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Gratitude research: Review and future agenda using bibliometric analysis of the studies published in the last 20 years
Abstract
Although there is an exponential rise in the literature on gratitude research, there is no attempt to systematically identify the historical development and recent trends in gratitude research. Gratitude has been defined diversely as an emotion, an attitude, a moral virtue, a habit, a personality trait or a coping response. As an emotion, people experience gratitude when they receive something valuable from someone else. As a trait, it is defined as a tendency to recognise and respond to goodness in others. The present study uses bibliometric analysis to review gratitude publications from the last 20 years, that is from 2001 to September 2023. WoS (Web of Science) identified 2982 publications referring to gratitude in title, abstract or keywords. It comprised 2860 articles and 122 review papers. The extracted data were analysed and visualised with the help of two analytical tools, that is the WoS analysis and VOSviewer (version 1.6.16). This study elicits the number of publications and citations from 2001 to September 2023, and most cited publications, and the most influential authors, articles, publishers, universities and countries as performance analysis. Furthermore, collaboration among countries, keyword co‐occurrence and recent trend analysis are employed through science mapping. The results reveal that the major research areas of gratitude research are psychology, social sciences, business economics, psychiatry and public environmental and occupational health. The keywords co‐occurrence suggest five major research clusters: evolutionary studies of gratitude, gratitude and health, gratitude and positive psychology, gratitude among children and adolescent and mediating and moderating studies of gratitude. Also, the analysis of recent 5‐year studies highlights a clear trend of scientific explorations of gratitude against earlier trends of articles on philosophical and religious connotations of gratitude.
... This is because mothers and female children tend to be more grateful but also exhibit more emotional distress [7,34,54,55]. In addition, older-aged parents and children are reported to have greater gratitude and fewer depressive symptoms [6,7,37,56]. Moreover, people of higher educational levels generally have greater gratitude and lower depressive symptoms [7,34,57]. ...
... Gratitude is an inherent emotional disposition related to one's expression of thankfulness and appreciation of what they have and encounter in life [62]. Research has found that gratitude is associated with a number of benefits, such as increased optimism, self-confidence, resilience, happiness, life satisfaction, and physical health [56], and can also preclude potential emotional harms, such as depression, anxiety, psychological distress, and suicidality [56,76]. The current study found that the collective and constructive family context, that is, positive family functioning, is significantly promotive of gratitude among parents and children, which then contributes to their less depression. ...
... Gratitude is an inherent emotional disposition related to one's expression of thankfulness and appreciation of what they have and encounter in life [62]. Research has found that gratitude is associated with a number of benefits, such as increased optimism, self-confidence, resilience, happiness, life satisfaction, and physical health [56], and can also preclude potential emotional harms, such as depression, anxiety, psychological distress, and suicidality [56,76]. The current study found that the collective and constructive family context, that is, positive family functioning, is significantly promotive of gratitude among parents and children, which then contributes to their less depression. ...
Background: The current study is intended to examine how positive family functioning, collectively constructed by parents and children in the family context, may contribute to their gratitude and depression, two pivotal human emotions closely related to human health, in which the gratitude and depression of parents and children are assumed to affect each other bidirectionally and parental and children’s gratitude is expected to link the relations between positive family functioning and their depression. Methods: The data for analysis came from a community sample of 310 Chinese parent–child dyads, which were measured by the Family Functioning Style Scale (FFSS), Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ), and depression subscale of the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) from both the parent and child participants. Results: The results indicated that positive family functioning contributed to higher parental and children’s gratitude and their less depression, and parental and children’s gratitude and depression affected each other positively. Furthermore, serial mediation analyses discovered the complex processes from positive family functioning to the actor’s depression in parents or children through their gratitude or the links from the partner effect to the actor effect of parental and children’s gratitude or from the partner effect of parental or children’s gratitude to their partner effect of depression. Conclusions: Findings of the current study prove the collective effects of family functioning on the emotional development of gratitude and depression among parents and children, in which parental and children’s gratitude and depression bidirectionally impact each other and lead to the actor’s depression in them through the complex serial mediated effects. For this, pro-family and health-related policies and services should be provided to promote family functioning and emotional management in a home context to enhance family and emotional health among parents and children.
... However, it is important to have scales with evidence of validity and reliability that do not compromise the quality of future studies and allow for informed and ethical decision-making in its promotion. The latter is a topic that represents a prominent current line of research in the study of gratitude [27], all due to the lack of consensus on the definition of this construct [28], which in turn is rooted in the dependence of the concept of gratitude on the culture or context in which it is studied [29,30]. Chesak et al. [31] argue that there are still gaps in the instruments measuring gratitude, which may be due to the prevalence of burnout in teachers, continuing the study is recommended since it has not been sufficiently explored [7,32]. ...
... The dispositional (or trait) aspect is the predilect descriptive and predictive facet of interest in psychology [39]. Although Latin America has recently been of special interest, it remains an open topic and a fertile field for research [27,29,40,41]. The GQ-6 measures dispositional gratitude. ...
Background
The study of gratitude has been a trending subject in psychology and emerging in health sciences education. For the past several years, interest has been aroused through various published contributions that still lack scientific support, so it is necessary to have instruments that obtain valid and reliable data about it. Gratitude has proven to be sensitive to different cultures. This research aims to determine the psychometric properties using a combined scale to measure dispositional gratitude in health sciences faculty.
Method
A quantitative study was conducted with a non-experimental trans-sectional design with a correlational scope, with a sample of 216 professors of health sciences in a northeastern Mexico private university divided into subsamples for an Exploratory Factor Analysis (n = 113) and a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (n = 103). The Gratitude Questionnaire, Work Questionnaire and Brief Interactive Optimism-Garcia was applied to 110 women, 104 men and 2 who prefer not to specify their gender.
Results
The result was a unifactorial measurement model composed of 10 items with evidence of construct validity (χ² = 59.83, df = 20, p < 0.001, χ²/df = 59.83/20 = 2.99, SRMR = 0.11, GFI = 0.96; NFI = 0.93, RFI = 0.91, AGFI = 0.93), PRATIO = 0.78, PNFI = 0.73; concurrent validity with interactive optimism (r = 0.45, p < 0.001); convergent validity (AVE = 0.42); and reliability (α = 0.88; ω = 0.88).
Conclusions
This model measures dispositional gratitude in health sciences Mexican faculty and contributes a vital instrument to advance future educational innovations involving this construct. The validation of the one-factor model with convergent reliability and validity suggests that the total scale score serves as an adequate measure of gratitude. Finally, it represents a valuable contribution to the teaching of health sciences since it generates healthy environments with prosocial attitudes that facilitate flourishing in personal and academic life, and in the future, health professionals with humanism as their standard.
... F eelings of gratitude are integral to daily life and essential for fostering a society characterized by benevolence and goodwill (Garg, 2024;Locklear et al. 2022). Gratitude is an emotion that originates from various sources, including a general appreciation of individuals and the world, personal benefits and positive environments, and different aspects of interpersonal relationships and transactions (Wood et al. 2010). ...
Although gratitude has been extensively studied, the combined effects of multiple determinants on gratitude have not been thoroughly examined, particularly within Chinese cultural contexts. Through four studies (N = 992), we explored how contextual factors (helping motive attributions and types of help) and benefactor-recipient relationship (horizontal and vertical relationships) inform interpersonal gratitude. The results revealed that recipients experienced more gratitude when help was attributed to autonomous motivation rather than controlled motivation; autonomy-oriented help elicited more gratitude from recipients than dependency-oriented help. Additionally, the benefactor-recipient relationship had a significant impact on the recipients’ experience of gratitude. Importantly, across both horizontal and vertical relationships, the results provided evidence supporting the interactive effects of different types of help and benefactor-recipient relationships on interpersonal gratitude. Our findings highlight the role of how multiple determinants shaped gratitude, which offer a more nuanced perspective on the formation of gratitude in Chinese cultural contexts.
