No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Material and energy recovery from Automotive Shredded Residues (ASR) via sequential gasification and combustion
Abstract
Shredding is the common end-of-life treatment in Europe for dismantled car wrecks. It produces the so-called Automotive Shredded Residue (ASR), usually disposed of in landfill. This paper summarizes the outcome of a study carried out by Politecnico di Milano and LEAP with the support of Actelios SpA on the prospects of a technology based on sequential gasification and combustion of this specific waste stream. Its application to the treatment of ASR allows the recovery of large fractions of metals as non-oxidized, easily marketable secondary raw materials, the vitrification of most of the ash content and the production of power via a steam cycle. Results show that despite the unfavourable characteristics of ASR, the proposed technology can reach appealing energy performances. Three of four environmental impact indicators and the cumulative energy demand index are favourable, the main positive contributes being electricity production and metal recovery (mainly aluminium and copper). The only unfavourable indicator is the global warming index because, since most of the carbon in ASR comes from fossil sources, the carbon dioxide emissions at the stack of the thermal treatment plant are mainly non-renewable and, at the same time, the avoided biogas production from the alternative disposal route of landfilling is minor.
... J. , 8-27. nonrenewable (Robson and Goodhead, 2003;Vigano et al., 2010). Due to the increase in car fluffs discarded in the landfill, strict landfill waste laws have been introduced as well as surcharging anyone including companies disposing of ASR in landfills (Soo et al., 2017). ...
... Carbon may also be recovered from the char using the pyrolysis process (Harder and Forton, 2007). However, carbon might result in the emissions of CO 2 from thermal plants and promote global warming (Vigano et al., 2010;Mancini et al., 2010). ...
... Even though most of the processes utilized to recover energy produce harmful gases (Vigano et al., 2010;Cossu and Lai, 2015), end products produced using pyrolysis and gasification processes contained a lower amount of organic toxins and inflammable compounds (Kim et al., 2005;Joung et al., 2007). With that said, dioxins such as polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and PCB have to be analyzed ensuring that they are invulnerable (Kim et al., 2005;Joung et al., 2007). ...
Motor vehicles after reaching their end of life are disposed of in the scrapyards which result in automotive waste as well as environmental pollution. Automotive waste is minimized using shredding, recovery, and recycling processes. End-of-life vehicles (ELV) are shredded into waste known as car fluffs. Car fluffs are discarded in the landfill due to their complexity and existence of toxic materials. They are composed of plastics, polymers, fibers, wood, glass, and rubber. Treated auto fluffs are used in the recycling of new raw materials and for energy recovery applications. ELVs are treated in a regulated scheme categorized into pre-treatment, dismantling, shredding, and sorting to retrieve metals. However, none of the above stages have reached the target of 95% ELV total weight set by the European Directive 2000/53/EC. Composites reinforced using carbon and glass fibers from automobile waste are /also recycled and utilized in lower value applications. This chapter discusses different methods used in the automotive shredding and recovery process to achieve the minimum target required as well as different materials recycled and recovered from auto shredder residue and their applications.
... A mechanical switch is flipped when there is a mass shift that closes an electrical contact, telling the sensors that a crash has occurred ( Figure 3B). The sensors receive information from an accelerometer built into a microchip [19]. The airbag's inflation system reacts and Sodium azide (NaN3) with potassium nitrate (KNO3) produce nitrogen gas. ...
... Disclosed is a polymer film, preferably a polyamide polymer film, which comprises at least one first layer and a second layer and is laminated onto a fabric. The material of the first layer has a glass transition temperature of less than 10 o C while the material of the second layer has a glass transition temperature of less than 20 o C. Preferably, the polymeric materials contain portions of polyamide blocks [11,12,19]. ...
... Hrapavljenje površine poliestra povećava se produženjem vremena obrade, tako da je posle 2 minuta obrade hrapavost bila duplirana a ukupni površinski prostor utrostručen. [19]. ...
Abstract: Today, the design analysis is becoming more and more important due to its new use. Safety and
ergonomic comfort in automobiles has increasingly become important. The textile product can be used for this
purpose in the form of various safety airbag devices. These textile products could be made of different fibers
such as polyester, nylon, pvc, acrylic, viscose/cotton and applied to airbags by nanotechnology. Therefore, the
paper will consider the new emerging field called automotive textile and its application onto airbags.
Keywords: Ergonomic, Automotive Textile, Smart Airbags, Functional Textiles, Design, Nanotechnology
Apstrakt: Danas, analiza dizajna postaje sve značajnija zbog svojih novih dodatnih vrednosti. Bezbednost i
ergonomski zahtevi u automobilima su sve značajni. Tekstilni poizvodi se mogu upotrebiti u ovu svrhu primenom
na različitim bezbedonosnim propratnim delovima erbega. Ovi tekstilni proizvodi mogu biti izrađeni od različitih
vlakana kao što je poliester, najlon, pvc, akril, viskoza/pamuk i posredstvom nanotehnologije primeniti na
erbegovima. Stoga, rad će razmatrati novo polje, tkanine za automobile, i njihovu primenu na erbegove.
Ključne reči: ergonomski, tkanine za automobile, pametni erbeg, funkcionalni materijali, dizajn, nanotehnologija
... Aluminum and copper are melted at dedicated installations together with other materials from other product streams, including construction scrap, WEEE derived metals, and production waste. Finally, the automobile shredded residue (ASR), a predominantly non-metallic material that remains after separating ferrous and nonferrous metals from shredder output, is typically treated and disposed of in landfill sites according to the environmental regulations of these countries [38]. Within the overall ELV recycling chain, the management of ASR is one of the most problematic steps and further technological developments are required [39]. ...
... Resource recovery is also a benefit from the recycling of ELVs. Vigano et al. reported the recovery of energy and material, from recycling ASR [38], and ASR is generated during the recycling process of ELVs as shown in Figure 1. These resources could be used to promote ELV recycling and other manufacturing industries such as the thermal recycling of rubber crumbs from ELVs in such processes as cement calcination in the cement industry, metal refining, and electricity generation in Japan [29]. ...
The importance of recycling end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) has been widely acknowledged as a means of reducing ELV waste to the environment. This reduced environmental waste contributes to achieving a number of UN SDGs, including the creation of sustainable cities. The recovery of secondary resources, such as metals, from the recycling of ELVs also reduces over-dependence on primary resources. This promotes efficient resource utilization and resource conservation. While recycling systems have been established and laws governing ELV recycling have been implemented in some developed countries, there are no such systems in much of the world, and regulations are few if any. To determine the challenges and opportunities for ELV recycling in developing countries, the literature on ELV recycling processes and activities was reviewed, and a SWOT analysis was done based on the data compiled from the literature, to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. From the SWOT analysis, the common features identified as opportunities were large market size, low labor cost, and the presence of recyclers of ELV parts. The common strengths were identified to be the vehicle registration system, vehicle manufacturing, ELV legislation, ELV recycling, and the waste management system. In the case of weaknesses, the identified features were the technological capacity, waste regulatory framework, vehicle deregistration, ELV regulatory framework, environmental impact and pollution, and the lack of access to information regarding ELVs, and ELV recycling infrastructure. The common threats were perceived as the little attention given to ELV recycling by the governing authorities, the difficulty of doing business, and political and social instability. The results of the SWOT analysis also showed that the opportunities were considerable and the threats were significant for all of the countries in this study. The weaknesses were significant in Nigeria and the other developing countries, and the strengths of the emerging economies tended to be greater. While weaknesses and threats were clearly identified by the SWOT analysis, the SWOT analysis also revealed the strengths and opportunities for recycling ELVs in developing and emerging countries.
... In particular, pyrolysis oil and gas can be used as renewable alternative energy resources. High calorific value syngas (H 2 , CO and CH 4 ) and bio-oil produced by ASR pyrolysis can be used for energy recovery [11,20]. Additionally, metal components in pyrolytic solid products can be recycled, where carbides can be used as fuel and inorganic materials in the production of building materials [21]. ...
... Under environmental protection requirements and legal pressure, lots of research works and industrial applications have been conducted on the "3Rs" (reducing, reusing, and recovery) of ASR. Technologies for the treatment and disposal of ASR can be divided into the following kinds: (1) direct landfill; (2) material recovery, i.e., separation and collection technologies for material recovery based on the characteristics of color, density, magnetism, etc.; (3) and the thermal conversion of ASR [11,12]. Due to the growing shortage of land resources and potential soil pollution, increasing numbers of countries and regions are attempting to reduce ASR being used in landfill [8]. ...
Pyrolysis and gasification have gradually become the main means to dispose of automobile shredder residue (ASR), since these methods can reduce the volume and quality of landfill with lower cost and energy recovery can be conducted simultaneously. As the ASR pyrolysis process is integrated, the results of pyrolysis reactions of organic components and the interaction among polymeric components can be clarified by co-pyrolysis thermogravimetric experiments. The results show that the decomposition mechanisms of textiles and foam are markedly changed by plastic in the co-pyrolysis process, but the effect is not large for rubber and leather. This effect is mainly reflected in the pyrolysis temperature and pyrolysis rate. The pyrolytic trend and conversion curve shape of the studied ASR can be predicted by the main polymeric components with a parallel superposition model. The pyrolytic product yields and characterizations of gaseous products were analyzed in laboratory-scale non-isothermal pyrolysis experiments at finished temperatures of 500 °C, 600 °C, and 700 °C. The results prove that the yields of pyrolytic gas products are determined by the thermal decomposition of organic substances in the ASR and final temperature.
... A mechanical switch is flipped when there is a mass shift that closes an electrical contact, telling the sensors that a crash has occurred ( Figure 3B). The sensors receive information from an accelerometer built into a microchip [19]. The airbag's inflation system reacts Sodium azide (NaN3) with potassium nitrate (KNO3) to produce nitrogen gas. ...
... The material of the first layer has a glass transition temperature of less than 10oC while the material of the second layer has a glass transition temperature of less than 20oC. Preferably, the polymeric materials contain portions of polyamide blocks [11,12,19]. ...
