (19.0 ± 1.7 years, 88.4 ± 8.0 kg, 194.2 ± 6.0 cm, 50.2 ± 3.8 ml·kg·min-1) participated in this investigation. Each subject performed a treadmill test to determine maximal oxygen consumption (Vo2max), a Wingate Anaerobic Power Test (WAnT), and a field test of anaerobic power common to basketball players (line drill). The line drill is a continuous 143-m sprint with several changes of direction. The line drill was performed 3 times (T1, T2, and T3) with a 2-minute passive rest between each sprint. A moderate correlation was seen between Vo2max and mean power of the WAnT (r = 0.57). However, no significant relationship was observed between Vo2max and the fatigue index in either the WAnT (r = -0.23) or line drill (r = 0.01). Little to no correlation was observed between Vo2max and heart rate recovery in the WAnT (r = -0.22) and line drill (r = -0.04, r = -0.19, and r = -0.30 in T1, T2, and T3, respectively). These results showed little to no relationship between aerobic capacity and recovery indices from high-intensity exercise in basketball players.
A simple test for the measurement of mechanical power during a vertical rebound jump series has been devised. The test consists of measuring the flight time with a digital timer (0.001 s) and counting the number of jumps performed during a certain period of time (e.g., 15–60 s). Formulae for calculation of mechanical power from the measured parameters were derived. The relationship between this mechanical power and a modification of the Wingate test (r=0.87, n=12 ) and 60 m dash (r=0.84, n=12 ) were very close. The mechanical power in a 60 s jumping test demonstrated higher values (20 WkgBW–1) than the power in a modified (60 s) Wingate test (7 WkgBW–1) and a Margaria test (14 WkgBW–1). The estimated powers demonstrated different values because both bicycle riding and the Margaria test reflect primarily chemo-mechanical conversion during muscle contraction, whereas in the jumping test elastic energy is also utilized. Therefore the new jumping test seems suitable to evaluate the power output of leg extensor muscles during natural motion. Because of its high reproducibility (r=0.95) and simplicity, the test is suitable for laboratory and field conditions.
The major purpose of the present study was to examine whether there exists a relationship between preseasonal physiological tests and performance results in the soccer league. Further, it investigated maximal oxygen uptake and maximal strength in proportion to body mass for soccer players. A secondary aim was to establish some normative data of Norwegian elite soccer players.
Two teams from the Norwegian elite soccer league participated in the study.
The present study supports previous investigations indicating a positive relationship between maximal aerobic capacity, physical strength, and performance results in the elite soccer league. It is concluded that for soccer players, maximal oxygen uptake should be expressed in relation to body mass raised to the power of 0.75 and maximal strength in relation to body mass raised to the power of 0.67, when the aim is to evaluate maximal aerobic capacity when running and strength capacity among players with different body mass. Midfield players had significantly higher maximal oxygen uptake compared with defense players using the traditional expression, mL x kg(-1) x min(-1), while no significant differences were found expressing maximal oxygen uptake either absolutely (L x min[-1]) or in relation to body mass raised to the power of 0.75 (mL x kg[-0.75] x min[-1]) among players grouped by position. There was a significant correlation (r = 0.61, P < 0.01) between squat IRM and vertical jump height. Vertical jump heights for defense and forward players were significantly higher compared with midfield players. Mean results from the laboratory test were 63.7 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1) or 188.6 mL x kg[-0.75] x min(-1) for maximal oxygen uptake, 150 kg or 8.0 kg x mb(-0.67) for 90 degrees squats, 79.9 kg or 4.4 kg x mb(-0.67) for bench press. Mean values of vertical jump height were 54.9 cm.