... The present study utilised the stakeholders' perspective to explore the gratuitous behaviour of different stakeholders such as employees, customers, and suppliers. It is important to note that gratitude is contagion and one's gratuitous behaviour influences others to reciprocate in the similar fashion (Garg, 2024). Organisations put effort to elicit gratitude among its different players like leaders, employees, and consumers; thus, a study on gratitude at work needs to capture gratitude among stakeholders of a firm. ...
The present study reviewed gratitude at work articles published in Scopus database using bibliometric analysis to examine growth in gratitude at work publications and citations, most cited publications, most influential authors, articles, publishers, universities and countries. The extracted data were analysed and visualised with the help of two analytical tools, that is, the Scopus analysis and VOSviewer (version 1.6.16). It identified 273 publications referring to gratitude at work in title, abstract, or keywords. The keyword co‐occurrence highlighted four major clusters of workplace gratitude research: Psychological studies, Customer relationship management, Employees, and Ethics and spirituality.
Past meta‐analytic, systematic and narrative reviews have painted a highly optimistic backdrop on the psychological, physical and social rewards associated with gratitude. However, as most of these reviews focused on how gratitude facilitates optimal psychological functioning in typically developing samples, question remains on the extent to which these findings are generalizable to individuals with diverse special needs or disabilities. This scoping review aims to map scholarly evidence on the psychological benefits of gratitude in individuals with various special needs and exceptionalities. Most studies relied on the dispositional gratitude model (~59%) and cross‐sectional designs (~75%) in investigating gratitude in people with diverse needs. Majority of empirical investigations also focused on studying gratitude in Western cultural contexts such as the United States. Further, prior studies showed that gratitude increased positively valenced well‐being outcomes. Future theoretical implications and scholarly directions are charted.
This study aimed to explore the relationship between gratitude and academic engagement in Chinese students. The students of some junior high schools in Guangzhou were surveyed using the Gratitude Questionnaire-6, the School Engagement Questionnaire, the Levenson’s IPC Scale, and the General Well-being Schedule. A total of 708 valid responses were collected. The results indicate a significant positive relationship between gratitude and academic engagement. Subjective well-being plays a mediating role between gratitude and academic engagement. Locus of control and subjective well-being serve as serial mediators between gratitude and academic engagement. These findings suggest that promoting students’ academic engagement can be achieved by fostering gratitude and improving their internal locus of control and subjective well-being. By cultivating gratitude and enhancing these factors, educators and policymakers can create a more engaging and supportive learning environment for students.
Gratitude is conceptualized as a moral affect that is analogous to other moral emotions such as empathy and guilt. Gratitude has 3 functions that can be conceptualized as morally relevant: (a) a moral barometer function (i.e., it is a response to the perception that one has been the beneficiary of another person's moral actions); (b) a moral motive function (i.e., it motivates the grateful person to behave prosocially toward the benefactor and other people); and (c) a moral reinforcer function (i.e., when expressed, it encourages benefactors to behave morally in the future). The personality and social factors that are associated with gratitude are also consistent with a conceptualization of gratitude as an affect that is relevant to people's cognitions and behaviors in the moral domain.
Engagement plays an important role in academic success and in the world of work, it is a hallmark of an optimal learning experience (Bilge, Tuzkol, Dots, & Cetin, 2014). Engaged students usually do well in their studies (Kuh, Kinzie, Buckley, Bridges, & Hayek, 2007; Salanova, Schaufeli, Martinez, & Breso, 2010). Therefore, academic engagement is needed for students, so that the objectives of the academic process activities can be achieved effectively and efficiently. This study aims to determine the effect of gratitude, academic self-efficacy, on academic engagement. The sample in this study were students of the Faculty of Psychology, Raden Fatah State Islamic University Palembang with a total population of 968 students. The sample in this study amounted to 155 students of the psychology faculty. The sampling technique in this study uses a non probability sampling technique, which means that not all students have the same opportunity to be used as research samples. Data analysis will be carried out by linear regression analysis at a significance level of 0.005, using the SPSS.20 application. The results showed that there was a significant effect of gratitude, academic self-efficacy academic engagement (R2 = 29.4%). The results of the hypothesis test show that gratitude and academic self-efficacy have a significant effect on academic engagement.
Researchers have proposed culture- and religion-based variations in experience and expression of gratitude. Accordingly, the present study developed and validated a Hindu Gratitude Scale (HGS) based on Hindu notion of rnas. The rnas are sacred obligations (duties) that every Hindu is supposed to fulfil during their lifetime. These pious obligations are practised to acknowledge, honour, and appreciate others’ contribution in one’s life. These five holy duties are Pitṛ-yajna, Bhūta-yajna, Manuṣya-yajna, Deva-yajna, and Brahma-yajna. The study started with rnas-based conceptualisation of gratitude followed by item generation using both inductive and deductive approaches. These statements were subjected to content validity and pretesting, which resulted in nineteen items. The psychometric properties of proposed HGS (with nineteen items) were analysed with the help of three studies. The first study evaluated factorial validity of the proposed HGS using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using a sample of 1032 respondents. Poor factor loading in EFA suggested removal of three statements. The EFA recommended five dimensions of the HGS—appreciation for family, ancestors, and cultural values (AFF), appreciation for family, ancestors, and cultural values (AFF), appreciation for God, appreciation for knowledge, skills, and talents, and appreciation for ecosystem. Further, CFA also suggested removal of one statement. Lastly, the EFA and CFA result suggested adequate factorial validity of a fifteen-itemed five-factored HGS. The second study examined the reliability and validity of the HGS derived from CFA with the help of a sample of 644 participants. And, in the third study, the test–retest reliability was investigated by collecting the data twice. The results revealed significant positive correlations in two sets of data, thereby concluding test–retest reliability of the HGS. The study offered a novel fifteen-item Hindu Gratitude Scale, which could be used in future studies to explore gratitude level of Hindus.
Gratitude has mostly been explored in relation to well-being but whether it is associated with school-related outcomes such as motivation and engagement has seldom been explored. Motivation and engagement, however, are critical to students’ academic success. Hence, the aim of this study was to examine how gratitude is associated with different types of academic motivation (amotivation, controlled motivation, and autonomous motivation) and engagement (cognitive, behavioural, and emotional). We recruited 1099 Chinese university students and asked them to answer questionnaires assessing their levels of gratitude, motivation, and engagement. Structural equation modelling revealed that gratitude was positively associated with controlled motivation, autonomous motivation, and academic engagement but negatively associated with amotivation. Autonomous motivation partially mediated the relationship between gratitude and academic engagement. The findings of this study elucidate the theoretical linkages among gratitude, motivation, and engagement, demonstrating the importance of gratitude for school-related outcomes.
The knowledge domain of business research has grown tremendously over the last five decades. This study investigates the leading trends in the intellectual structure of the Journal of Management (JOM) during the 1975-2019 timeframe. It analyses the most frequent authors, institutions, countries, citation performance, and emerging themes of JOM. In so doing, this article maps co-citation, co-authorship, and co-occurrence networks by employing VOSviewer software. The findings indicate that trends in the number of publications and several indicators of the impact of research published in JOM are encouraging. The results show a surge in the dispersal of the authors across the world, especially from the United Kingdom, Netherlands, Canada, and Australia. Likewise, multi-authored publications have witnessed robust growth. The burst detection analysis performed employing CiteSpace software indicates that the recent contribution of JOM is mainly in strengthening a new perspective in the field of well-being, motivation, abusive supervision, agency theory, and social network.