Design analysis of functional smart airbags problems are usually more vaguely defined than analysis problems. For the safety and Ergonomic in automobile is become importance in the modern scenario. The textile product can be used in this purpose in the form of various safety devices of airbag, the different grade textile fibers as polyester, nylon, pvc, acrylic, viscose/cotton by nanotechnology, etc can be the potential option for the new emerging field name called automotive textile, to determine from the specified initial conditions.
... A mechanical switch is flipped when there is a mass shift that closes an electrical contact, telling the sensors that a crash has occurred ( Figure 3B). The sensors receive information from an accelerometer built into a microchip [19]. The airbag's inflation system reacts Sodium azide (NaN3) with potassium nitrate (KNO3) to produce nitrogen gas. ...
... The material of the first layer has a glass transition temperature of less than 10oC while the material of the second layer has a glass transition temperature of less than 20oC. Preferably, the polymeric materials contain portions of polyamide blocks [11,12,19]. ...
ABSTRACT:
Design analysis of functional smart airbags problems are usually more vaguely defined than analysis problems. For the safety and Ergonomic in automobile is become importance in the modern scenario. The textile product can be used in this purpose in the form of various safety devices of airbag, the different grade textile fibers as polyester, nylon, pvc, acrylic, viscose/cotton by nanotechnology, etc can be the potential option for the new emerging field name called automotive textile, to determine from the specified initial conditions.
Keywords: Ergonomic, Automotive Textile, Smart Airbags, Functional Textiles, Design, Nanotechnology.
... f The case of incinerating the mixture of ASR/MSW (Ciacci et al., 2010;Simic and Dimitrijevic, 2012). g Based on data from GHK/BioIS (2006), Vigano et al. (2010) and Simic (2015). ...
... According to CEWEP (2014). b Based on data fromGHK/BioIS (2006) andARI (2006), and recommendation fromVigano et al. (2010). c Forecasted by considering ± δ and the corresponding values in 2015. ...
... The main output of the shredding facility is a fist-sized mixture of ferrous, nonferrous materials and non-metals. Around 75-80% of shredded materials, mainly ferrous and non-ferrous fractions, are further processed and recycled, while the remaining light non-metals fraction, for which recycling processes are not in place yet, is disposed (Sakai et al., 2007;Vigano et al., 2010). This light fraction of materials is the ASR, or sometimes referred to as Auto fluff. ...
... Although several studies investigated the pyrolysis of ASR, the recovery of energy from ASR by pyrolysis remains commercially and technically unproven and needs further investigations. In addition, previous studies only investigated the pyrolysis of ASR at moderate temperatures between 450 and 800°C (Braslaw et al., 1991;Shen et al., 1995;Day et al., 1996Day et al., , 1999Galvagno et al., 2001;Roy and Chaala, 2001;Marco et al., 2002;Pasel and Wanzl, 2003;Zolezzi et al., 2004;Vigano et al., 2010;Vermeulen et al., 2011). Furthermore, these studies completely ignored the essential Ti content of ASR and ignored the high metallic content of the ASR carbonaceous residues which in turn can cause disposal problems. ...
Large increasing production volumes of automotive shredder residue (ASR) and its hazardous content have raised concerns worldwide. ASR has a desirable calorific value, making its pyrolysis a possible, environmentally friendly and economically viable solution. The present work focuses on the pyrolysis of ASR at temperatures between 950 and 1550 °C. Despite the high temperatures, the energy consumption can be minimized as the decomposition of ASR can be completed within a short time. In this study, the composition of ASR was investigated. ASR was found to contain about 3% Ti and plastics of high calorific value such as polypropylene, polyethylene, polycarbonate and polyurethane. Based on thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of ASR, the non-isothermal degradation kinetic parameters were determined using Coats–Redfern’s and Freeman and Carroll methods. The evolved gas analysis indicated that the CH4 was consumed by the reduction of some oxides in ASR. The reduction reactions and the presence of Ti, silicates, C and N in ASR at 1550 °C favor the formation of specific ceramics such as TiN and SiC. The presence of nano-ceramics along with a highly-crystalline graphitic carbon in the pyrolysis residues obtained at 1550 °C was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Raman imaging microscope (RIM) analyses.
... To test the proposed model, the necessary data from a significant number of peer-reviewed papers, and published scientific studies and Internet sites were collected [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] . All data can be found in the Appendix. ...
... MODELLING PARAMETERS[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] Percentage of capital cost for inventory 0.75 %/week Transportation cost of ferrous metals 36.37 €/tonne Transportation cost of Cu wires 150.0 €/tonne Transportation cost of ASR fraction to ATT plant 35.2 €/tonne Transportation cost of ASR fraction to landfill site 17.6 €/tonne ASR landfill disposal fee 161.7 €/tonne ATT cost 213.7 €/tonne Recovery efficiency of ATT plant 85% ...
The treatment of End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs) and the environmental impact of discarding the resulting residues are subjects of worldwide concern. Automobile Shredder Residue (ASR) is the waste generated during the vehicle hulk shredding process, and its efficient processing represents a major concern, especially in Japan. This paper focuses on the ASR recycling process in the Japanese legislative environment. It presents a short-term ASR recycling planning problem for Japanese vehicle recyclers. The problem is formulated as a linear program, which provides optimal storage, processing, recycling and landfill disposal route decisions. The proposed short-term model for ELV recycling planning has been applied to a numerical case study in which two legislative cases of the Law on Recycling of ELVs (ELV Law) were examined. Presented numerical study demonstrated the potentials and applicability of the proposed model. The success of the final phase of implementation of the ELV Law is not jeopardised, because even the future ASR recycling quota was reached. Quantity of land-filled wastes will be radically reduced after fiscal year 2015. The ELV Law influences neither quantity of ASR collected by automakers nor vehicle hulks purchasing planning. The proposed model can help all corresponding stakeholders, especially shredding companies and automakers to improve their eco-efficiency and profitability.
... A similar full report of a sequential gasification and combustion unit to treat ASR, using a fluidized bed gasifier (590˚C) followed by a cyclonic afterburner (1400˚C) is described by Viganò et al. [39] and by Cho et al. [40]. All operational details and properties of the different process streams are included in the publications. ...
... The use of a sequential gasification and combustion system (at very high temperatures) as reported by Mancini et al. [38], by Viganò et al. [39] and by Cho et al. [40] demonstrates that atmospheric emissions were considerably below the legal limits. In the specific Japanese case, the operation of the afterburner at 1400˚C moreover produces a vitrified (and hence inert) slag. ...
... It is a by-product of the recycling procedure and makes up 20-25% of the average ELV weight, that is, approximately 200kg. Vigano et al. (2010) estimated that the total ASR production in the EU may be in the range of 1.93-2.34 million tonne per year. Moreover, this type of waste represents up to 10% of the whole amount of hazardous wastes produced per year in the EU and about 60% of the EU's total shredding wastes (Rossetti et al., 2006). ...
... An analysis of the characteristics of multiple ATT processes (GHK/BioIS, 2006) indicates that TwinRec technology is a possible solution. Moreover, Vigano et al. (2010) confirmed that this sequential gasification and combustion technology can demonstrate appealing energy and environmental performances. ...
End-of-life vehicles (ELVs) are a priority in the EU waste flow, and data show that as many as 6.34 million vehicles were processed in 2008. This paper focuses on the production process in a vehicle recycling factory. It presents a tactical production planning problem for vehicle recycling factories in the EU legislative and global business environments. The problem is formulated as a linear program, which provides optimal storage, processing and recovery, recycling and landfill disposal route decisions. The proposed model can not only help vehicle recycling factories improve their eco-efficiency and profitability but also answer many important questions. The present paper deals with questions regarding which costs should be set in EU member states for landfill disposal, combustion in municipal solid waste incinerators and processing in advanced thermal treatment plants so that the ELV Directive can have the most positive eco-effect on the vehicle recycling factory business. The cost increase for landfill disposal will not always reduce the quantity of disposed automobile shredder residue (ASR). The influence of the ELV Directive on the vehicle recycling factory business is analysed. Future quotas will not endanger their profitability. Comprehensive testing of the proposed model showed that the control of the recycling system efficiency should be done at the system level because it will in no way jeopardise the ELV Directive objectives.
... It is challenging to reuse or change this material into another substance. However, aluminum-containing plastic packaging materials may have a higher calorific value [2]. The sample of aluminum foil bag containing chocolate snack composition that absorbs the metal and converts aluminum into energy. ...
Nowadays, consumers more frequently than not choose packaged food over fast food due to its convenience, high nutrition value, ease of preparation, and health friendliness. This has caused the amount of packaging waste in the world to increase rapidly, becoming one of the major dangers to the global environment. The potential hazard associated with this kind of waste and have been developing more innovative techniques to lessen its negative impacts. This study aims to convert food packaging wastes (FPWs) into raw materials (aluminum and carbon particles) using three combined methods: pyrolysis, mechanical and chemical treatment. This experiment used a furnace used in the laboratory to heat plastic packaging waste to obtain a solid fraction, under pre-set conditions, including temperatures of 500 °C, 600 °C, 700 °C, and 800 °C, and the retention time is 10 min, 20 min, 30 min. Specifically, the highest amount of solid fraction obtained was 20.9% at the condition of 500°C for 10 minutes, while the recovery rate was the lowest at 8.91% at the condition of 800 °C for 30 minutes. According to the references, the retention time condition of 30 minutes is the optimum for aluminum recovery, of which 800°C is the best with 8.11%, along with the ease of separation of aluminum fragments and aluminum particles out of the mixture. Finally, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was used to confirm the composition of the solid obtained after the pyrolysis process, the selected wavelength ranged from 650-4000 cm ⁻¹ . In summary, the experiment was successful when it found the optimal conditions for the pyrolysis method in recovering aluminum from packaging waste. In addition, the recovery of aluminum metal from this type of waste also contributes to solving the very high demand for this metal in recent times.
... Since plastic packaging materials containing aluminum primarily consist of carbon and hydrogen, the heating value of the resulting products is anticipated to surpass that of biomass (Arena and Di Gregorio, 2014;Viganò et al., 2010). Furthermore, in the conversion process, thermal recovery processing allows for the simultaneous emission of certain metals (Chen et al., 2018Ngo et al., 2021;Ngoc Lan Thao and Chiang, 2020). ...
