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Achieving Zero Hunger under Sustainable Development Goals
Concerning Organic Agriculture
VIKAS BATRA1, AVINASH1*, ASHISH KUMAR2 and NUPUR SOTI2
1Department of Economics, Indira Gandhi University, Meerpur-Rewari, India.
2University School of Management Studies, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi, India.
Abstract
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were formulated to accomplish
highly required overall human development without depleting the environment
for future generations. Sustainable Development Goal 2 (SDG2) aims for
“Zero Hunger” with eight associated targets. These associated targets set
in motion the overall development of agriculture that provides healthy food
and raises the living standard of smallholder farmers while maintaining the
natural base. SDG2 and other SDGs are intertwined, and achieving SDG2
targets will help accomplish other goals that have been weakening due to
climate change, carbon emission, excessive use of chemicals, droughts,
locust attacks, and pandemics. The essence of achieving SDG2 is directly
linked to food production and access. The current food production based
on conventional farming harms the environment and is unsustainable in
the long run. Thus, the need for an alternative food production system that
ensures sustainable development is emphasized. Organic farming is a
food production system based on agroecological principles and promotes
sustainable development. We reviewed the role of the present organic
farming as a food production system to achieve SDG2. We analyzed the
four targets of SDG2 and assessed whether organic farming can achieve
the sub-targets of SDG2. Besides food security, organic farming ensures
economic viability for small farmers, provides nutritious food and promotes
biodiversity. Innovative research, practices, stakeholder partnerships, and
a comprehensive framework are recommended.
CONTACT Avinash avinash.eco.rs@igu.ac.in Department of Economics, Indira Gandhi University, Meerpur-Rewari, India.
© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Enviro Research Publishers.
This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons license: Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY).
Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CARJ.12.1.18
Article History
Received: 19 October
2023
Accepted: 12 March
2024
Keywords
Agriculture;
Food Production System;
Organic Farming;
Sustainable Development
Goal 2.
Current Agriculture Research Journal
www.agriculturejournal.org
ISSN: 2347-4688, Vol. 12, No.(1) 2024, pg. 219-230
Introduction
Before the advent of modern agriculture, organic
farming constituted a prevalent global practice.1
The modern organic farming movement was
started by Sir Albert Howard and Lady Eve Balfour
in the U.K. and Jerome Rodale in the U.S. and
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BATRA et al., Curr. Agri. Res., Vol. 12(1) 219-230 (2024)
can be traced back to the 1940s.2,3 Howard rmly
advocated the “The Law of Return”, which states that
recycling waste material and giving back to farms
is necessary for soil fertility and humus.2 Collecting
all his experience with native farmers in India, he
made a pivotal contribution by popularizing and
studying the Indore composting process , a method
for recycling waste products as a source of fertility.
His research rests on a concrete scientic basis
and elucidates intricate interdependencies among
human, soil, plant, and animal health.4 Organic
practices mirror the environmental dynamics of
forests, always giving back more than it takes,
ensuring long-term soil fertility.5 The fundamental
doctrines guiding organic practices align with
the imperatives of sustainable development,
emphasizing its harmonious synchronicity with
natural systems to protect both agricultural and
environmental well-being over the long term. The
emergence of the notion of sustainable development
took place while environmental degradation peaked
due to industrialization.
The end of the 18th century was the advent of the
First Industrial Revolution in Britain, followed
by Europe and the USA.6 However, historians
emphasise that the period after 1870 is the era
of the Second Industrial Revolution, which fuelled
the growth engine and brought radical changes
in human history.7 The same paradigm shift was
observed when the green revolution started in
agriculture. It was the need of the hour, as food
insecurity severely aected developing countries.
The Green Revolution brought signicant changes
in agricultural practices. It was the package of
High Yielding Varieties (HYV) seeds, fertilizers
and pesticides, and the use of machinery. This
increased food production (especially wheat and
rice) exponentially in African and Asian regions.8
The Green Revolution's tremendous achievement
helped developing countries secure food for
everyone. For say, India could not feed its growing
population from 1947 to 1960, and food availability
was only 417 grams per day per person.9,10 Calorie
intake will decline further if the green revolution is
not introduced.11 Contrary to the post-independence
situation, India feeds the world's largest population
today and is among the most signicant agricultural
product exporters.
However, the developmental pursuits led to a
signicant apprehension: the threat of environmental
degradation. Rising sea levels, flooding and
droughts, and the spread of deadly diseases
are the signicant environmental consequences
believed to originate from the expanding industrial
and agricultural activities.12,13 Eventually, a scenario
developed wherein human actions jeopardized their
habitat by securing their homes.