The study examines the necessity and sufficiency of gratitude for supporting workplace happiness among Indian university teachers. It also explores the mediating effect of psychological capital and social capital in the relationship between gratitude and workplace happiness. The moderating effect of spiritual climate is investigated. A survey of 726 university staff in India was undertaken to examine the relationship between gratitude and workplace happiness. A series of statistical tests involving correlation, multiple regression, and necessary condition analysis was undertaken from the data set. The mediation effect of psychological capital and social capital was investigated using bootstrapping estimates using PROCESS Macro in SPSS. Also, the moderation effect of spiritual climate was explored using PROCESS Macro in SPSS. The results reveal that gratitude is both a sufficient and necessary condition for workplace happiness. It also suggests a significant mediating effect of psychological capital and social capital. Also, a significant effect of spiritual climate amid the relationship between gratitude and workplace happiness is concluded. The study is one of the first studies that explore the relationship between gratitude and workplace happiness. It examines the mechanism through which gratitude influences happiness in the workplace.
Previous research suggest that gratitude interventions are effective in improving mental well‐being, which might be beneficial to university students during the COVID‐19 pandemic. This quasi‐experimental study sought to investigate if a gratitude intervention will lead to higher mental well‐being of university students during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Participants (N = 47) mental well‐being was assessed before and after 10 weekly gratitude reflection journals and statistically compared with a control group (N = 40). An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to analyze the data. The treatment group showed significantly higher well‐being after the gratitude intervention compared with the control group (Cohen's d = 0.74). The treatment group significantly increased (Cohen's d = 0.35) and the control group significantly decreased (Cohen's d = −0.41). Gratitude interventions may be effective in improving the mental well‐being of university students even during a crisis such as the COVID‐19 pandemic. Gratitude interventions seem suitable for improving mental well‐being for temporary mental challenges of university students such as a pandemic or other forms of crisis.
This work, based on the Web of Science (WOS) database, collected 20888 research articles published from 1982 to November 2021 on the topic of landslide(s). We performed a bibliometric analysis for the year, author, institution, country/region, foundation program, journal, and keywords. The abstracts in these articles are also analyzed in terms of the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) model in machine learning. Results show that the overall annual publication number is steadily increasing from 8 in 1982–2432 in 2020. Pradhan, Biswajeet and Xu, Qiang are the authors with most published papers, and Guzzetti, Fausto and Dai, Fuchu are the authors with the highest average citations per article. The Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Italian Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche are the institutions contributing the most articles. China and the United States contribute the highest article number, and Malaysia and Norway have the highest average citations per article. The journals Landslides and Engineering Geology host the most abundant landslide-related articles, while Geology and Environmental Geology have the most average citations per article. The number of articles funded by the Chinese National Natural Science Foundation far exceeds that of other funds. The keywords with high overall frequency are “model”, “GIS”, “susceptibility”, “earthquake”, “remote sensing”, “slope stability”, “deformation”, etc. The LDA model divides the articles into 19 topics, among which machine learning has the fastest growth rate. The top three topics in terms of frequency are ''risk assessment'', ''shallow landslides'' and ''evolution process and numerical simulation''. The keyword analysis is further clustered into four research areas, namely “Quaternary geology and geomorphology”, “landslide engineering geology”, “landslide database and risk assessment”, and “landslide monitoring and warning".
Background
Since the COVID-19 outbreak, few studies have investigated the positive psychological consequences on young people. This study examined resilience, positive experiences, and coping strategies reported by Australian adolescents during COVID-19.
Methods
Self-report surveys were administered online to a sample of 760 Australian adolescents aged 12–18 years. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to assess resilience, positive experiences, and coping strategies. Exploratory regression analyses were conducted to explore the relationship between resilience and demographics and mental illness history, as well as between resilience and positive experiences.
Results
Overall, adolescents were somewhat resilient ( M = 20.93, SD = 8.29). They reported positive experiences during COVID-19, including increased empathy, compassion, gratitude, and connection with others, and reported using a range of active coping strategies. Having a mental illness history and identification as female or non-binary gender were associated with lower resilience ( B s > 2.82, p s < 0.001). Further, resilience was associated with decreased psychological distress ( OR = 0.89, p < 0.001) and with increased positive experiences ( OR s > 1.03, ps < 0.001).
Conclusions
Our results indicate that Australian adolescents commonly reported positive experiences and used active coping strategies during COVID-19. Some young people demonstrated higher levels of resilience and were able to make the most out of an unpredictable situation that severely disrupted their daily routine. However, further prospective research using longitudinal methods is necessary to examine causal relationships between variables. An implication of our findings is that resilience-building programs for adolescents may be effective in increasing adaptability after adversity (e.g., climate change, bushfires, pandemics).
Research has shown that happiness and well-being play a fundamental role in the health of older adults. For this reason, programs based on Positive Psychology seek to improve quality of life, preventing and reducing the appearance of emotional disorders. The objective of this study was to verify whether an intervention based on Autobiographical Memory, Forgiveness, Gratitude, and Sense of humor would increase quality of life in institutionalized older adults. We used a quasi-experimental design with pre- and post-intervention measures and follow-on measures at 3, 6, and 12 months. A total of 111 institutionalized older adults participated in the study and were randomly assigned to one of three groups: experimental (n = 36), placebo (n = 39), and control (n = 36). Measurements were taken of depression, subjective happiness, satisfaction with life, psychological well-being, and specific memories. Program duration was 11 weeks, followed by refresher sessions of the activities that had been conducted. The results showed that the intervention was effective, producing lasting increase in the participating adults’ well-being, maintained for the following 12 months, in contrast to the other two groups. In conclusion, the proposed intervention proved to be a novel tool that was effective, easily applied, and able to improve quality of life and emotional disorders in older adults.
Satisfaction with life as a judgmental cognitive process can be negatively influenced by appraisals of daily events such as hassles. Trait-gratitude—a tendency to appraise, recognize and respond to life events through being grateful—is a determinant of mental health and well-being, and has been shown to be related to the positive appraisal of life. The aim of the current study was to investigate the moderating role of trait-gratitude in the relationship between daily hassles and satisfaction with life. In the process of carrying out this study, the French version of the Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6) was validated. A total of 328 French undergraduates completed questionnaires measuring gratitude, satisfaction with life, and daily hassles to test the main hypothesis. They also completed optimism, coping strategies, depression, and anxiety questionnaires in order to assess the convergent validity of the French version of the GQ-6. First, the results showed satisfactory psychometric properties of the Gratitude Questionnaire. Second, the results indicated the moderating role of trait-gratitude in the relationship between daily hassles disturbance and satisfaction with life. This study further documents the role of gratitude as a determinant of well-being and provides French-speaking clinicians and researchers with a useful tool to measure grateful disposition.
This study explores gratitude as a multidimensional and work-specific construct. Utilizing a sample of 625 employees from a variety of positions in a medium-sized school district in the United States, we developed and evaluated a new measure, namely the Work Gratitude Scale (WGS), which encompasses recognized conative (intentional), cognitive, affective, and social aspects of gratitude. A systematic, six-phased approach through structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to explore and confirm the factorial structure, internal consistency, measurement invariance, concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity of the WGS. The results supported a 10-item measure with three dimensions: “grateful appraisals” (three items), “gratitude toward others” (four items), and “intentional attitude of gratitude” (three items). Thereafter, first-order, second-order, and bifactor confirmatory models were estimated and compared. Work gratitude was found to be best described by a second-order construct with three underlying first-order dimensions. Measurement invariance was supported in relation to gender. Concurrent validity was supported in relation to two existing dispositional gratitude scales, namely the Gratitude Questionnaire and the Gratitude, Resentment, and Appreciation Scale (GRAT). Convergent validity was supported in relation to the Core Self-Evaluations Scale (CSES) and the Psychological Capital Questionnaire. Discriminant validity was supported in relation to various demographic factors such as age, gender, occupation, and tenure. The findings support the WGS as a multidimensional measure that can be used in practice to measure overall work-related gratitude and to track the effectiveness of gratitude-related workplace interventions.