... Landfilling of ELV plastics is a common practice in many countries, and it is the only disposal method in Australia due to the technical unviability of mechanical recycling (Buekens and Zhou, 2014;Viganò et al., 2010). However, landfill space scarcity and fire incidents pose risks to both the environment and human health (Hwang et al., 2008;Morales et al., 2018). ...
End-of-life vehicle (ELV) plastics pose technical challenges in conventional recycling due to their diverse polymer compositions. Consequently, landfilling remains the prevailing disposal method. This study explores an innovative approach by upcycling ELV plastics as a substitute for natural sand in concrete. The study investigates the physical, mechanical and economic performance of ELV plastic-containing concrete. Plastic aggregates were prepared from real-world ELV plastics, featuring particle sizes below 4.75 mm, with over 90 % falling within the range of 1.18–4.75 mm. The research involves replacing natural sand with ELV plastics at varying volumes (0 %, 15 %, 25 %, 35 %, and 40 %) and examines the effect of sand replacement on various concrete properties. The results suggest that as the replacement ratio increases, the workability, density, and strength of concrete decrease. However, the 28-day compressive strength of concrete at the maximum replacement rate of 40 % was found to be 39 MPa, which suffices for certain non-structural strength applications, such as traffic routes, shared-use paths, local streets and curbs. In addition, compared to previous studies using mixed commodity plastics, ELV plastics lead to significantly lower strength reductions at high replacement ratios. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis reveals a distinctive rough and fibrous aggregate morphology, which enhances physical binding and provides bridging effects within the concrete matrix, potentially mitigating strength loss. Moreover, the economic analysis highlights a significant potential to commercialize ELV plastics for concrete applications. This study demonstrates that ELV plastics can be effectively used at high replacement rates (up to 40 % by volume) in non-structural applications.
... To date, a variety of treatment programs have been applied at the global level to recover nonmetallic elements from ELVs. Table 2 lists these therapeutic procedures, which are also referred to as 'ELV reclamation possibilities' in the current study [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. These choices are classified as 'pre-shredding' ELV reclamation options (e.g., Option 3) and 'post-shredding' ELV reclamation options (e.g., Option 4) (e.g., Option 6) [23][24][25][26][27]. ...
An ELV is a vehicle that has reached the end of its service life or service due to age or because it is unable to be used due to a catastrophic accident and high repair costs. The current methods of destroying ELV vehicles are unregistered, disassembly, destruction, and disassembly. Each procedure must adhere to predetermined guidelines. The purpose of this study is to conduct a survey of dietary knowledge about end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) in Indonesia. As a result, the purpose of this research is to learn about ELV laws and their implementation in countries that have done so successfully, as well as to learn about public perception of ELV application in Indonesia. A literature search of ELV laws in neighboring countries was conducted, as well as a survey of 98 respondents in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, and Bekasi. SPSS was used to analyze the survey results. The questions in this study were divided into four sections: respondents' backgrounds; knowledge of ELV; concerns about ELV; and ELV campaigns. The findings revealed that public awareness of the use of ELV was quite low. In general, it can be concluded that the application of ELV in Indonesia needs to be carefully studied before it is implemented in order for it to be accepted by the public. Additionally, more ELV-related campaigns are required to increase the knowledge and awareness of the Indonesian people.
... Most of the studies on the gasification of ASR were carried out for energy and carbon conversion by producing high-calorific synthetic gas, commonly known as a syngas for the generation of power or as a chemical feedstock (Lin et al., 2010b;Roh et al., 2013;Taylor et al., 2013;Viganò et al., 2010). Mass and energy balances were evaluated by Vigano et al. in a 100 MW (LHV) plant produced by sequential ASR gasification at 590 • C and combustion of the char at 1400 • C with air as the reactant having a favourable cumulative energy index. ...
Following treatment in a shredding facility and metals removal, Automotive Shredder Residue (ASR) is generated as a waste. This paper reviewed the state-of-the-art of research and development of thermochemical conversion and metal recovery from ASR. The characteristics of ASR are discussed in terms of compositions, and then the emphasis is given to different thermochemical conversion methods - incineration, pyrolysis, and gasification. In addition, the characterization of products obtained from these processes is then critically reviewed. The latter part deals with metal recovery focussed on conventional metallurgical processes - pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy of ASR. The limitations of the conventional metal recovery process are discussed, followed by recommendations for technology development on energy and metal recovery options from ASR, in particular solvometallurgy, an emerging trend for efficient metal recovery. A clear conclusion is that ASR is a valuable feedstock for energy production and metal recovery as it comprises mainly plastics and metals.
... Cold Gas Efficiency (%) (Murphy and McKeogh, 2004) Gasification MSW 27.2 c 34 - (Murphy and McKeogh, 2004) Incineration MSW 15.3 d 18 - (Viganò et al., 2010) Gasification ...
There is increasing interest in recovering nutrients and energy from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW). Given the costs associated with separate collection of OFMSW, and the potential difficulty in finding clean feedstocks, there are potential benefits in beneficial recovery of OFMSW as part of residual MSW. Therefore, this study compared the life-cycle impacts associated with management alternatives for recovering energy and/or nutrients from the OFMSW through mixed waste processing systems. The considered treatment alternatives include landfilling, mass burn waste-to-energy, gasification and syngas combustion (GC) for electricity production, gasification Fischer–Tropsch (GFT) for transportation fuel production, aerobic composting (AC), and anaerobic digestion (AD). Seven environmental impacts include global warming potential (GWP), cumulative energy demand, acidification, eutrophication, photochemical oxidation, ecotoxicity, and human toxicity were assessed for five sets of state and one U.S. national waste compositions. The mass burn waste-to-energy and GC scenarios generally have the lowest environmental impacts, while landfilling and GFT have the greatest impacts. Separating out organics for AC increased environmental impacts compared to sending them to GC, while sending them to AD decreased GWP and increased the other impacts. Sensitivity analyses suggest that these conclusions are generally robust to uncertainty in input values.
... Dismantlers anticipate the operators and their skills to be highly important, and further, addressed the issues of recruiting competent staff as well as information requirements for the workers. The need for instructions or similar material aiding operators in identifying and dismantling To create value from ASR several treatment methods were developed and evaluated (Lopes et al., 2008;Ni and Chen, 2014;Ohno et al., 2014;Alessandro Santini et al., 2012;Tai and He, 2014;Vigano et al., 2010) New and improved separation techniques needs to be used. components was addressed in all focus groups and in meetings with dismantlers. ...
To move towards a more sustainable and circular economy, a more efficient recovery processes for end-of-life vehicles and their constituent components and materials is needed. To enable reuse, remanufacturing, high-value recycling and other circular strategies, a well-functioning disassembly is essential. This article presents a literature review of studies focusing on vehicle dismantling and surrounding end-of-life treatment systems. Furthermore, topics considered as the most critical for practitioners were identified through focus groups composed of industry representatives and researchers from various Swedish organizations. By comparing findings from the literature and empirical results, it is concluded that there are differences and gaps between the areas researched and those considered as important by industry, thus calling for further research to address practical challenges in improving vehicle end-of-life management. The four areas highlighted as the most prominent are: i) plastics, ii) batteries, iii) investments and ownership structures, and iv) the workforce.
... Given the high-energy content of gas derived from ASR gasification, some researchers suggested ASR as an attractive waste-handling option for energy recovery [2e8]. A two-step thermal process is considered for converting ASR into syngas (32.8% H 2 and 7.03% CO) in a commercial plant [9]. Filippis et al. (2003) studied the ASR-to-energy efficiency by using bench-scale plant. ...
This work examines the hydrogen gas yield and trace pollutants partitioning in automobile shredder residue (ASR) catalytic gasification by fixed bed and fluidized bed gasifier with controlling at equilibrium ratio (ER) 0.2, temperature 900 °C, and 5%–15% prepared catalyst addition. Oyster shell (OS) is a valuable resource due to its higher calcium content that it could prepare as a catalyst for enhancing the hydrogen production in ASR gasification. In the case of the fixed bed gasifier experiments, the highest lower heating value (LHV) and syngas production were found at 900 °C and 10% OS catalyst addition. The maximum H2 and CO composition were 6.57% and 5.97%, respectively. The LHV of syngas was approximately 4.43 MJ/Nm³. The fluidized bed gasifier could provide a good ASR decomposition and heat transfer behavior. The syngas yield results indicated the maximum H2 and CO composition were 12.12% and 10.59%, respectively. It was obviously showed that the syngas production and energy conversion efficiency were enhanced by applying fluidized bed gasifier. The maximum produced gas LHV was 10.77 MJ/Nm³ as well as the cold gas efficiency (CGE) of produced gas was 71.62%. On the other hand, the volatile sulfur and chlorine speciation formed in ASR gasification were mainly partitioned in the solid and/or liquid phase. It implied that tested OS catalysts could inhibit the volatile sulfur and chlorine speciation emission in the produced gas as well as enhance the produced gas quality. In summary, this research could provide basic insight into enhanced syngas production and quality in ASR catalytic gasification using the prepared OS catalyst.
... Multilayer polymer-aluminum packaging materials may find difficulties in reshaping and reusing all the associated materials due to their inherent variations in the properties at different conditions. Nevertheless, the heating value of polymer-laminated aluminum packaging (PLAP) materials could be higher than that of biomass because the polymers are mainly composed of carbon and hydrogen [11,12]. The purpose of this study is to convert the polymers-laminated aluminum packaging materials into the form of useful solid material and a form of energy by avoiding the integrated complexities of the other recycling processes. ...