These events catalyzed the inception of a concept
named sustainable development. There are many
definitions of sustainable development, but the
Brundtland Commission Report (WCED, 1987)
gave the most widely accepted denition. The report
denes sustainable development as "meeting the
current generation's needs without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs." Sustainable development consists of two
words: "sustainable" and "development".14 Together,
a sustainable development approach for long-
term economic growth while maintaining natural
capital.15,16 Moreover, the concept of sustainable
development rests on three pillars: environmental
sustainability, Economic sustainability, and social
sustainability. These pillars are interrelated and
interlinked17 and must be aligned inclusively. Within
the purview of sustainable development, the SDGs
are formulated, and to achieve SDGs, these three
pillars must be ensured.
From MDGs to SDGs: Common Future for all
In the 2000s, World leaders from 189 countries
unied to constitute Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs) from 2000 to 2015. These MDGs were
formulated to achieve its eight goals focused only
on developing countries. Among the eight goals,
the topmost priority of the world is to eradicate
poverty and hunger. Eorts of MDGs dragged one
billion people out of extreme poverty, 90% coverage
of primary child education, and reduction in hunger
and malnutrition.18,19 Despite these eorts, the MDGs
were criticised for limited coverage (only made
for developing countries) with narrow concepts
(economic and social dimensions) built into them. In
contrast to the MDGs, the sustainable development
goals were built universally. These SDGs are more
comprehensive and concentrate on all dimensions
of sustainability.20,21 Thus, economic growth, social
221
BATRA et al., Curr. Agri. Res., Vol. 12(1) 219-230 (2024)
progress, and environmental equilibrium are the
mechanisms of sustainable development,14 and
SDGs incorporate these mechanisms at the center.
There are 17 ambitious goals with 169 associated
targets to be achieved by 2030. These related
goals and targets laid the blueprint or road map
for the countries to achieve a sustainable future for
everyone.
Out of these 17 goals, Sustainable Development
Goal 2 aims for “Zero Hunger” and is crucial for
achieving other goals. SDG2 aims to ensure food
security, eradicate malnutrition, and promote
sustainable agriculture. Moreover, all SDGs are
interlinked, any action towards one target aects the
progress of others. SDG2 strongly synergies with
SDG 1, “No poverty”, and SDG 3 “, Good health and
well-being”, and is directly associated with SDG 6,
11, 13, and 15.22 Mollier23 showed how SDG2 works
in synchronicity with other goals. For say, food and
nutrition are inseparable from poverty reduction.
Similarly, the increased income of farmers will further
reduce poverty because most people experiencing
poverty belong to rural areas. Again, access to
healthy and nutritious food leads to reduced mortality
rates and disease reduction.
To achieve zero hunger, the goal comprises eight
targets divided into two groups. The targets from
2.1 to 2.5 focused on food security and sustainable
agriculture measures, and the remaining three
targets from the 2A-2C aim for market-related
measures on agriculture.24
Table. 1
Food security and Target 2.1: End hunger and ensure access to food for everyone
sustainable agriculture Target 2.2: Eradicate all forms of malnutrition
Target 2.3: Doubling productivity and income of small farmers
Target 2.4: Sustainable agriculture
Target 2.5: Maintain genetic diversity of seeds, plants, and animals
Market-related Target 2A: International corporation for investment in agriculture
measures Target 2B: Free trade and low distortions in the world agricultural market
Target 2C: Proper Functioning of Food commodity and derivatives
Source: Otekunrin25
Alternative Food Production System
In 2019, the agriculture sector produced 9.4 billion
tons of primary crops.26 The massive agricultural
production is the result of the “Green Revolution”. The
package includes high-yielding varieties
of seeds (HYV) that are highly responsive to fertilizers,
improved irrigation techniques, and modern
machinery. These HYV seeds were developed by
the Rockefeller Foundation’s Mexican Agriculture
Program (MAP) in the 1950s. The success of the
green revolution soon reached other parts of the
world, especially in Developing countries like India,
Indonesia, and the Philippines. Subsequently,
cereal production tripled, and a signicant impact
was observed in lower food prices and poverty.11
In late 1967, the Green Revolution was introduced
in India in three heartland states: Haryana, Punjab,
and Western Uttar Pradesh (U.P).29 Afterwards, the
production increased from 72.35 million tonnes in
1965-66 to 173 million tonnes in 1989-90.27 Contrary
to the belief of increased foodgrain production,
scholars Stone,28 Kumar,29 and Chaudhary30 hold
the opposite views and highlight new facts on the
green revolution. For say, Kumar29 showed that
from from1950 to 1964, Punjab's agriculture was
growing at a healthy rate of 4.6%, while yields were
increased by 45% and food availability per capita
increased from 144.1 kg per annum to 171.1 kg
per annum. Meanwhile, Stone28 reported that the
success of the green revolution was the outcome of
irrigation, nancial support, and returns of the rains,
not the other way around. Apart from these views,
many studies reported environmental, public health
and economic concerns due to the green revolution
originator of chemical farming.