Although a leader’s affective characteristics are believed to influence team processes and outcomes, the impact of leaders’ discrete affective traits on team innovation remains unclear. This study addresses this issue by developing a multi‐stage team‐level model that explains how team leaders’ trait gratitude enhances team innovation. Specifically, we draw on the other‐praising perspective of gratitude to predict that leaders with trait gratitude tend to demonstrate humble behavior, which in turn promotes team voice and ultimately enhances team innovation. We also incorporate trait activation theory to theorize that leaders’ perception of organizational support enhances the impact of leaders’ trait gratitude on the leaders’ humble behavior and its indirect effect on team innovation (via humble behavior and team voice). We found support for our research model using data of 71 teams collected from three sources in four phases. This study offers important insights into how and when leaders with high trait gratitude can foster team innovation and advances the existing gratitude research in the team context.
Background
During the COVID-19 pandemic, nurses might experience added emotional stress. This study examined the relationship between gratitude and psychological stress to explore effective psychological support among nurses.
Methods
A cross-sectional survey assessed the level of psychological distress in 646 nurses in Gwangju, South Korea, using the Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10), Gratitude Questionnaire-6 (K-GQ-6), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), and Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS). Sociodemographic factors and COVID-19-related experiences were also examined. A linear regression model was used to determine the factors influencing perceived stress.
Results
The mean PSS-10 score was 19.0±4.4. Linear regression analyses revealed that the MBI-GS-Exhaustion, PHQ-9, and GAD-7 scores were positively associated with perceived stress, while the MBI-GS-Professional efficacy score was inversely associated with perceived stress. Gratitude disposition using the K-GQ-6 score negatively predicted PSS-10 (β=0.829, p<0.001).
Conclusions
Psychological interventions that help cultivate gratitude and professional efficacy among nurses can help promote stress resilience throughout the course of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Since workers are increasingly suffering from burnout, there is a need for insights into how burnout can be decreased to improve subjective well-being. The broaden-and-build theory proposes that gratitude increases well-being through an upward spiral. Few studies have examined whether gratitude decreases burnout and what mediating behaviors explain this relationship. Using an international sample of employees (N = 353), this study examines whether work-specific gratitude negatively relates to exhaustion and disengagement. Additionally, since gratitude stimulates helping through upstream reciprocity, this study investigates whether interpersonal helping behavior (IHB) mediates these relationships. Our study showed a negative effect of work-specific gratitude on disengagement and exhaustion and a negative relationship between work-specific gratitude and disengagement, mediated by IHB, suggesting that gratitude stimulates IHB, thereby alleviating disengagement.
In the present study, we aimed to develop and empirically investigate a short, emic self-report measure to assess gratitude to God (GTG) among Christian populations, operationalized from within the Christian tradition. Employing two subsamples from an online sample of Christian adults (N = 584), we performed exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to establish factorial validity, then conducted analyses to establish internal consistency reliability and convergent and incremental validity. Results revealed the final 6-item Christian Gratitude Scale (CGS) demonstrated factorial validity, had adequate internal consistency reliability, and was strongly correlated (positive) with general gratitude and mental well-being, weakly correlated (negative) with anxious God attachment, and strongly correlated (negative) with avoidant God attachment. The emic CGS also predicted mental well-being after controlling for the effects of an etic general gratitude scale. To conclude, we discussed the use of the emic scale in future research and intervention contexts, along with study limitations.
Due to culture-based differences in conceptualization, expression, and gratitude experience, the GQ-6 scale has been validated in different countries. The present study examines the adaptability of the Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6) scale in India. Two studies are conducted to evaluate the psychometric properties of GQ-6 for Indian college students. The first study explores factorial validity, reliability, and measurement invariance of the scale. Appropriate factor loading in exploratory factor analysis and model fit indices in confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) provides empirical evidence of the scale’s factorial validity. The second study investigates the convergent and criterion validity of the scale. A positive correlation with positive affect (PANAS scale) and life satisfaction (Wheel of Life Scale) and a negative association with negative affect (PANAS scale) establish criterion validity of GQ-6. The results conclude adequate suitability of the GQ-6 scale for Indian college students.
Previous research has found that gratitude, which is a central concept or practice in many religions and spiritual traditions, benefits an individual's well-being and may reduce symptoms of depression (Emmons & Stern in Journal of Clinical Psychology 69: 846–855, 2013). The current research utilized two different samples from the United States (i.e., undergraduate students at a large, public university, and a national sample of individuals formerly raised by custodial grandparents and/or through foster care obtained through Amazon Mechanical Turk) to examine the relation between religiosity and well-being. Measures used included life satisfaction (Satisfaction with Life Scale), symptoms of depression (Center for Epidemiological Studies of Depression Scale-Revised), and gratitude (the Gratitude Questionnaire-6 Item Form, GQ-6; and the Transpersonal Gratitude Scale). The relation between religiosity (the Stearns-McKinney Assessment of Religious Traits) and psychological well-being (i.e., life satisfaction and depression) was mediated by gratitude among adults formerly raised by custodial grandparents and undergraduate college students at a large Southeastern university. These results indicate that gratitude may be an important factor in understanding the relation between religiosity and depressive symptoms and life satisfaction.
The objectives of this study are to analyze the efficacy of the Virtual Hero Program during the social isolation due to COVID-19 to increase the positive emotions (joy, gratitude, serenity, personal satisfaction, and sympathy) and prosocial behavior of Colombian adolescents. Additionally, we will analyze whether the Hero program, by directly promoting positive emotional states in adolescents, can predispose them to take prosocial actions toward other people (via an indirect or mediated effect). The final sample of the study comprised 100 participants from the intervention group (M age = 13.94, SD = 0.97) and 111 from the control group (M age = 14.39, SD = 0.81). The participants were assigned to the groups using a cluster randomized trial. The positive emotions questionnaire and the Kindness and Generosity subscale of the Values in Action Inventory of Strengths were used to measure the variables. The results indicated that the program increased joy, gratitude, serenity and personal satisfaction but not sympathy of those who participated in the intervention. The promotion of these positive emotions predisposed the Colombian adolescents to act prosocially. Furthermore, the program was also effective in directly promoting prosocial behaviors in the adolescents during social isolation, as observed through a statistically significant difference in the pre- and post-test evaluations between the control and intervention groups. The structure of the intervention brought adolescents closer to social situations to which isolation had limited their access, promoting the importance of closeness and solidarity with others within the complexities of the social confinement context. This study is particularly relevant because interventions with proven effectiveness are necessary to counteract the trauma produced by social isolation in young people throughout the world.