Polymer-laminated metals are widely used in the packaging industries due to their flexibility of applications, superior properties, and relatively lower cost. Despite the advantages accomplished by the polymer–metal multilayer packaging materials, the recycling is a very difficult task due to the complexities of multimaterial intrinsic behaviors during the processing of cast-off materials. This study represents an innovative and sustainable way of recycling polymer-laminated aluminum packaging (PLAP) materials (postconsumer food packaging) into high-quality aluminum and a potential source of high-energy hydrocarbon gases and particulate carbon coproducts. Both sides of the aluminum foil of the packaging were laminated by two different polymers (polyethylene terephthalate, and polypropylene). Volatiles from the PLAP materials were eliminated by the thermal disengagement technology at 400–650 °C (5–30 min) with and without an inert gas supply. The volatiles evaporated from the PLAP materials were about 32%, and the rest 68% were aluminum (~ 65%) and carbon (~ 3%) from the decomposition of the polymers. The oxidation behavior of the surface of the recycled aluminum was studied by XRD, XPS, and elementary mapping, and a nanoscale oxidized surface was found in both inert and air atmospheric TD. The purity of the aluminum was measured above 98% by two different methods (LIBS and ICP-MS). The gaseous products released in TD were detected as high energy-carrying hydrocarbon, CO2, CO, H2, H2O, and few other gases observed by real-time monitoring. The clean gases released in TD might be utilized upon reforming into CH4 or H2 by further processing or as it turns out might be utilized as a source of heat energy for other applications. Carbon found from the decomposition of the hydrocarbons can be another useful element of this study. This recycling process offers an economically and environmentally feasible recycling strategy for a complex multilayer polymer–metal packaging waste.
... A modeling and LCA analysis of a sequential ASR gasification and combustion process, using a fluidized bed gasifier (590 °C) followed by a cyclonic afterburner (1400 °C) is described by Viganò et al. (2010). The technology applied to ASR treatment allowed the recov- ery of large fractions of metals as non-oxidized, easily marketable secondary raw materials, the vitrification of most of the ash and the production of power via a steam cycle. ...
... Recent data show that the global automotive industry generates approximately 50 million tons of waste per year. Currently, metals account for 75% of vehicle weight at the end of life, and are almost completely recovered (Viganò et al., 2010). The 25% remaining are waiting for an appropriate waste processing technology, an alternative to disposal in landfills. ...
Among the different wastes generated by steel industry, there is the shredder residue (SR). SR is a highly heterogeneous mixture, which is most commonly destined to a landfill of industrial waste by the Brazilian steel industry. Considering the high variation of its composition, the use of statistical tools is recommended to obtain consistent data. Pyrolysis can be considered a solution to dispose of this residue. This work aimed at evaluating the SR pyrolysis process using a 2k factorial design. The following variables were investigated: temperature, heating rate, inert gas (N2) flow rate, and CaO/SR ratio. Lower heating rate resulted in higher non-condensable gas yields (>50% w/w). CaO was efficient for CO2 capture in non-condensable gas, thus increasing calorific value. Higher heating rate resulted in higher condensable vapor yields, and the main compound found in this stream was styrene. The thermochemical conversion process, through pyrolysis, presented high potential for SR reuse rather than the disposal in landfills.
... Approximately, 40-50% of ASR is hydrocarbon-based: plastics, rubber, fibres, wood, paper, tar and oil. Thermal treatment of ASR reported either by pyrolysis (conversion to liquid), gasification (conversion to gaseous) or combustion (with heat recovery) technologies (Hubble et al., 1987;Zolezzi et al., 2004;Viganò et al., 2010;Cossu et al., 2014;Rey et al., 2016) will reduce the amount of material that requires final disposal. The ASR's noncombustible fraction which is made up of glass, dirt, rock, sand, moisture and residual metals can further separated and recycled. ...
The challenge for the automotive industry is how to ensure they adopt the circular economy when it comes to the disposal of end-of-life vehicles (ELV). According to the European Commission the UK achieved a total reuse and recovery rate of 88%. This is short of the revised ELV directive target of 95% materials recovery, which requires a minimum of 85% of materials to be recycled or reused. A significant component of the recycling process is the production of automotive shredder residue (ASR). This is currently landfilled across Europe. The additional 10% could be met by processing ASR through either waste-to-energy facilities or Post shredder technology (PST) to recover materials. The UK auto and recycling sectors claimed there would need to be a massive investment by their members in both new capacity and new technology for PST to recover additional recycle materials. It has been shown that 50% of the ASR contains valuable recoverable materials which could be used to meet the Directive target. It is expected in the next 5 years that technological innovation in car design will change the composition from easily recoverable metal to difficult polymers. This change in composition will impact on the current drive to integrate the European Circular Economy Package. A positive factor is that main driver for using ASR is coming from the metals recycling industry itself. They are looking to develop the infrastructure for energy generation from ASR and subsequent material recovery. This is driven by the economics of the process rather than meeting the Directive targets. The study undertaken has identified potential pathways and barriers for commercial thermal treatment of ASR. The results of ASR characterisation were used to assess commercial plants from around the world. Whilst there were many claiming that processing of ASR was possible none have so far shown both the technological capability and economic justification.
... Furthermore, at least 85% shall be reused or recycled. After depollution, dismantling, shredding and separation of metals, about 18-25 wt% of the car bodies remains as automobile shredder residue (ASR) and was landfilled in the past despite its high average lower heating value (LHV) of 20 MJ kg -1 (Cossu and Lai, 2015;GHK, 2006;Morselli et al., 2010;Viganò et al., 2010). Generally, ASR is separated into a 'heavy' fraction (shredder granulate) containing most of the shredded plastic parts, a 'light' fraction (shredder fibres or fluff) consisting mostly of fibrous materials like seat cushions and floor mats, and inert fines (shredder sand). ...
Stricter regulatory requirements concerning end-of-life vehicles and rising disposal costs necessitate new ways for automobile shredder residue utilisation. The shredder granulate and fibres, produced by the VW-SICON-Process, have a high energy content of more than 20 MJ kg⁻¹, which makes energy recovery an interesting possibility. Shredder fibres have a low bulk density of 60 kg m⁻³, which prevents efficient storing and utilisation as a refuse-derived fuel. By mixing fibres with plastic-rich shredder granulate and heating the mixture, defined granules can be produced. With this ‘ReGran’ process, the bulk density can be enhanced by a factor of seven by embedding shredder fibres in the partially melted plastic mass. A minimum of 26–33 wt% granulate is necessary to create enough melted plastic. The process temperature should be between 240 °C and 250 °C to assure fast melting while preventing extensive outgassing. A rotational frequency of the mixing tool of 1000 r min⁻¹ during heating and mixing ensures a homogenous composition of the granules. During cooling, lower rotational frequencies generate bigger granules with particles sizes of up to 60 mm at 300 r min⁻¹. To keep outgassing to a minimum, it is suggested to melt shredder granulate first and then add shredder fibres. Adding coal, wood or tyre fluff as a third component reduces chlorine levels to less than 1 wt%. The best results can be achieved with tyre fluff. In combination with the VW-SICON-Process, ReGran produces a solid recovered fuel or ‘design fuel’ tailored to the requirements of specific thermal processes.
... In fact, by analysing several works [8], it is possible to say that the overall WEEE's and PCB's impact on the environment (and the human health) is given by the treatment of great amounts of flame-retardants and different types of plastics composing e-wastes, especially PBDE. Instead, from the ELV side, important environmental impacts are due to both metallurgical processes for the recovery of basic metals or the treatment and incineration of the ASR fraction in some nations [9]. ...
Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipments (WEEEs) and End of Life Vehicles (ELVs) are two of the main waste streams, after municipal solid wastes, both in volumes and growth rates terms. Even if their management begins to be adequately regulated almost worldwide, there are still clear lacks to be solved in many aspects. The aim of this paper is the comparison, through a structured literature analysis, of these waste streams under several perspectives, by evidencing current differences and potential commonalities. In addition, a quantification of potential profits rising from a joined management of different sources of PCBs is described in the last part of the paper.
... Scenario W_B generates HCl and SO 2 concentrations in the flue gas consistent with the operational data of the 2S reference plant , therefore it constitutes a case of particular importance. Finally, scenario W_C, presenting twice the Cl and S content of scenario W_B, represents a feed with a higher presence of chlorine typical of co-combustion of MSW with high fractions of industrial (Viganò et al., 2010) or biomedical wastes (Barba et al., 2015). Indeed, in order to compensate for the lack of household-generated waste or to increase the heating value of the waste feed (Petersen et al., 2005), MSW is increasingly burnt in association with wastes from commercial or industrial activities, which generally exhibit higher mass fractions of Cl and S (Biganzoli et al., 2015). ...
Acid gases such as HCl and SO2 are harmful both for human health and ecosystem integrity, hence their removal is a key step of the flue gas treatment of Waste-to-Energy (WtE) plants. Methods based on the injection of dry sorbents are among the Best Available Techniques for acid gas removal. In particular, systems based on double reaction and filtration stages represent nowadays an effective technology for emission control. The aim of the present study is the simulation of a reference two-stage (2S) dry treatment system performance and its comparison to three benchmarking alternatives based on single stage sodium bicarbonate injection. A modelling procedure was applied in order to identify the optimal operating configuration of the 2S system for different reference waste compositions, and to determine the total annual cost of operation. Taking into account both operating and capital costs, the 2S system appears the most cost-effective solution for medium to high chlorine content wastes. A Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis was carried out to assess the robustness of the results.
... Nowadays, it is obvious that the ASR recycling problem constitutes a crucial challenge to the vehicle industry, and decision making about it processing have enormous repercussions for other industries [17]. The total ASR production in the EU is in the range of 1.93-2.34 million tonne per year [18], with an estimation of 3.5 million tonnes within 2015 [19]. To minimize ASR production, there is need to develop new strategies of management of the ELV recycling process. ...
Automobile shredder residue (ASR) is the residual material left after the majority of the metal content of a vehicle has been removed. Nowadays, it is obvious that the ASR recycling problem constitutes a crucial challenge to the vehicle industry, and decision making about it processing have enormous repercussions for other industries. This review paper is the first of two reviews by the author that consider the ASR problem research area. More detailed characterization-, physical separation methods-, novel applications-, thermal treatment technologies-and Life Cycle Assessment method-oriented papers are identified and classified. However, in this particular review paper, due to enacted limit in paper's length, only papers on ASR characterization and ASR physical separation are reviewed through content analysis methodology.