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Costs of Chemical Farming that no One Pays:
Negative Externalities
Despite the tremendous growth in food production,
the Green Revolution was criticised on environmental
grounds. Pimentel31 showed that extensive pesticides
harm soil quality and fertility, leading to soil erosion.
Apart from soil fertility, water exploitation and
water pollution are other major concerns of using
chemicals in agriculture.32 Using fertilizers and
pesticides harms both consumers and producers.
Rising cases of farmers unintentionally consuming
pesticides lead to severe disease or even death.33
Moreover, consuming chemical-ingested food also
puts public health at risk.31,34 The heartland of the
green revolution, Punjab and Haryana met the same
fate of environmental crisis.27,35,36
Apart from concerns originating from man-made
interference, agriculture is drastically aected by
climate and extreme phenomena such as rising
global temperatures, droughts, heatwaves, and
locust assaults.37 With the current food production
facing multifaceted constraints and rapidly changing
climate change, it is not able to meet the 2030
deadline of SDG2. The urgency to shift toward
sustainable alternative food production is the utmost
priority for the world.
Organic farming is an alternative production system
with ecology, care, and fairness fundamentals.
Organic farming practices incorporate agroecological
practices based on circular systems using residual
and organic manure instead of external chemical
inputs. By refraining from chemical fertilizers
on farms, organic farming produces positive
spillovers, such as no risk of water contamination,
a premium price of organic products, healthy
and nutritious food, increased soil fertility, and
promoted biodiversity.38 These positive impacts
of Organic farming qualify as a feasible alternative
in the long run since it is economically viable and
environmentally sustainable.38 Moreover, Torres et
al.40 and Bandanaa et al.39 analyzed the sustainability
performance of organic farming. Organic farming
ensures environmental, social, and economic
sustainability. Šeremešić et al40 and Setboonsarng
and Gregorio18 examined the role of organic
farming in achieving SDGs and found that organic
farming aligns with every SDG goal and contributes
signicantly.
Although organic farming signicantly contributes
towards sustainability and sustainable development
goals, many concerns remain. One such problem
is whether converting a hundred per cent towards
organic farms is possible. And if possible, how
will developed and developing countries perform
towards conversion? Muller41 analyzed the former
part of the question by employing the model that
estimated converting 100 % into organic production
leads to more accumulation of land under cultivation
to compensate for the lower yield. However,
converting to 100% organic has the potential to
provide sucient food in addition to the reduction
in adverse environmental impacts by agriculture.
Similarly, Kirchmann42 showed to ll the 35% yield
gap, 50% extra land will required to produce the exact
yield. The latter part of the question has diverging
views. Developed and developing countries have
dierent economic characteristics and dependencies
on agriculture. With an extensive resource base
and higher per capita income, developed countries
respond dierently towards adopting and converting
organic farming than developing countries.
Schader43 investigated the adoption of organic
farming in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The study's
outcome revealed heterogeneity in the uptake of
organic farming among farmers despite having higher
prots (144%). Factors such as limited capacities,
market access, and lack of inputs were hindering
the uptake of organic farming. Similarly, Blockeel44
reported that sharing activities were constraints for
the uptake of organic farming. Considering these
constraints of organic farming, achieving SDG2
seems ambitious. However, if food production
is not the way forward, the alternative must be
scaled up to ensure sustainable development. Thus,
we reviewed this crucial question: Can the current shape
of organic farming help to achieve SDG2 by 2030?
The paper starts with the introduction in section
1, with two sub-sections on common future and
alternative agriculture. In section 2, the study laid
out the material and methods used. In section 3,
the paper showed the status of the targets of SDG2.
Section four of the paper reviewed the achievement
of SDG2 targets concerning organic farming.