GRAT-16 is one of the most commonly used scales that measure gratitude. This scale was designed and majorly used in the western context. The present paper examined the factorial solution, reliability, and validity of the scale in Indian settings. For psychometric analysis of GRAT-16, two studies were conducted. The first study examined the factorial validity of the three-dimensional scale of gratitude (GRAT-16) in the Indian context. The first study was based on a sample of 530 students that consisted of 51.32% male and 48.68% female respondents. These students were enrolled in commerce (68.11%), science (20.57%), and humanities (11.32%) courses and have a mean age of 21.19 years. Study 1 had two sub-samples. The first subsample (n = 260) was used for exploratory factor analysis using varimax rotation. The factorial solution reported three factors that explain a 54% variance. The second subsample (n = 270) was used for confirmatory factor analysis to substantiate a three-factor scale. Here, one statement was deleted for low regression weight. It reduced GRAT-16 to GRAT-15 for Indian respondents with appreciable goodness of fit indices. The second study examined the reliability and validity of the Indian GRAT-15. Study 2 was based on a sample of 519 students, with a mean age of 21.65 years. This sample had 288 (53.56%) male participants and 241 (53.56%) female respondents. Also, 63.2%, 26.37%, and 10.31% of the participants belonged to commerce, science, and humanities streams. This second study concluded good internal consistency reliability with acceptable values of Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability. The appropriate values of Average Variance Explained (AVE) confirmed convergent and discriminant validity of Indian GRAT-15. The criterion validity of the Indian GRAT-15 was also assessed. A significant positive correlation with the Satisfaction with Life Scale and a negative association with Kessler Psychological Distress Scale concluded that GRAT-15 might be a valuable tool to measure gratitude for the Indian respondents.
The purpose of this study was to provide a reliable and valid instrument in Hindi for measuring gratitude in the Indian context. Psychometric properties of the translated Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6) were analyzed in two studies. In the first study, 448 adults (Mage = 36.47) completed the Hindi version of GQ-6 with demographic questions. Participants were split into two groups for conducting exploratory (EEA) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA), respectively. The EFA indicated a one-factor solution (α = .74) with five items. The CFA showed the five-item version (GQ-5) fit the data better than the original instrument (GQ-6). Measurement invariance was investigated across gender using the whole dataset. Configural and scalar invariance were supported. In the second study, participants were 211 adults who completed the Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (SPANE), Gratitude Adjective Checklist (GAC), Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS), Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ) along with previous instruments. The CFA replicated a one-factor structure with five-items. The instrument showed adequate evidence of convergent validity with GAC, discriminant validity with life satisfaction and joy, and nomological validity. In conclusion, the Hindi GQ-5 is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing gratitude in Hindi speaking population in India.
Background
Past studies have associated gratitude interventions with a host of positive outcomes. However, there is a dearth of research regarding the impact such interventions have on the academic motivation of university students, thought to be a primary determinant of academic achievement and overall satisfaction with school activities. Here, we examined the effects of a 2-week online gratitude journal intervention on the academic motivation of university students.
Methods
Eighty-four students were randomly assigned to either an active manipulation group (gratitude group) or a neutral control group. In the first 6 days of each week, participants in the gratitude group were asked to log in to the online system once a day and list up to five things they had felt grateful for. They were also requested to evaluate various aspects of their daily lives. Participants in the control group were only requested to perform the daily self-evaluations. Academic motivation was assessed using the Academic Motivation Scale (AMS), which conceptualizes motivation in academic settings as being composed by three different components, i.e., intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation and amotivation, the latter being associated with the perceived lack of contingency between actions and outcomes. Responses were collected 5 times: before group assignment (baseline), 1 week after the start of the intervention, immediately after the intervention, and at two follow-ups, 1 and 3 months after the intervention.
Results
Analysis using a self-determination index derived from the AMS components showed that participants who regularly engaged with the gratitude journal task displayed significant enhancements in academic motivation. Additional analysis revealed that the enhancements were driven by decreases in the levels of amotivation. Furthermore, follow-up data showed that there were no signs that such enhancements had receded 3 months after the end of the intervention. Improvements in academic motivation were not observed among participants in the control group.
Conclusions
The current results provide evidence that gratitude interventions can positively impact the academic motivation of university students. More broadly, they show that the effects extend well beyond the realm of typically assessed measures of individual well-being, and can effectively regulate a fundamental component of goal-directed behavior such as motivation.
One of the main challenges in higher education is promoting students' autonomous and self-regulated learning, which involves managing their own emotions and learning processes in different contexts and circumstances. Considering that online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic may be an opportunity for university students to take greater responsibility for their learning, it is essential to explore the strategies they have developed in the face of emotional and learning challenges during the health crisis. This study aimed at analyzing the relationships between students' emotions, coping strategies, and self-regulated learning in online learning during COVID-19 home confinement. The participants were 1,290 Mexican students from different universities throughout the country, who answered an online self-report questionnaire from standardized instruments adapted to the pandemic. Data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential analyses, including a structural equation model (SEM). Findings indicate that, although anxiety, boredom, and frustration were present among participants during confinement, the primary emotions were gratitude, joy, and hope. Second, the main coping strategies used by students participating were focused on facing and reassessing the situation. Furthermore, tranquility, hope, gratitude, and joy were positively related to self-regulated learning, although, loneliness and disinterest were negatively related. Finally, it was found that an approach to coping strategies mediated the relationship between emotions and self-regulated learning. Thus, teachers should help students understand the relevance of active coping strategies and use student-centered learning models that promote autonomous and self-regulated learning, considering each learner's needs, during and after confinement.
Gratitude plays an integral role in promoting helping behavior at work. Thus, cultivating employees' experiences of gratitude represents an important imperative in modern organizations that rely on teamwork and collaboration to achieve organizational goals. Yet, today's workplace presents a complex array of demands that make it difficult for employees to fully attend to and appreciate the various benefits they receive at work. As such, gratitude is difficult for employers to promote and for employees to experience. Despite these observations, the role of attention and awareness in facilitating employees' feelings of gratitude is largely overlooked in the extant literature. In this study, we examined whether one notable form of present moment attention, mindfulness, may promote helping behavior by stimulating the positive, other-oriented emotion of gratitude. Across two experimental studies, a semiweekly, multisource diary study, and a 10-day experience sampling investigation, we found converging evidence for a serial mediation model in which state mindfulness, via positive affect and perspective taking, prompts greater levels of gratitude, prosocial motivation, and, in turn, helping behavior at work. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our investigation, as well as avenues for the future research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Purpose
The overall aim of this study is to explore factors associated with academic performance among university students. Specifically, it explores whether a supportive study climate is directly related to academic performance and whether students’ psychological capital (PsyCap), positive emotions and study engagement play a role in the relationship between supportive study climate and academic performance.
Design/methodology/approach
A total of 588 bachelor students from a range of academic programs participated in a survey. The partial least squares (PLS)-based structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the conceptual models and the hypothesized relationships, using the software SmartPLS.
Findings
No support was found for a direct relationship between supportive study climate and academic performance. However, the results show that PsyCap, positive emotions and study engagement have a mediating role between supportive study climate and academic performance. In addition, the findings reveal a multifaceted pattern among PsyCap, positive emotions and study engagement that promotes academic performance.
Originality/value
This is the first study that simultaneously explores the role of PsyCap, emotions and study engagement between supportive study climate and academic performance among university students. Consequently, it broadens and deepens previous research and offers both theoretical and practical implications.
Materialism at work refers to a higher importance attached to extrinsic (e.g., money, fame, image) versus intrinsic (self-development, affiliation, community participation) employees’ ‘aspirations’. Research from self-determination theory has consistently found that materialism at work is strongly detrimental for both employees and organizations. For example, materialism is negatively associated with lower job satisfaction and engagement and positively associated with higher turnover intentions and job insecurity. Unfortunately, there are no viable strategies for reducing materialism in the workplace yet. In this sense, based on emergent research in psychology, we theorized that dispositional gratitude—a key construct within the Positive Organizational Psychology field—could be a protecting factor against materialism. Further, we conducted a three-wave longitudinal design among a large sample of Chilean workers (n = 1841) to test, for the first time, the longitudinal link between gratitude and materialism. We used two novel methodologies: A cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) to test between-person changes and a trait-state-occasion model (TSO) to test within-person changes. We found that both the CLPM as well as the TSO models showed that gratitude at work prospectively predicted further lower workplace materialism. Specifically, the CLPM shows that individuals with higher than average gratitude at Ti, are more likely to show lower than average materialism at Ti+1. The TSO shows that individuals with a higher than their usual level of gratitude at Ti are more likely to show a lower than their usual level of materialism at Ti+1. Important implications for materialism research as well as for the Positive Organizational Psychology field are discussed.