... This way, they are subsequently crushed and shredded within the car hulk, ending in the ASR fraction (Wang and Chen, 2011). Then, ASR is incinerated to recover the embedded energy or, in the worst case, landfilled (McKenna et al., 2013;Viganò et al., 2010). ...
End-of-life vehicles, together with waste from electric and electronic equipment, are known as an important source of secondary raw materials. For many years, their recovery has allowed the restoring of great amounts of metals for new cars production. This article provides a comprehensive mini-review on the end-of-life vehicles recycling topic between 2000 and 2014, with a particular focus on automotive electronics recycling. In fact, in the last years, experts focused their attention on a better exploitation of automotive shredder residue fraction, but not sufficiently on eventual electronic scraps embedded in it. Hence, studies assessing the value embedded in these scraps are rarely available in literature, causing an important gap in both recycling policies and research. The fact that, at present, the management of electronic control units (the most valuable component among automotive electronic equipment) is, as yet, off the radar in both end-of-life vehicles and waste from electric and electronic equipment Directives demonstrates the theory. Of course, their recycling would not contribute in a relevant way to reach the weighted-based recycling and recovery targets characterising current regulations, but would be very important under a critical raw materials recovery view. Results coming from the literature analysis confirm these assumptions.
... Pb is present in the batteries, Zn is one of the constituents of the galvanized steel used in the bodywork of cars and Cu is the main element of the electrical wiring of the car. In previous articles, ranges of heavy metal concentrations for ELV waste have been found for Pb, 0-5000 mg kg À1 ; Cu, 1000-6000 mg kg À1 ; Zn, 0-15,000 mg kg À1 ; and Cr, 100-200 mg kg À1 (Viganò et al., 2010). These ranges are comparable with data obtained in this study. ...
Solid recovered fuels constitute a valuable alternative for the management of those non-hazardous waste fractions that cannot be recycled. The main purpose of this research is to assess the suitability of three different wastes from the landfill of the local waste management company (COGERSA), to be used as solid recovered fuels in a cement kiln near their facilities. The wastes analyzed were: End of life vehicles waste, packaging and bulky wastes. The study was carried out in two different periods of the year: November 2013 and April 2014. In order to characterize and classify these wastes as solid recovered fuels, they were separated into homogeneous fractions in order to determine different element components, such as plastics, cellulosic materials, packagings or textile compounds, and the elemental analysis (including chlorine content), heavy metal content and the heating value of each fraction were determined. The lower heating value of the waste fractions on wet basis varies between 10MJkg(-1) and 42MJkg(-1). One of the packaging wastes presents a very high chlorine content (6.3wt.%) due to the presence of polyvinylchloride from pipe fragments, being the other wastes below the established limits. Most of the wastes analyzed meet the heavy metals restrictions, except the fine fraction of the end of life vehicles waste. In addition, none of the wastes exceed the mercury limit content, which is one of the parameters considered for the solid recovered fuels classification. A comparison among the experimental higher heating values and empirical models that predict the heating value from the elemental analysis data was carried out. Finally, from the three wastes measured, the fine fraction of the end of life vehicles waste was discarded for its use as solid recovered fuels due to the lower heating value and its high heavy metals content. From the point of view of the heating value, the end of life vehicles waste was the most suitable residue with a lower heating value of 35.89MJkg(-1), followed by the packaging waste and the bulky waste, respectively. When mixing the wastes studied a global waste was obtained, whose classification as solid recovered fuels was NCV 1 Cl 3 Hg 3. From the empirical models used for calculating higher heating value from elemental content, Scheurer-Kestner was the model that best fit the experimental data corresponding to the wastes collected in November 2013, whereas Chang equation was the most approximate to the experimental heating values for April 2014 fractions. This difference is due to higher chlorine content of the second batch of wastes, since Chang equation is the only one that incorporates the chlorine content.
Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
... The use of gasification/combustion systems has also been reported (Lin et al., 2010;Mancini et al., 2010;Viganò et al., 2010;Taylor et al., 2013). To summarize, although further studies should be undertaken, gasification appears to represent an attractive alternative for use in the sustainable management of ASR. ...
On the basis of statistical data, approximately 6.5milliontons of ELVs were produced in Europe in 2011. ELVs are processed according to a treatment scheme comprising three main phases: depollution, dismantling and shredding. The ferrous fraction represents about 70-75% of the total shredded output, while nonferrous metals represent about 5%. The remaining 20-25% is referred to as automotive shredder residue (ASR). ASR is largely landfilled due to its heterogeneous and complex matrix. With a start date of January 1st 2015, the European Directive 2000/53/EC establishes the reuse and recovery of a minimum of 95% ELV total weight. To reach these targets various post-shredder technologies have been developed with the aim of improving recovery of materials and energy from ASR. In order to evaluate the environmental impacts of different management options of ELVs, the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology has been applied taking into account the potential implication of sustainable design of vehicles and treatment of residues after shredding of ELVs. Findings obtained reveal that a combination of recycling and energy recovery is required to achieve European targets, with landfilling being viewed as the least preferred option. The aim of this work is to provide a general overview of the recent development of management of ELVs and treatment of ASR with a view to minimizing the amount of residues disposed of in landfill.
Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
... Vehicle hulk costs in €/tonne (April-May 2011).TheGHK/BioIS (2006) analysis of technological and economic features of multiple ATT processes chooses TwinRec technology as a potential solution. TwinRec is an advanced thermal technology developed by the Japanese company Ebara. It is designed to combine material recycling with energy recovery.Vigano et al. (2010) confirmed that this sequential gasification and combustion technology can reach appealing energy and environmental performances. With regard to the necessary model parameters, a recycling efficiency of 33% and energy efficiency of 52% have been adopted(GHK/BioIS 2006). In addition, it was assumed that the corresponding gate fee, which d ...
The European Directive on end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) fundamentally changed the business philosophy of the European vehicle recycling system, which was exclusively profit-oriented. As the dominant participants of this system, vehicle recycling plants (VRPs) are especially affected by its implementation. For VRPs to successfully respond to the prescribed eco-efficiency quotas, investment will be needed to procure modern sorting equipment as well as to achieve full transformation of their production process. However, before VRPs decide to make this very important investment decision, it is necessary to determine the adequacy of such a decision in detail. Consequently, the following questions become unavoidable: Can modernly equipped VRPs conduct profitable business? Are eco-efficiency quotas actually attainable? How will the new changes in vehicle design influence VRPs? To provide answers to these essential questions, a production planning model of a modernly equipped VRP was first developed and then tested extensively using real data. Based on the answers provided by the proposed model testing analysis it was concluded that VRP transformation is not only necessary but completely justified and that the final success of the ELV Directive is realistic.
... The calculated values are given in Table S1.7. ATT, additional thermal treatment a One month production plan with four one-week plan periods b The maximum daily capacity of shredder c Maximum weight and volume per truckload are 30 tonne and 15m 3 respectively, all sorted metals are transported to the same distances d The closest industrial landfill site is twice as closer than proper ATT plant e According to Vigano et al. (2010) and Simic and Dimitrijevic (2012) ...
End-of-life vehicles (ELVs) represent one of the most important waste flows in Japan and 3.58 million was processed only in fiscal year 2008. In an attempt to reduce waste originating from ELVs, the Japanese Government introduced the ELV Recycling Law in 2002. Automobile shredder residue (ASR) recycling is essential to achieving the goals of the ELV Recycling Law and represents a major concern for the Japanese vehicle recycling industry. This paper proposes the tactical ASR recycling planning model, which can be used to assist Japanese vehicle recyclers to improve their profitability and ASR recycling efficiency. A numerical study is conducted in order to illustrate the potentials and applicability of the proposed modelling approach, and to gain insights into the performances of the Japanese vehicle recycling system and into the influence of the ELV Recycling Law. Sensitivity analyses demonstrate and validate the approach and its potentials. ELV Recycling Law influence is found to be crucial for the decision making on ASR recycling, as the 20% increase in valid recycling quota will cause approximately 50% decrease in the quantity of disposed ASR. We show that the stringent ASR recycling quota is easily attainable and present many interesting insights.
... (Ciacci et al., 2010;Simic and Dimitrijevic, 2012a) in a certified MSWI (energy efficiency is equal to or above 0.65). b Based on data from Vigano et al. (2010), and Simic and Dimitrijevic (2013b) ...
An interval linear programming approach is used to formulate and comprehensively test a model for optimal long-term planning of vehicle recycling in the Republic of Serbia. The proposed model is applied to a numerical case study: a 4-year planning horizon (2013-2016) is considered, three legislative cases and three scrap metal price trends are analysed, availability of final destinations for sorted waste flows is explored. Potential and applicability of the developed model are fully illustrated. Detailed insights on profitability and eco-efficiency of the projected contemporary equipped vehicle recycling factory are presented. The influences of the ordinance on the management of end-of-life vehicles in the Republic of Serbia on the vehicle hulks procuring, sorting generated material fractions, sorted waste allocation and sorted metals allocation decisions are thoroughly examined. The validity of the waste management strategy for the period 2010-2019 is tested. The formulated model can create optimal plans for procuring vehicle hulks, sorting generated material fractions, allocating sorted waste flows and allocating sorted metals. Obtained results are valuable for supporting the construction and/or modernisation process of a vehicle recycling system in the Republic of Serbia.
© The Author(s) 2015.
Recently, to save time, people have often preferred canned food because of its convenience, high nutritional value and safety compared with fast food. This has caused the amount of packaging waste in the world to increase rapidly, becoming one of the major dangers to the global environment. However, governments, environmentalists and scientists were soon aware of the dangers of this type of waste and soon developed improved methods to treat and minimize its impact on the environment. From the achievement of metal recovery in used products, this study also inherited the achievement of metal recovery in nonaluminum packaging products, namely, milk pouches, blisters, softener pouches, snack pounds, toothpaste tubes, and foods containing standing pouches, by pyrolysis. This study aimed to convert food packaging plastic wastes (MFPWs) into raw materials (aluminum and carbon particles) using three combined methods: pyrolysis and mechanical and chemical treatment. This experiment used a fixed-bed reactor in the laboratory to heat plastic packaging waste to obtain a solid fraction at a temperature of 800°C, and the retention time was 30 minutes. Food containing 98.64% of the samples yielded the most desirable results, while the second highest percentage of samples were produced from aluminum toothpaste tubes, for which the product contained 93.24%. Owing to the demand for metal recovery in all industries in general and in the food industry in particular, this research proposes identifying a packaging waste category from which pure aluminum can be recovered most efficiently by pyrolysis technology, and the feasibility of the results obtained will be tested shortly.