223
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Materials and Methods
The study reviews the objective, and to narrow down
the area, the study is conned to only the rst four
targets: 1) Ensuring food security and 2) eradication
of malnutrition, 3) increasing productivity and
income of smallholder farmers, and 4) sustainable
agriculture. We used the keywords “ORGANIC
FARMING”, “ZERO HUNGER”, “SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT GOAL 2”, and “ORGANIC
FARMING AND FOOD SECURITY” to explore the
open database of Google Scholar. Further reports
from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO),
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and World
Bank were reviewed. The list of papers and reports
was added to the annexure.
Fig. 1: Dimensions of Organic Agriculture
Source: Author’s creation
Status of SDG2 targets
Although the world has improved over time to
achieve SDG2, recent pandemics, climate change,
economic slowdown, conict, and war have dragged
back this progress37,45 With the current state of
targets, SDG2 is unlikely to be achieved by 2030.24,25
As per the estimate of FAO (2021), food insecurity
worldwide has increased recently after consistent
declines. About 118 million people worldwide fall
in the category of undernourishment, and a total
estimated 768 million (9.9 %) people were facing
hunger. However, the rising trend of PoU started
in 2014, and COVID-19 amplied the movement
to its new peak. Further, the estimated number of
moderate and severe food insecurity increased to
2.37 billion in 2020, which means nearly one in three
people worldwide have no or inadequate access
224
BATRA et al., Curr. Agri. Res., Vol. 12(1) 219-230 (2024)
to food. Of 768 million hungry people, 418 million
belong to Asia, 281.6 million, and 59.7 million to
Africa, Latin America and Caribbean, respectively.
Otekunrin et al.25 used Global Hunger Index (GHI)
scores to show the hunger situation in Africa. The
study reported that the Central African Republic
(CAR), Chad, Madagascar, Zambia, Sierra Leone,
and Sudan were among the countries with severe
hunger.
Past studies have also demonstrated that countries
that do not guarantee food intake for their residents
have a more signicant population of malnourished
citizens. Globally, malnutrition and its dimensions
share a substantial portion of the disease burden,
including 13 major risk factors and life-long and
irreversible conditions 23. FAO (2021) reported
that in 2020, 149.2 (22 %) million and 45.4
(6.7 %) million children who were under the age of
ve were reported stunted and wasted. Of these,
three-quarters of stunted children reside in Asia
and Africa, while more than half a quarter and
one-quarter of wasted children are in Asia and
Africa, respectively. One in three women is still
aected by anaemia. The condition of malnourished
children suers both physically and mentally.46 Food
insecurity and malnutrition are not the only situations
where people suer. The farmers (especially small
farmers) are worst aected due to the economic
unfeasibility.
Smallholder farmers operate on farms of less than
2 hectares, comprising 3 billion people out of 475
million households in developing economies. An
estimated 50 to 70% of world food was grown by
smallholder farmers, but the absurdity is that they
were food insecure.47 According to the Sustainable
Development Goals Report (2021) by UN DESA,45
a survey of 37 countries, most farmers fall into
the smallholder category. In some countries, they
constitute 90 % of farmers. However, the study
found that small-scale farmers’ labour productivity
and income are lower than large farmers. The
report also claimed that female farmers constitute
the majority of small farmers but earn two to three
times less than men. FAO48 survey of 9 developing
countries in Africa and Asia reported that many poor
are concentrated in rural areas, and poverty among
smallholder farmers was higher than the national
poverty headcount. For example, in Sub-Saharan
Africa, smallholder farmers earn over one dollar a
day (p. 25). The situation is further aggravated due
to the rapidly changing environment worldwide.
Sustainable agriculture is the ideal growth in
agriculture without depleting the natural capital.49,50
However, the agriculture sector spreads negative
externalities which harm human health and
the environment. Food systems are hurting the
environment by utilizing 70 % of the water withdrawal,
contributing to 60 % of biodiversity loss.51 According
to the World Bank research titled "Addressing Food
Loss and Waste," consumers or merchants waste
one-third or nearly 1.3 billion tons of food produced
globally during the supply chain. The concern further
intensies due to climate change. Globally, climate
change has adverse eects on agriculture and food
security. According to Lesk et al.,52 droughts and
extreme heat signicantly impact cereal production,
resulting in a 9-10 % reduction in production.
The most consumed cereal wheat and rice crops
are vulnerable to temperature increases.53 The
increasing temperature has recently directly aected
crops and food security. All the concerns require a
food production system that is climate resilient and
economically viable.