Aim and Methods
This perspective presents evidence of mature gratitude as a way of coping with the threats and boundaries of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This narrative, non-systematic review will be based on studies from the COVID-19 period in association with more general literature on the characteristics of mature gratitude related to good mental health.
Results
The results from the literature suggest that a confrontation with our existential vulnerability during a pandemic is not only a crisis but also an opportunity to view our lives in a different way. Mature gratitude, as proposed in this perspective, can help us in coping with the threats and boundaries that are part of our lives due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This time of crisis gives us the opportunity to self-reflect on our current life and plans for the future and to reframe them through a positive lens which can encourage individuals to actively strengthen their psychological resilience and coping skills.
Conclusion
Cultivating an attitude of mature gratitude through actions of kindness, expressing being thankful for life and God, and enjoying all the small things in life helps in coping with the current threats of COVID-19 and building lifelong resilience for the future. Knowledge about these associations can help psychologists, counselors, and coaches to support people who experience psychological issues due to the current pandemic and all crises to come.
Recently, studies linking the emotion of dispositional gratitude to cyberbullying have attracted attention. However, this is still a seminal research area that requires further scientific studies. Through longitudinal data, this study aims to analyze the mitigating effect of gratitude on cybervictimization and two indicators of adolescent subjective well-being, namely school and life satisfaction. To this end, 221 adolescents attending private schools in Peru (age: mean (M) = 12.09; standard deviation (SD) = 0.89) were selected to respond to a self-administered questionnaire in two waves that were six months apart. Descriptive data show that 27% of cybervictims also suffer other types of traditional bullying. The overlaps between forms of bullying contribute to higher probabilities of experiencing low school and life satisfaction compared to non-victims after six months. The results of the moderation analysis show that experience high gratitude help students to maintain stable levels of life satisfaction regardless of the prevalence of cyberbullying after six months The results are discussed in terms of the relevance of fostering gratitude from early ages.
The OPREVENT2 obesity prevention trial was a multilevel multicomponent (MLMC) intervention implemented in rural Native American communities in the Midwest and Southwest U.S. Intervention components were delivered through local food stores, worksites, schools, community action coalitions, and by social and community media. Due to the complex nature of MLMC intervention trials, it is useful to assess participants’ exposure to each component of the intervention in order to assess impact. In this paper, we present a detailed methodology for evaluating participant exposure to MLMC intervention, and we explore how exposure to the OPREVENT2 trial impacted participant diet quality. There were no significant differences in total exposure score by age group, sex, or geographic region, but exposure to sub-components of the intervention differed significantly by age group, sex, and geographical region. Participants with the highest overall exposure scores showed significantly more improvement in diet quality from baseline to follow up compared to those who were least exposed to the intervention. Improved diet quality was also significantly positively associated with several exposure sub-components. While evaluating exposure to an entire MLMC intervention is complex and imperfect, it can provide useful insight into an intervention’s impact on key outcome measures, and it can help identify which components of the intervention were most effective.
There is a lack of validated instruments to measure gratitude in Vietnamese adolescents; this issue is regarded as a significant impediment to progress in implementing empirical research on the gratitude of Vietnamese adolescents. The aim of this study, therefore, was to validate the Vietnamese translation of the Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ) and the Revised Short Gratitude, Resentment, and Appreciation Test (S‐GRAT), using two independent samples of Vietnamese adolescents in two studies. In Study 1, Sample 1 (N = 365, female n = 173) completed the Vietnamese GQ (GQ‐VN) and S‐GRAT (S‐GRAT‐VN). Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the 5‐item version of the GQ‐VN and the 15‐item version of the S‐GRAT‐VN fitted the data adequately. Both instruments showed satisfactory internal consistency. In Study 2, Sample 2 (N = 202, female n = 93) completed the GQ‐VN and S‐GRAT‐VN, along with the Satisfaction With Life Scale. The GQ‐VN and S‐GRAT‐VN were found to be positively correlated with each other and with the construct of life satisfaction, confirming the convergent and predictive validity of the two questionnaires. All the findings support the validity and reliability of the Vietnamese GQ and S‐GRAT in a sample of Vietnamese adolescents. These two instruments, therefore, may facilitate the evaluation of factors associated with adolescent dispositional gratitude in Vietnamese settings.
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has quickly swept the globe leaving a devastating trail of lost human lives and leading to a public health and economic crisis. With this in mind, prosociality has been heralded as potential important factor to overcome the negative effects of the pandemic. As such, in this study, we examined the effectiveness of a brief reflexive writing exercise about recent experiences of gratitude on individuals' intentions to engage in prosocial behaviors using a sample of 253 participants living in Portugal and 280 participants living in Brazil. Participants were randomly assigned to either a condition in which they were asked to write about recent experiences of gratitude, or a control group in which they were asked to write about daily tasks. We predicted that the gratitude intervention would increase state gratitude, and consequently, increase positive affect and
empathic concern, and decrease negative affect, leading to increased intentions to engage in prosocial behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. A moderated serial-parallel mediation analysis, in which we controlled for gender, age, and level of religiosity, indicated that our manipulation led to increases in state gratitude, which in turn increased positive emotions and empathic concern, leading to increased prosocial intentions in both countries. A content analysis of participants’ responses in the gratitude group revealed that relationships with others and health and well-being were the central themes of their gratitude experiences
during the COVID-19 global pandemic.
Objectives
Workplace gratitude is important for improving work‐related outcomes and individual well‐being. Although the gratitude at work scale (GAWS) was developed in the United States, it has not been corroborated in Asian countries with interdependent cultures. This study aimed to develop and validate the GAWS among Japanese workers.
Method
Japanese workers completed online surveys at baseline (N = 206) and 2 weeks later (N = 103). The Japanese GAWS was developed according to the international guidelines. We measured (a) trait gratitude as comparison for the criterion‐related validity, (b) work‐related outcomes/factors (eg, work engagement), and (c) well‐being (eg, eudemonic well‐being at work) as comparisons for convergent validity. Cronbach's alpha, intra‐class correlation coefficients (ICCs), and measurement errors were calculated to assess reliability; measurement validity was evaluated by correlational analyses and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).
Results
A total of 206 and 93 workers were included for baseline and follow‐up analyses, respectively. Cronbach's alpha and ICCs of the Japanese GAWS ranged from 0.81 to 0.91. CFA showed that the 2‐factor model (ie, gratitude for (a) a supportive work environment and (b) meaningful work) demonstrated a good fit (χ² (34) = 67.58, CFI = 0.967, TLI = 0.956, RMSEA = 0.069, SRMR = 0.037), similar to the original version. As we had hypothesized, overall GAWS and the two domains were significantly correlated with trait gratitude, work‐related outcomes/factors, and well‐being.
Conclusions
The Japanese GAWS demonstrated good reliability and validity. Future research should explore mechanisms related to workplace gratitude and further intervention studies among workers.