The proposed work reports a compilation of municipal solid waste composition in several geographies, discussing the impacts and repercussions of different waste classification nomenclature and related definitions. In addition, different scenarios are evaluated using the average waste composition in each location to further describe the possibility of covering the energy demand in those places, with energy produced from waste. For that, the thermal conversion efficiency of each Waste-to-Energy (WtE) procedure (combustion, incineration, hydrothermal liquefaction, pyrolysis, gasification, and plasma gasification) was used, so that a comparison of performances is put forward, to potentially aid in policy- and/or decision-making processes. Hydrothermal liquefaction presented higher efficiencies, followed by gasification-based techniques. Incineration, combustion and pyrolysis show a declining performance. In terms of waste production, OECD countries exceeded the average waste production values as well as the energy demand per capita, while Europe and Central Asia depicted the lowest contribution of energy produced from the waste generated.
Every year approximately 70 million passenger cars are being produced and automotive industry is much bigger then just passenger cars. The impact of automotive industry on the environment is tremendous. From extracting raw materials through manufacturing and assembly processes, exploitation of the vehicle to the reprocessing irreversible, extensive environmental damage is done. The goal of this study is to show how implementing eco-design processes into supply chain management can reduce the impact of automotive industry on the environment by e.g. reducing the use of the fuel, increasing the use of recycled materials. Focus is on evaluation of current state, environmental impacts and potential improvements for design, raw materials, manufacturing and distribution and end-of-life phase.
Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) is a method of waste valorization whose overall sustainability depends on the effective removal of the gaseous contaminants generated. Hydrogen chloride (HCl) is a typical pollutant formed in waste combustion. Dry processes based on its reaction with basic powders such as calcium hydroxide are among the state-of-the-art best available technologies for MSWI flue gas treatment. An experimental investigation of the heterogeneous reaction process between hydrogen chloride and calcium hydroxide in the temperature range between 120 and 180 °C was carried out. A laboratory-scale fixed bed reactor connected to a FTIR spectrometer was used for the online continuous monitoring of HCl conversion. Solid reaction products were characterized using thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray diffractometry. The experimental data collected were used to validate a fundamental kinetic model for the description of the gas-solid reaction between Ca(OH)2 and HCl. A sensitivity analysis was carried out to assess the importance of the different temperature-dependent parameters in the model. The results allow an improved understanding of the heterogeneous reaction process that is applied in acid gas dry removal processes.
This research aims to recover aluminum and hydrogen energy from non-recycled plastic material containing aluminum (NRP) using gasification. The gasification was conducted by a lab-scale fixed bed gasifier with controlling different temperature and equivalent ratio (ER) ranged from 600 °C to 900 °C and from 0.10 to 0.30, respectively. According to the syngas yield analytical results, the syngas yield increased significantly with an increase in ER. In the 900 °C case, the syngas yield increased from 4.47 m³/kg to 7.73 m³/kg with ER increasing from 0.1 to 0.3. This is because good gasification practice occurred at higher ER resulting in oxidation and exothermic reactions. Based on the measured syngas composition results, the H2 and CO fractions increased with increased gasification temperature. In the ER 0.3 case, as the gasification temperature increased from 600 °C to 900 °C, the H2 and CO fractions increased from 0.64 mol.% to 15.54 mol.% and from 2.89 mol.% to 15.54 mol.%, respectively. The syngas heating values were calculated ranging between 0.8 MJ/Nm³ and 5.1 MJ/Nm³. Meanwhile, cold gas efficiency (CGE) was approximately 72.2%, implying that 72.2% recovered energy was produced from gasified non-recycled plastic packaging material containing aluminum. The major recovered aluminum speciation was metallic aluminum using XRD identification. The recovered aluminum purity and recovery ranged from 73.1 wt% to 100.0 wt% and from 79% to 105%, respectively. In summary, the hydrogen energy production and aluminum recovery produced from non-recycled plastic packaging material containing aluminum using gasification was successfully developed.
The main compositions in automotive shredder residue (ASR) were polymers, up to about 70wt%, which is difficult to be separated and classified. In this work, ultrafine ASR powders was prepared through a mechanochemical technology called solid state shear milling (S³M) and the melt blending process was further applied to produce value-added polypropylene (PP) composites. Both optical and electron microscopy revealed the excellent dispersion and in-situ compatibilization of ASR were achieved in the PP/ASR composites. After S³M treatment the tensile strength, elongation at break and charpy notched impact strength of PP/ASR composites were increased by 39%, 285% and 50%, respectively. Moreover, the mechanical properties of the composites were even superior to those with addition of PP-g-MAH (a commercial compatibilizer). The ASR recycling strategy proposed here is simple, low cost, efficient and green, exhibiting great potential for fabricating non-structural products used in the realms of container for waste, plastic garbage bags and the road stone.
The projection on Chinese increasing end-of-life vehicle (ELV) volumes indicates that the volume in 2020 will be about threefold that in 2015. The issue of scrapping vehicle upsurge relative to capacity crunches and environmental impacts perplexes Chinese dismantlers and it is intractable and urgent to choose an appropriate dismantling mode. The purpose of this study is to prioritise four potential dismantling modes and provide decision-making reference for dismantlers with a view to such criteria as environmentally sustainable considering constraints involving economy, technique, ecology and flexibility over changing condition. The conducted evaluation by the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) methodology takes sensitive and problematic aspects into account through questionnaires. The whole evaluation process supported by expert preferences, provides a simple and intuitive knowledge to construct arguments for ELV decision-making process. Results show that disassembly line involves the highest global weight of 0.363 and is concluded to be the best compromised ecological alternative.
The ability to separate adhesive bonded assemblies without causing damage to the substrates is clearly very desirable. There are many applications such as in electronics, medical surgery, dentistry, building and general manufacturing where the opportunity to separate assemblies is important. This may be for repositioning in manufacturing, repair in service or recovery of materials at end of life. Various methods for adhesive reversibility or disbonding have been proposed over the last 40 years but there currently exist no universally accepted solutions for disbond-on-demand bonded applications. This paper considers the motivation for disbonding, the requirements and considerations associated with possible methods, and the overall effectiveness of the various mechanisms in the context of non-structural, semi-structural and structural joints. The range of technologies and mechanisms is reviewed, together with the associated methods for activation. The variety of methods is evaluated for their effect...
At the very beginning of doctoral dissertation, applying the content analysis method gives an overview of all the subjects from the end-of-life vehicle (ELV) recycling domain that were estimated as being directly or indirectly related to the subject that the dissertation considers. The literature is organized into two main sub-areas; namely, operational research in the vehicle recycling domain and theoretical aspect of vehicle recycling. In order to identify as clearly as possible the directions of further research and observe possible shortcomings of the already published papers, literature review has been appended with the major classification scheme of vehicle recycling domain, a table of the collected papers classified according to the place where they were published, and distribution list of papers on vehicle recycling in international journals in the period 1997-2013.
The dissertation firstly formulates and tests the short-term processing planning model for vehicle recycling factories in the EU legislative and global business environments. As part of the supplementary numerical case study, profitability and eco-efficiency of the EU vehicle recycling system were considered, and the discussion about the influence of technological development on the cost structure of vehicle recycling factory has been submitted. Additionally, the following analyses have been made: analysis of the impact of the EU Directive on end-of-life vehicles (EU ELV Directive) on decision making process regarding recycling, analysis of the impact of available financial instruments on profitability and eco-efficiency of vehicle recycling factory, analysis of two approaches for the control of the vehicle recycling system efficiency, and analysis of the impact of the EU ELV Directive and business conditions on the cost structure of vehicle recycling factory. The control of the recycling system efficiency should be done at the system level because it will in no way jeopardise the EU ELV Directive objectives. Considering valid quotas, the best ecological result will be attained at high cost for land-filling of automobile shredder residue (ASR) and low cost for processing in an advanced thermal treatment (ATT) plant. On the other hand, after January 1, 2015, EU member states will have to raise their costs for landfill disposal and do what is in their power to lower ATT costs and municipal solid waste incineration costs if they want to minimise further environmental degradation. The increase in landfill disposal cost will not always reduce the quantity of automobile shredder residues routed to landfills. Moreover, until January 1, 2015, the above mentioned rise in price will have no effect with high incineration and advanced thermal treatment costs, and after this date, the increase in the landfill disposal cost will be justified only if the advanced thermal treatment cost is low. Analysis of the cost structure of vehicle recycling factory led to conclusion that it is in great extent influenced by legislation and financial business conditions.
The dissertation then formulates and tests the model for material selection in the EU vehicle recycling system in order to find out answers to the following key questions: Can contemporary equipped vehicle shredding factories conduct profitable business? Are prescribed eco-efficiency quotas actually attainable? How will the commenced change in vehicle design influence vehicle shredding factories? The proposed model tackles tactical recycling planning and material selection problems in the European vehicle recycling system. The formulated model provides optimal procurement, storage, processing, transportation, advanced thermal treatment, incineration and landfill disposal decisions. A special case of how the change in vehicle design impacts the business of vehicle recycling factories was observed, i.e. the impact of reducing vehicle weight with substituting ferrous metals with aluminium. Based on the proposed model test results analysis and obtained answers, it is concluded that vehicle recycling factory transformation is not only necessary but entirely justified and that the final success of the EU ELV Directive is realistic. The stability of the obtained results has been confirmed by the analysis of their sensitivity to changes in aluminium and copper prices. Sensitivity analysis of the quantities of procured vehicle hulks to the amounts of the resulting profit from the vehicle recycling factory pointed out the significant, almost linear interdependence.