Can Organic Farming Secure Food and Eradicate
Malnourishment?
Food production is the base for food security and
becomes more critical when farmers live there,
and environmental concerns are attached to it. The
fragile food security situation in developing countries
of African and Asian regions makes them vulnerable
to economic shocks and climatic events. Can organic
farming as a primary food production system ensure
food security? Schoonbeek et al.38 indicated that two
sides exist and are divided on this matter; optimism
says that, in the long run, organic farming can
meet food security; conversely, pessimists hold the
opposite view. However, Globally, current organic
farming produces 10% less yields when compared
to conventional farming.54 According to Seufert,55 a
meta-analysis study comparing the yield of organic
and conventional farming. The study revealed that
organic farming grows lower yield, ranging from 5%
in rain-fed regions. Whereas yields are 13% less
when best practices are used in organic farming and
34% less when both techniques are comparable.
Similar results were found in Forster,56 Singh &
225
BATRA et al., Curr. Agri. Res., Vol. 12(1) 219-230 (2024)
Grover,57 and Manjunathan and Puttaswamahia58
studies that showed a more signicant yield gap
between organic and conventional farming.
Contrary to these studies, many scholars59–63 have
a positive approach to feeding the world through
organic farming. Chaudhary63 analyzed the yield
performance of organic farming in Haryana, India
(the heartland of the green revolution). The result
indicates that 98 farmers out of 218 (44%) organic
farmers in 2020 produced a yield above the state
average. The author further strengthened the
argument with the support of many ICAR studies
that reported organic yields are similar and higher
than conventional farming. Similarly, a 12-year
long-term Farming System trial by Pearsons64
at Rodale Institute showed that manure-based
organic farming (MNR) yield is higher than the
state average of Pennsylvania, USA. Ehyhorn
et al.65 showed a comparable yield in organic and
conventional farming. However, it can be argued that
organic farming is still in its early stages and only
available for niche markets. The long-run perspective
of organic farming is that it has the potential to meet
the challenge of food security within the framework
of sustainability.18,38,59,61,66
In the long run, organic farming is a practical
approach to ghting undernourishment in developing
countries. Organically produced products are healthy
and safe and have massive demands in developed
and developing countries. Das et al.67 and Schoon-
beek et al.38 reviewed several reports and papers
concluding that organically produced food contains
various nutrients, minerals, and vitamins compared
to conventional food. Organic farming provides
nutritious food, but there is still a matter of debate on
its nutritional aspects and doubtful potential to secure
enough food. However, there is no doubt that organic
farming has the potential to provide consumers with
safer food and more sustainable production, which
contributes signicantly to reducing malnutrition.
Organic Farming can Ensure Increased Income
for Farmers.
Organic farming may not produce yield comparable
to conventional farming, but economically, it
provides better opportunities to farmers, especially
smallholder farmers. Organic farming is cost-
eective and compensates for lower yield through
the premium produce price. Perasons68 analyzed the
long-term protability under three farming systems:
Conventional, legume-based, and manure-based
organic. The author reported that organic under
legume and manure-based have higher gross
revenues of 21% and 47 % compared to conventional
management when the premium price is attached.
Even excluding the premium price, organic forage
and grain sold at the conventional produce rate can
generate 45% higher returns than the conventional
system. The meta-analysis by Crowder and
Reganold69 revealed that organic farming is 22 to
35 % more protable and has a higher benet-cost
ratio. Similarly, Heena et al.,70 Singh and Grover,57
and Manjunatha and Puttaswamaiah58 showed a
higher benet-cost ratio in organic farming. One
of the most consumable crops is basmati rice, studied
by Eyhorn et al.65 found that organic smallholder
farmers earn higher profits. Similarly, Forster
et al,56 Bachmann,71 Eyhorn et al.,60 and Mishra
et al.72 revealed that small-scale producers prot
more from organic farming. Ayuya et al.73 linked
certified organic producers to multidimensional
poverty, showing that licensed organic producers
are less likely to be poor than those not participating
in organic farming certication. Being economically
viable is not the only sucient condition for achieving
SDG2, organic farming must also be sustainable.
Organic Farming as a Sustainable Agriculture
Changing climate and increasing global disasters
require a resilient and sustainable food production
system.74 Organic farming proactively protects
the environment and provides disaster resilience.
Organic farming performs better than conventional
farming in agrarian distress like drought or crop
failure. Lotter et al.75 reported comparing organic
and conventional methods of a 21-year Rodale
Farming System trial. The trial showed signicantly
better yields in organic farming than conventional
farming, even in the severe drought years of 1999.