Research into gratitude as a significant sociological and psychological phenomenon has proliferated in the past two decades. However, there is little consensus on how it should be conceptualized or investigated empirically. We present a meta-narrative review that focuses on gratitude in health care, with an emphasis on research exploring interpersonal experiences in the context of care provision. Six meta-narratives from literatures across the humanities, sciences, and medicine are identified, contextualized, and discussed: gratitude as social capital; gifts; care ethics; benefits of gratitude; gratitude and staff well-being; and gratitude as an indicator of quality of care. Meta-narrative review was a valuable framework for making sense of theoretical antecedents and findings in this developing area of research. We conclude that greater attention needs to be given to what constitutes “evidence” in gratitude research and call for qualitative studies to better understand and shape the role and implications of gratitude in health care.
Purpose
This instant study explores the relationship between weight-based teasing and depressive symptoms in Indian college students. It further investigates the moderating effect of gratitude on depressive symptoms occurring due to weight-based teasing.
Design/methodology/approach
The study is theoretically based on Fredrickson's broaden-and-built theory (2001). PROCESS macro in IBM SPSS v21 was used to analyze the effect of gratitude in moderation of weight-based teasing and depressive symptoms. The study used correlation and regression analysis to assess the relationship between weight-based teasing and depressive symptoms.
Findings
The study has confirmed that weight-based teasing results in the development of depressive symptoms in Indian college students. The study has also revealed that gratitude casts a significant moderating effect on depression due to weight-based teasing, i.e. a reduction in regression weight of weight-based teasing.
Originality/value
This study is the first of its kind in India and will significantly add to the national literature on teasing and depression. Further, the study will help stakeholders like educators and policymakers to formulate psychological programs based on positive psychology 2.0 and gratitude to combat the rising issue of body shaming in India.
The present study aspired to explore the interrelationship between gratitude and vitality among students. It also intended to investigate the mediating effect of resilience across the relationship between gratitude and vitality. Interrelation was studied using correlation and multiple regression. Mediation analysis was done with the help of hierarchical regression, Sobel test, and bootstrapping estimates. Results revealed a positive linkage between gratitude and vitality. Also, resilience was reported to mediate (partially) the relationship between gratitude and vitality among students.
Objectives:
Although gratitude relates to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) well-being outcomes in the United States, more evidence is needed to understand how this psychological strength reciprocally relates to mental health during this pandemic. This study examines the association of gratitude with stress, anxiety, and depression among undergraduate students in the United States via a longitudinal design.
Methods:
An online survey was administered to 643 undergraduate students in a public university located in the southeastern region of the United States. There was a 1-month interval between the first and second waves of data collection.
Results:
Cross-lagged panel structural equation modeling showed that whereas gratitude positively predicted subsequent relatedness needs satisfaction, it negatively predicted later stress, anxiety, and depression. Relatedness needs satisfaction was reciprocally linked to subsequent gratitude.
Conclusion:
Results suggest that gratitude might serve as a protective psychological resource against the detrimental mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Purpose
The present study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the short form of personal optimism and self-efficacy optimism-extended (POSO-E) among Indian teachers.
Design/methodology/approach
Two studies were conducted to adjudge the reliability and validity of the scale. In the first study, the sample of 510 respondents was randomly divided into subsamples. The first subsample was subjected to the Exploratory Factor Analysis which yielded a two-factor solution explaining 71.02% of the variance. This model was subjected to the Confirmatory Factor Analysis using a second subsample. Acceptable model fit indices suggested factorial validity of the two-dimensional POSO-E among Indian teachers. In the second study, acceptable Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability estimates (greater than 0.70) indicated the scale's reliability. Also, as expected, personal optimism, self-efficacy optimism and overall optimism reported a positive correlation with spiritual well-being and a negative association with distress. It confirmed the criterion validity of the POSO-E among Indian teachers.
Findings
The results showed appreciable psychometric properties of the POSO-E in the context of Indian teachers. The study offered a valid and reliable scale to measure teachers' optimism levels. It is poised to generate renewed interest among scholars to emphasize teachers' positive and optimist thinking. The findings also reported a positive association between teachers' optimism and spiritual well-being. It suggests that spiritual practices and interventions could be used to develop an optimistic academic workforce.
Originality/value
The study is one of the pioneer studies that evaluated the reliability and validity of the POSO-E among Indian teachers.
Purpose
The aim of the current study was to examine the previously unexplored relationship between positive reframing as a mediator between gratitude and technostress in Indian students. By examining this relationship, the authors aim to expand the theoretical domain of gratitude research by examining its potential influence on technology-induced stress.
Design/methodology/approach
A cross-sectional survey was used to collect and analyze data from 552 Indian college students who participated in graduate and postgraduate programs across various educational institutions in India. Regression and mediation analyses were performed with both IBM SPSS 25 and AMOS.
Findings
This study’s data suggest that positive reframing plays an important mediating role between gratitude and technostress. Gratitude also encourages positive reframing, which reduced technostress among the students. Taken together, our data showed that gratitude induces positive reframing, which in turn reduces techno-stress among Indian students in the current study.
Research limitations/implications
The sample size in this study is relatively small in relation to the student population in India. The current study relied primarily on quantitative data and analysis and further research could use a mixed-method approach to better understand the underlying mechanisms between positive reframing, gratitude and technostress. The results are derived under an extreme coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic situation; therefore, the results cannot be generalized to normal times.
Practical implications
The paper includes implications for teachers, academic leaders, parents and civil society.
Originality/value
Overall, the relationship between positive reframing, gratitude and technostress has not been thoroughly explored. To the best of the authors' understanding, this is the first study to examine the influence of gratitude on technology-induced stress and the role of reframing.
There were not many adequate instruments to measure gratitude for the Indonesian people, especially the Muslim community. The purpose of this study is to develop the Islamic Gratitude Scale (IGS-10) by conducted an adequate set of tests. A total of 1218 respondents from students and workers participated on this study. This study found that the Islamic Gratitude Scale (IGS-10) has a good reliability (α= 0.863), good content validity and good factorial validity. The exploratory factor analysis found that IGS-10 has two factors, extrinsic gratitude (α= 0.845) and intrinsic gratitude (α= 0.761). Several sets of correlation tests found that IGS-10 has a good convergent validity, IGS-10 correlates with the Gratitude Questionerre (GQ-6), Gratitude Resentment and Appreciation Scale - Short Form (GRAT-SF), and gratitude toward God. Furthermore, IGS-10 correlated with Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS), Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), Multidimensional Body Self Relations Questionnaire - Appearance Scale (MBSRQ - US), and subjective well-being. This finding indicated that IGS-10 has a good cirterion-related validity. But unfortunately, IGS-10 did not correlate with Adolescents’ Self-concept Short Scale (ASCSS), optimism scale (LOT-R) and The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). IGS-10 was associated with Social Desirability Scale (SDS) with low correlation. To develop this scale the next process that can be done is norming, so that the IGS-10 will become a scale that can be used widely and more convincingly.
This study aims to adapt the Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6) to the Philippines, gathering evidence of its validity and reliability. Two studies were conducted. Participants in Study 1 were 340 college students (Mage= 20.63; 62.1% female), who completed the GQ-6 and demographic questions. The exploratory factor analysis was performed, indicating a one-factor solution (a= .80). Participants in Study 2 were 813 college students (Mage= 19.99 years; 50.1% male), who answered the GQ-6, the Life Orientation Test-Revised, the Subjective Happiness Scale, and the Spirituality/Religiousness items. Results corroborated the one-factor structure (e.g., CFI= .98, RMSEA= .05) showing evidence of its association with life orientation (r= .29), subjective happiness (r= .08), and religiosity (r= .31). The scores from the GQ-6 also exhibited invariance across gender. In conclusion, the GQ-6 provide evidence of factorial and criterion validity and reliability, justifying its use in the Philippines.