The dissertation presents the short-term automobile shredder residue recycling planning model in the Japanese legislative environment. The submitted numerical case study illustrates the potentials and applicability of the formulated model. It was used for the analysis of the impact of the Japanese Law on recycling of end-of-life vehicles (Japanese ELV Law), and gave insights into financial and ecological performances of the Japanese vehicle recycling system. The implemented sensitivity analyses of metal prices, ASR deposit value, transportation costs, processing costs, vehicle hulk cost, advanced thermal treatment cost and landfill disposal cost demonstrated and validated the proposed model and its potentials. Metal prices present the most significant recycling parameter. Introducing stringent ASR quota increases only the influence of the ATT cost parameter, whereas the influence of other recycling parameters will be reduced. The change in vehicle design, which was observed from the aspect of substituting ferrous metals with aluminium, will not jeopardize Japanese vehicle recycling system. Contemporary equipped vehicle shredding factories represent economically and ecologically far better solution for the recycling of automobile shredder residue than traditionally equipped vehicle shredding factories. Japanese ELV Recycling Law influences neither quantity of ASR generated in hulk shredding operation nor quantity of ASR collected by automaker. It has the crucial influence on making decisions about ASR recycling, since the 20% increase in ASR recycling quota will cause approximately 50% decrease in the quantity of disposed ASR. The stringent ASR quota is easily attainable and introducing it will not substantially influence the change in the profitability level of contemporary equipped vehicle shredding factories. The directions of the further development of this model have been pointed out.
Current, not so bright, situation in the Republic of Serbia regarding the recycling of ELVs and a noticeable tendency towards creation of economically sustainable recycling system represent major motives for projection and modelling of vehicle recycling system that would be the most cost-effective and eco-efficient in the long run. Interval linear programming approach is used to formulate and test the model for long-term planning of vehicle recycling in the Republic of Serbia under uncertainty. The model is applied to a numerical case study; a four-year-planning horizon (2013-2016) is considered, three legislative cases and three scrap metal price trends are analyzed, availability of final destinations for sorted waste flows is explored. Potential and applicability of developed model are illustrated. Detailed insights on profitability and eco-efficiency of the projected contemporary equipped vehicle recycling factory are presented. The influences of the Ordinance on the management of ELVs in the Republic of Serbia (Serbian ELV Ordinance) on the vehicle hulks procuring, sorting generated material fractions, sorted waste allocation and sorted metals allocation decisions are examined. The Serbian Waste management strategy for period 2010-2019 is analysed. The formulated model can create optimal plans for procuring vehicle hulks, sorting generated material fractions, allocating sorted waste flows and allocating sorted metals. If after January 1, 2015, there is no possibility of incineration of sorted waste material in the Republic of Serbia, the vehicle recycling factory will most definitely have to cease their operations due to inability to reach the 85% recovery quota. Therefore, constructing and activating municipal solid waste incinerator(s) till the end of 2014 presents the key challenge for the republic authorities. Availability of plant for advanced thermal treatment is the necessary condition for recovery and recycling quotas of 95% and 85% respectively, which were planned in the second phase of the Serbian ELV Ordinance implementation. That is why the revision of the Waste management strategy for period 2010-2019 is recommended as it didn’t predict the construction of plant of this type. It is identified that the trend in scrap metal prices change has crucial effect on the amount of profit made by vehicle recycling factory. Analysis of the allocation of isolated waste materials pointed to a very limited, even adverse effect of the first implementation phase of the Serbian ELV Ordinance on the projected vehicle recycling factory. It has been identified that restricting energy recovery to 5% can triple the quantity of land-filled waste materials. The second implementation phase of the Serbian ELV Ordinance will relieve landfills of waste materials generated in vehicle recycling process, since 2-10 times smaller quantity will be disposed compared to the case when there is no legislation, and 6-8 times smaller quantity compared to the first implementation phase of the Serbian ELV Ordinance. Several important recommendations for the future research of the vehicle recycling research area are highlighted and discussed.
Waste electrical and electronic equipment and end of life vehicles are two of the main sources of solid waste (after municipal solid waste), in terms of both volume and growth rate. Although they have begun to be adequately regulated worldwide, the management of printed circuit boards embedded into them still presents many challenges. One of these challenges is related to the management of automotive electronic waste. The development of the automotive industry enabled the wide application of electronics within cars. This way, the similarity with electrical and electronic equipments have increased during the last decades, especially considering the presence of printed circuit boards. In spite of these increasing similarities, the treatment of waste printed circuit boards from both electrical and electronic equipments and end-of-life vehicles still follows quite different paths. The aim of this paper is to highlight the unsustainability of their different treatment. A comparison of current practices and a quantification of potential improvements arising from a combined management of printed circuit boards are described within the paper, in terms of both volume and profit. The results demonstrate, even if only theoretically, how a change in managing waste printed circuit boards could offer interesting business opportunities.
Gasification technology is gaining more and more importance, due to its engineering property of energy conversion of feedstock material into valuable gaseous process fuel. Using waste material the gasification process appears even more interesting, mostly when an ecological drawback like the production of low-pH and chlorine-rich syngas is turned into a substantial advantage. This is given when the acid gas is used for particular applications such as steel scrap preheating and simultaneous surface cleaning before its utilisation in steel plants.
In this paper a lab-scale steam gasification process for the production of a chlorine-rich gas is presented. The produced syngas shows an interesting heating value as well as adequate chlorine content for its utilisation in the mentioned application.
The overall process has been evaluated by means of flow-sheeting models to assess its performances in comparison with alternative solutions. Models are intended to calculate mass and energy balances as well as to evaluate the optimum process operating conditions considering the downstream utilisation of the syngas. Results of the models are presented in comparison with experimental data. Finally an outlook is given with regard to possible model applications as guidelines for process scale-up and optimisation.
Automotive Shredder Residue (ASR) is a problematic waste material remaining after shredding and recovery processes of end-of-life vehicles (ELVs). Its heterogeneous grain size and composition make difficult its recovery or disposal. Although ASR accounts for approximately 20% to 25% of the weight of an ELV, the European Union (EU)'s ELV Directive (2000/53/EC) requires that by 2015 a minimum 95% of the weight of an ELV must be reused or recovered, including a 10% weight energy recovery. The quantity of ASR is relevant: Approximately 2.4 million tons are generated in the EU each year and most of it is sent to landfills. This article describes a life cycle model of the “TEKNE-Fluff” process designed to make beneficial use of ASR that is based on the results of an experimental pilot plant for pyro-gasification, combustion, cogeneration, and emissions treatment of ASR. The goal of the research was the application of life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology to identify the environmental hot spots of the “TEKNE system” and use scenario analysis to check solutions to improve its environmental profile, supporting the design and industrialization process. The LCA was conducted based on data modeled from the experimental campaign. Moreover, different scenarios on shares of electricity and thermal energy produced by the cogeneration system and alternative treatment processes for the waste produced by the technology were compared. Despite the limitation of the research (results based on scaling up experimental data by modeling), impact assessment results are promising and sufficiently robust, as shown by Monte Carlo analysis. The TEKNE technology may become an interesting solution for the problem of ASR management: Besides representing an alternative to landfill disposal, the energy produced could avoid significant impacts on fossil resources depletion (a plant of 40 000 tons/y capacity could produce ∼147 000 GJ/yr, covering the annual need of ∼13 500 households). Integr Environ Assess Manag 2015;11:435–444. © 2015 SETAC
Key Points
"TEKNE," an innovative low-impact technology able to produce energy from pyrogasification of ASR, provides an alternative to landfill disposal and a potential solution for ASR management, fulfilling the ELV EU Directive (2000/53/EC). Electricity generated from pyrogasification could avoid significant impacts on depletion of fossil resources by producing about 147,000 GJ/yr, covering the annual consumption of 13,500 households. Two "hot spots" identified through LCA are the disposal of hazardous waste produced by the emission treatment plant and the production of liquid oxygen required by the pyrogasifiers, with both having effects on human toxicity and freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity. LCA successfully identified hot spots, tradeoffs, and possible improvement strategies that supported industrialization of the ASR pyrogasification plant and the entire decision-making process.
Although studies can be found in the literature that present emissions inventories associated with different types of automobiles, distinct technologies or various stages of their life cycles, they do not enable us to compare the environmental impact of the complete life cycle of two vehicles. This is because there is no valid emissions inventory for all types of automobiles that covers all the life cycle stages (the cradle to grave approach). This paper proposes a method to estimate the principal types of emissions throughout a vehicle's life cycle based on primary data (weight, year of manufacture, engine technology, fuel type used, etc.). The proposed method requires neither sophisticated life cycle assessment software nor knowledge of specific information on individual vehicles. The proposal has been validated by analyzing three different gasoline and diesel-fueled internal combustion engine vehicles and by considering a life span of 100,000 km.
This Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report provides information for policymakers, scientists and engineers in the field of climate change and reduction of COâ emissions. It describes sources, capture, transport, and storage of COâ. It also discusses the costs, economic potential, and societal issues of the technology, including public perception and regulatory aspects. Storage options evaluated include geological storage, ocean storage, and mineral carbonation. Notably, the report places COâ capture and storage in the context of other climate change mitigation options, such as fuel switch, energy efficiency, renewables and nuclear energy. This report shows that the potential of COâ capture and storage is considerable, and the costs for mitigating climate change can be decreased compared to strategies where only other climate change mitigation options are considered. The importance of future capture and storage of COâ for mitigating climate change will depend on a number of factors, including financial incentives provided for deployment, and whether the risks of storage can be successfully managed. The volume includes a Summary for Policymakers approved by governments represented in the IPCC, and a Technical Summary. 5 annexes.
The way municipal solid waste is handled greatly determines its impact on the local as well as the global environment. New technologies have emerged for the treatment of waste, for the recovery of raw materials and energy, and for safe final disposal. The environmental performance of technologies, their social acceptance and their economic viability are key issues to be considered in sustainable waste management. This book provides an overview of current practices in waste management and a synthesis of new developments achieved through interdisciplinary discussions of recent research results.