This is because organically managed soils have
better water retention capacity and good soil health,
yielding better even in drought conditions.75,76
Pearsons,64 in a decade-long study, showed that
organic-managed farms have better soil health,
higher soil organic matter (SOM), higher total carbon
(C), and higher respiration rates in soil. Similarly,
Patil et al.77 showed that crop failure was 40 % lower
in the case of organic agriculture. Organic farming
226
BATRA et al., Curr. Agri. Res., Vol. 12(1) 219-230 (2024)
is based on agroecological principles and promotes
biodiversity. The meta-analysis by Rahmann (2011)
of 396 studies from 327 case studies revealed
higher biodiversity around organic farms. Promoting
the ecosystem of birds, predatory insects, and
soil organisms helps reduce pests. Moreover,
agriculture is susceptible to climate change. Organic
farming is resilient and emits low greenhouse
gasses.66,78,79 Patil et al.77 claimed that organic
farming maintained nitrogen in the soil and reduced
nitrogen loss, positively impacting the environment
and ensuring environmental sustainability. Das et al.67
and Reganold and Watcher79 maintained that
organic farming promotes soil fertility and is eco-
friendly. Moreover, when positive environmental
externalities are converted into monetary value,
organic farming becomes more profitable than
conventional farming.69 The farmers recognize the
benets of using organic farming. Manjunathan
and Puttaswamaiah58 revealed that farmers opt
for organic farming as the primary food production
method because of its environmental benets.
Conclusion
The Industrial Revolution and the Green Revolution
were paradigm shifts in human history. Nevert-
heless, the paradigm shift was the cause of the
environmental crisis. To respond to these concerns,
sustainable development was invented, which rests
on three dimensions, i.e., economic, social, and
environmental. These concepts were incorporated
into Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which
ensure human development without harming nature.
SDG2 aims for Zero Hunger, which ensures that
the food production system provides food security
and nutrition with sustainable food production.
Eventually, the negative externalities fused with the
current food production system do not align with
sustainable development. The world's utmost priority
is the alternative measure that feeds the world
without harming nature. Organic farming meets the
dimensions of sustainable development, ensures its
three pillars, and becomes more critical for achieving
SDG2 targets. The analysis of organic farming on
the rst four targets of SDG2 showed that organic
farming can be managed well in many aspects, but
there are still various challenges to cope with. With
the current state and patterns of organic farming,
the objective of food availability for everyone is still
challenging to achieve. However, in the long run,
organic farming does ensure food security and
provides higher income and better employment
opportunities to smallholder farmers. Even farmers
favour organic farming because its eco-friendly
inuence promotes soil fertility, biodiversity, and
resistance to droughts and climate change.
Consequently, organic farming becomes a mandate
for policymakers to implement as the primary food
system. But to shift toward organic farming as a
direct food production system, policymakers and
institutions must frame and enforce robust policies.
The study suggests innovative research and
practices to respond to the yield gap and private
and public partnerships to promote organic as the
primary food production to promote organic farming,
especially in developing countries. Moreover, a larger
framework will help developing countries smooth the
transition toward ecological farming. Additionally,
access and availability of food for everyone, which
leads to public health, must be ensured through
inclusive policies. In conclusion, organic farming can
be the key to meeting the demand of an ever-growing
population with safe and nutritious food and help to
save our mother earth.
Acknowledgement
We would like to thank the reviewers for their
feedback, which has helped us improve our article.
Funding
The author(s) received no nancial support for this
paper's research, authorship, and/or publication.
Conict of Interest
We, Vikas Batra, Avinash, Ashish Kumar and Nupur
Soti, the authors of this paper, hereby declare that
we do not have any conict of interest.
Data Availability Statement
Not Applicable
Ethical Approval Statement
As this is a review paper and does not involve any
experiments on humans or animals, no specic
ethics approval was required for this study.
Authors’ Contribution
The review paper was a collaborative eort involving
contributions from several authors. Dr Vikas Batra
227
BATRA et al., Curr. Agri. Res., Vol. 12(1) 219-230 (2024)
played a key role in conceptualising, supervision,
providing structure of the paper, and nalising the
manuscript. Whereas Avinash has contributed
on preparing original draft of the paper, nding &
selecting quality papers, and nalising manuscript.
Ashish Kumar contributed in providing critical inputs,
reviewing and conceptualisation. Nupur Soti played
a pivotal role in editing process and review process.
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