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a significant increase in stress for frontline healthcare workers, including rehabilitation workers. Contributing factors include disrupted workflows, heavier workloads, increased time restraints, and fear of contracting/passing the virus. Prolonged high stress levels can produce adverse health outcomes when unaddressed. Resilience can mitigate the negative effects of prolonged stress. Four healthcare workers relate their experiences from the frontlines of the pandemic, discussing their strategies to build resilience and maintain health. Highlighted strategies include mindfulness (the purposeful act of paying attention to the present moment without judgment), gratitude (the practice of being grateful for the positive things in life), self-care (the maintenance of a healthy lifestyle using physical, psychological, and emotional tools), and social support (the sense of belonging that comes from being cared for and valued). These strategies reduce negative outcomes produced by elevated stress levels and promote resilience in frontline healthcare workers.
Emerging research shows that moral emotions can promote individual prosocial behaviors and adaptation during adversity. Integrating Affective Events Theory (AET) with two functionalist theories of emotions (social functions of emotions and broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions), we extend this line of research by focusing on other-oriented moral emotions as facilitators of individuals’ adaptive behavior of voice during a major crisis. We conducted a four-wave survey study with 111 U.S. working adults during the early (acute) stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. Our results indicated that supervisors’ companionate love expression elicited gratitude in subordinates, particularly when subordinates perceived high uncertainty of the crisis, which, in turn, broadened subordinates’ in-role perceptions of, and promoted engagement in, voice behaviors. Our findings extend AET in meaningful ways and contribute to research on the moral emotions of companionate love and gratitude, stressing their value in managerial practice.
Prior studies have shown that gratitude is a catalyst of well-being and desirable psychological outcomes. The academic benefits of gratitude, however, remains underexplored in school contexts. This research builds on previous research integrating gratitude interventions with educational technology via evaluating the impacts of a Facebook-based gratitude intervention on academic motivation and engagement among selected Filipino high school students using a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design. In the quantitative phase of this research, results showed that students who were assigned to the intervention condition had higher scores than those in the control condition, on autonomous motivation, controlled motivation, and cognitive engagement. In the follow-up qualitative phase, findings indicated that Facebook-based gratitude intervention increased such learning outcomes as this online educational intervention facilitates perceived increases in social support, motivation, positive thinking, and desire to pay back parents and other significant people. Taken together, this research suggests that designing online gratitude intervention via social media platform can promote positive learning processes and outcomes.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to identify which loyalty programme (LP) benefits are most likely to create consumer gratitude and increase loyalty towards the brand for consumer goods and services loyalty schemes.
Design/methodology/approach
French-speaking Quebecer (Canada) members of retail LPs answered an online survey. The S-O-R framework was used to investigate the effects of LP benefits on customer loyalty to the brand through the mediating mechanism of gratitude. Data analysis was performed by means of partial least square structural equation modelling.
Findings
Three benefits (entertainment, recognition and social) out of five were identified to significantly enhance customer gratitude towards the brand. Neither monetary nor exploration benefits had a direct effect on gratitude or loyalty. In addition, gratitude was positively and strongly related to loyalty and fully mediated the effects of entertainment and recognition benefits on loyalty. As for social benefits, gratitude complementarily mediated their relationship to loyalty.
Practical implications
The findings are of utmost interest to LP managers. They offer valuable insights to maintain or modify LPs to enhance customer true loyalty. First, they highlight the strategic role of gratitude, which strongly determines customer loyalty. Second, this study's findings indicate which LP benefits should be prioritised to enhance customer gratitude and loyalty.
Originality/value
This research is the first empirical attempt to study the effects of LP perceived benefits on customer gratitude. It addresses the paucity of research on customer gratitude and enhances its importance in retail and relationship literature.
Bibliometric analysis is a popular and rigorous method for exploring and analyzing large volumes of scientific data. It enables us to unpack the evolutionary nuances of a specific field, while shedding light on the emerging areas in that field. Yet, its application in business research is relatively new, and in many instances, underdeveloped. Accordingly, we endeavor to present an overview of the bibliometric methodology, with a particular focus on its different techniques, while offering step-by-step guidelines that can be relied upon to rigorously perform bibliometric analysis with confidence. To this end, we also shed light on when and how bibliometric analysis should be used vis-à-vis other similar techniques such as meta-analysis and systematic literature reviews. As a whole, this paper should be a useful resource for gaining insights on the available techniques and procedures for carrying out studies using bibliometric analysis.
Keywords: Bibliometric analysis; Performance analysis; Science mapping; Citation analysis; Co-citation analysis; Bibliographic coupling; Co-word analysis; Network analysis; Guidelines.
This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the relationships between gratitude and life satisfaction; gratitude and spirituality; spirituality and life satisfaction, and the mediating role of spirituality between gratitude and life satisfaction. We utilised the Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), and Daily Spiritual Experience Scale as measures. The study enjoined 415 participants whose age was 13 to 28 years old from the Philippines; more than the majority were Roman Catholics and from Christian denominations. Positive relationships were revealed between gratitude and life satisfaction, between gratitude and spirituality, and between spirituality and life satisfaction. Spirituality was also evidenced to mediate the relationship between gratitude and life satisfaction. Gratitude positively affects spirituality which in turn positively affects life satisfaction. The results provided clarity to the mechanism of the relationship between gratitude and life satisfaction. The present study also supported the transcendental view of gratitude. It also provided empirical evidence to the relationship of the variables in the Philippine context. Counselling implications for the improvement of life satisfaction were also offered.
This study aimed to investigate the effect of gratitude and self-encouragement on depression in psychiatric inpatients in South Korea. A cross-sectional and correlational research design was used. The participants were 112 psychiatric inpatients recruited from the psychiatric units of four general hospitals in South Korea. Data were collected using the Korean version of the Gratitude Questionnaire-6, the Self-Encouragement Inventory, and the Korean version of Beck’s Depression Inventory II. Data were analyzed using two-stage hierarchical regression analysis. The results showed that emotional self-encouragement (β = -0.43, p = .004) and gratitude (β = -0.22, p = .029) were factors significantly influencing depression. The regression model explained 28.0% of depression. Therefore, it is recommended that mental health nurses provide intervention to psychiatric inpatients to help them foster gratitude and emotional self-encouragement so that they can decrease depression.
Purpose
This paper aims to assess the relationship between academic burnout-student engagement relationships on management students of the Delhi-NCR region of Northern India. It further attempts to study the moderating impact of internal locus of control and mediating impact of loneliness on the academic burnout-student engagement relationship.
Design/methodology/approach
The data was collected using standardized instruments from 264 respondents. Descriptive statistics, correlation and moderated-mediated regression analysis were used to test the hypotheses.
Findings
The study found a negative association between student engagement and academic burnout and loneliness. A positive association between academic burnout and loneliness and a moderating impact of internal locus of control on academic burnout and student engagement relationship. Loneliness acted as a partial mediator for the moderated relationship between the academic burnout-student engagement relationship.
Research limitations/implications
Sample size and sampling units are the limitations of the study.
Practical implications
The conclusion of the presented study offers different inferences including validating the self-determination theory (Ryan and Deci, 2000) and possible courses of actions to be taken by academic institutions and students themselves. It ranges from careful investigation of student’s behaviors, design and implements collaborative projects along with student’s involvement in social networking based groups for collaborations and help.
Social implications
With the help of the study, the society including parents, family, friends, officials and academicians at educational institutions can offer useful insights to students through recreational and social activities for behavior modifications.
Originality/value
The major contribution of the study is to understand the psyche of the budding professionals perceiving increased stress and pressure. Limited studies are found in the Indian context and no studies in the past have used the study variables together. Internal locus of control as a personality variable has not been studied with respect to student’s burnout and engagement. Furthermore, none of the studies done in the past have deliberated upon loneliness with respect to the student community.