This paper discusses the thermodynamics of power cycles where steam or water are mixed with air (or combustion gases) to improve the performance of stationary gas turbine cycles fired on clean fuels. In particular, we consider cycles based on modified versions of modern, high-performance, high-efficiency aero-derivative engines.
The paper is divided into two parts. After a brief description of the calculation method, in Part A we review the implications of intercooling and analyze cycles with steam injection (STIG and ISTIG). In Part B we examine cycles with water injection (RWI and HAT).
Due to lower coolant temperatures, intercooling enables to reduce turbine cooling flows and/or to increase the turbine inlet temperature. Results show that this can provide significant power and efficiency improvements for both simple cycle and combined cycle systems based on aero-engines; systems based on heavy-duty machines also experience power output augmentation, but almost no efficiency improvement.
Mainly due to the irreversibilities of steam/air mixing, intercooled steam injected cycles cannot achieve efficiencies beyond the 52–53% range even at turbine inlet temperatures of 1500°C. On the other hand, by accomplishing more reversible water-air mixing, the cycles analyzed in Part B can reach efficiencies comparable (RWI cycles) or even superior (HAT cycles) to those of conventional “unmixed” combined cycles.
Gas turbines fueled by integrated biomass gasifiers are a promising option for base-load electricity generation from a renewable resource. Aeroderivative turbines, which are characterized by high efficiencies at smaller scales, are of special interest because transportation costs for biomass constrain biomass conversion facilities to relatively modest scales. Commercial development activities and major technological issues associated with biomass integrated-gasifier/gas turbine (BIG/GT) combined cycle power generation are reviewed in Part A of this two-part paper. Also, the computational model and the assumptions used to predict the overall performance of alternative BIG/GT cycles are outlined. The model evaluates appropriate value of key parameters (turbomachinery efficiencies, gas turbine cooling flows, steam production in the heat recovery steam generator, etc.) and then carries out energy, mass, and chemical species balances for each plant component, with iterations to insure whole-plant consistency. Part B of the paper presents detailed comparisons of the predicted performance of systems now being proposed for commercial installation in the 25--30 MW{sub e} power output range, as well as predictions for advanced combined cycle configurations (including with intercooling) with outputs from 22 to 75 MW{sub e}. Finally, an economic assessment is presented, based on preliminary capital cost estimates for BIG/GT combined cycles.
This life cycle assessment study analyses material and energy recovery within integrated municipal solid waste (MSW) management systems, and, in particular, the recovery of the source-separated materials (packaging and organic waste) and the energy recovery from the residual waste. The recovery of materials and energy are analysed together, with the final aim to evaluate possible optimum levels of source-separated collection that lead to the most favourable energetic and environmental results; this method allows identification of an optimum configuration of the MSW management system. The results show that the optimum level of source-separated collection is about 60%, when all the materials are recovered with high efficiency; it decreases to about 50%, when the 60% level is reached as a result of a very high recovery efficiency for organic fractions at the expense of the packaging materials, or when this implies an appreciable reduction of the quality of collected materials. The optimum MSW management system is thus characterized by source-separated collection levels as included in the above indicated range, with subsequent recycling of the separated materials and energy recovery of the residual waste in a large-scale incinerator operating in combined heat and power mode.
This work aims at comparing performance and product yields in conventional pyrolysis and fast pyrolysis of automotive shredded residues. In both processes, carbon conversion to gaseous and liquid products was more than 80%. Gas production was maximised in conventional pyrolysis (about 35% by weight of the initial ASR weight), while fast pyrolysis led to an oil yield higher than 55%. Higher heating values (HHV) of both conventional pyrolysis gas and fast pyrolysis oil increased from 8.8 to 25.07 MJ/Nm3 and from 28.8 and 36.27 MJ/kg with increasing pyrolysis temperature.
The Energetics of Carbon Dioxide Capture in Power Plants
- G Göttlicher
Göttlicher, G., 2004. The Energetics of Carbon Dioxide Capture in Power Plants, US
Department of Energy -Office of Fossil Energy, National Energy Technology
Laboratory (NETL), Golden (CO), USA, p. 213.
Dati statistici sull’energia elettrica in Italia – anno 2006 (Statistical DataonPower Production inItaly . –Year2006)Availablefrom: Conventional and fast pyrolysis of automobile shredded residues (ASR)
- Terna Zolezzi
- M Nicolella
- C Ferrara
- S Iacobucci
- C Rovatti
Terna, 2007. Dati statistici sull’energia elettrica in Italia – anno 2006 (Statistical DataonPower Production inItaly . –Year2006).Availablefrom: Zolezzi, M., Nicolella, C., Ferrara, S., Iacobucci, C., Rovatti, M., 2004. Conventional and fast pyrolysis of automobile shredded residues (ASR). Waste Management 24, 691–699. F. Viganò et al./Waste Management 30 (2010) 145–153 153
Performance Prediction of Gas/Steam Cycles for Power Generation
- S Consonni
Consonni, S., 1992. Performance Prediction of Gas/Steam Cycles for Power
Generation. MAE Dept., Ph.D. Thesis n. 1983-T, Princeton University,
Princeton (NJ), USA.
TwinRec - energy and material recovery from car shredder residues
- A Selinger
- Ch Steiner
- E Fleck
Selinger, A., Steiner, Ch., Fleck, E., 2002. TwinRec -energy and material recovery
from car shredder residues. In: Barrage, A., Edelmann, X. (Eds.), Proceedings of
R'2002 Recovery Recycling Re-integration, Geneva (Switzerland), February
2002. EMPA, St. Gallen, Switzerland, Paper 343 (CD-ROM).
More used cars exported than dismantled. Statistics Netherlands-Web Magazine
- R Kuipers
Kuipers, R., 2006. More used cars exported than dismantled. Statistics Netherlands-Web Magazine. Available from: <http://www.cbs.nl/> (accessed: 7.06.2006).
Dati statistici sull'energia elettrica in Italia – pre-consuntivi 2007 (Statistical Data on Power Production in Italy – Year 2007) Available from: <www.terna.it>. Terna
- Terna
Terna, 2008. Dati statistici sull'energia elettrica in Italia – pre-consuntivi 2007 (Statistical Data on Power Production in Italy – Year 2007). Available from: <www.terna.it>. Terna, 2007. Dati statistici sull'energia elettrica in Italia – anno 2006 (Statistical Data on Power Production in Italy – Year 2006). Available from: <www.terna.it>.
European Motor Vehicle Parc Available from: <http:// www.acea
- References Acea
References ACEA, 2008. European Motor Vehicle Parc 2006. Available from: <http:// www.acea.be/>, January 2008. CML, Bureau B&G, School of System Engineering, Policy Analysis and Management – Delft University of Technology, 2001. Life Cycle Assessment: an Operational Guide to the ISO Standards.
Prepared by Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Implementation of Life Cycle Impact Assessment Methods
- G Göttlicher
- B Metz
- O Davidson
- H C Coninck
- M Loos
- L A Meyer
Göttlicher, G., 2004. The Energetics of Carbon Dioxide Capture in Power Plants, US Department of Energy – Office of Fossil Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), Golden (CO), USA, p. 213. IPCC, 2005. In: Metz, B., Davidson, O, de Coninck, H.C., Loos, M., Meyer, L.A. (Eds.), IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage. Prepared by Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York (NY), USA, p. 442. Jungbluth, N., Frischknecht, R., 2004. Implementation of Life Cycle Impact Assessment Methods. Ecoinvent report n. 3. Available from: <http:// www.ecoinvent.ch>.
School of System Engineering, Policy Analysis and Management – Delft University of Technology
- Cml Bureau
CML, Bureau B&G, School of System Engineering, Policy Analysis and Management –
Delft University of Technology, 2001. Life Cycle Assessment: an Operational
Guide to the ISO Standards.
Dati statistici sull'energia elettrica in Italia – pre-consuntivi 2007 (Statistical Data on Power Production in Italy – Year 2007) Available from: <www
- Terna
Terna, 2008. Dati statistici sull'energia elettrica in Italia – pre-consuntivi 2007
(Statistical Data on Power Production in Italy – Year 2007). Available from:
<www.terna.it>.
SimaPro 7.1 LCA Software Available from: <www.pre.nl>. PRé Consultants SimaPro 7 Database Manual – Methods Library
- Pré Consultants
PRé Consultants, 2008a. SimaPro 7.1 LCA Software. Available from: <www.pre.nl>.
PRé Consultants, 2008b. SimaPro 7 Database Manual – Methods Library. Available
from: <www.pre.nl>.
IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage. Prepared by Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- B Metz
- O Davidson
- H C De Coninck
- M Loos
- Meyer
IPCC, 2005. In: Metz, B., Davidson, O, de Coninck, H.C., Loos, M., Meyer, L.A. (Eds.),
IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage. Prepared by
Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York (NY),
USA, p. 442.
- F Viganò
F. Viganò et al. / Waste Management 30 (2010) 145–153
European Motor Vehicle Parc
ACEA, 2008. European Motor Vehicle Parc 2006. Available from: <http://
www.acea.be/>, January 2008.
Life Cycle Assessment: an Operational Guide to the ISO Standards
- Cml Bureau
CML, Bureau B&G, School of System Engineering, Policy Analysis and ManagementDelft University of Technology, 2001. Life Cycle Assessment: an Operational
Guide to the ISO Standards.
SimaPro 7.1 LCA Software. Available from: <www.pre.nl>. PRé Consultants
- Pré Consultants
PRé Consultants, 2008a. SimaPro 7.1 LCA Software. Available from: <www.pre.nl>.
PRé Consultants, 2008b. SimaPro 7 Database Manual -Methods Library. Available
from: <www.pre.nl>.
Dati statistici sull’energia elettrica in Italia - anno 2006 (Statistical Data on Power Production in Italy - Year
- Terna
Terna, 2008. Dati statistici sull'energia elettrica in Italia -pre-consuntivi 2007
(Statistical Data on Power Production in Italy -Year 2007). Available from:
<www.terna.it>.
Optimised disposal of automotive shredder residue
- Keller
SimaPro 7 Database Manual - Methods Library
- Pré Consultants