The purpose of this study was to determine the structural, functional and nutritional adaptation of college basketball players over a season. Structure was determined by somatotype and body composition, function was determined by peak work capacity and work efficiency, and nutrition was determined by plasma metals analysis. The tests were performed twice on each of the eight subjects, one preseason (PRS) and one postseason (PST). A small structural adaptation was indicated by a mean decrease (less than 1 kg) in fat free weight and an increase in ectomorphy (less than 0.03). Body weight and skinfolds did not change significantly. Functional adaptation was indicated by a one minute decrease in running time for the work capacity test (p less than 0.002), and an increase (p less than 0.02) in VO2 for the work efficiency test. Nutritional adaptation was indicated by a greater mobilization of plasma Zn after exercise during PST than PRS. Plasma Cu apparently was mobilized during exercise in PST but the change during the season (-10 to -6.6%) was not statistically significant because of the large interindividual variability in response. Structural and functional adaptation to basketball training over a collegiate season is small; however, the change in Zn mobility and the tendency for a concomitant change in Cu mobilization offers a unique finding to help explain the nutritional adaptation to training.
The purpose of the present study was to examine the validity of using a 20 m progressive shuttle run test to estimate maximal oxygen uptake. Running ability was described as the final level attained on the shuttle run test and as time on a 5 km run. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) was determined directly for seventy-four volunteers (36 men, 38 women) who also completed the shuttle run test. Maximal oxygen uptake values were 58.5 +/- 7.0 and 47.4 +/- 6.1 ml.kg-1.min-1 for the men and women respectively (mean +/- SD, P less than 0.01). The levels attained on the shuttle run test were 12.6 +/- 1.5 (men) and 9.6 +/- 1.8 (women; P less than 0.01). The correlation between VO2 max and shuttle level was 0.92. The correlation between VO2 max and the 5 km run was -0.94 and the correlation between both field tests was -0.96. The results of this study suggest that a progressive shuttle run test provides a valid estimate of VO2 max and indicates 5 km running potential in active men and women.
This review examines in the physique, somatotype, body characteristics and aerobic capacity of games players in relation to their playing position. The positions of players who participate in contact sports such as soccer, rugby and American football are discussed as well as those of baseball, hockey, lacrosse, basketball and volleyball. Though there are few somatic characteristics as important as skill and technique, a large body build is a distinct advantage in contact sports where stability and power are important as in scrummaging and tackling. Height is essential in games involving catching, smashing and blocking as in basketball and volleyball and a slim mobile physique is most important in attacking positions requiring speed and agility. This active running type of play also requires the highest aerobic work capacity. Team games to-day are played at a faster pace than in the past and they require a greater interchange of play between attack and defence. Consequently players must attain a high level of fitness to cope with the extra demands of strength, speed and stamina required for the modern team game.
The present thesis is based on 14 original articles published in international journals (I-XIV, see page 8) and a summarizing review. The thesis deals with the physiological demands of soccer, with a particular focus on the physiological response to repeated intense exercise. In chapter I the specific issues are presented and in chapter II the physiological demands in soccer are discussed based on the results of the studies performed. Chapter III contains a short survey of the experiments performed to study specifically muscle metabolism and muscle fatigue with repeated intense muscle contractions. With reference to the topics covered in chapters II and III, fatigue during a soccer match is discussed in chapter IV, and chapter V deals with applications for physical training in soccer. Measurements have been performed during soccer matches and training, as well as in experiments simulating the activities of a soccer match. The information obtained has been compared to results from studies of the physical capacity of top-class soccer players and from laboratory experiments aimed at investigating metabolism and fatigue in intermittent exercise. Studies with whole-body and single muscle group exercises have been performed, the latter mainly with the application of a knee-extension model. In the studies on isolated muscle groups, biopsies taken from exercising muscles as well as arterial and femoral venous blood samples have allowed for detailed analysis of muscle ionic transportation and metabolism. In addition, the magnetic resonance technique has been used for the continuous determination of changes in muscle metabolites and pH during intermittent exercise. Analysis of activities during soccer matches showed that a top-class soccer player covers an average distance of approximately 11 km during a match. The distance differs highly between players and is partly related to the position in a team. Midfield players run more at low speed than defenders and forwards, whereas no difference appears to exist between groups when comparing the distance covered at high speed. The distance covered at high speed is the same in the beginning as in the end of a match. The total distance covered by a player during a soccer match is only to a limited extent a measure of the physiological demands on the player during the match. In addition to running, a player is engaged in many other energy demanding activities, i.e. tackling, jumping, accelerating and turning. A more precise evaluation of the total energy demand during a soc