HUMAN SECURITY IN ALGERIA UNDER THE RENTIER ECONOMY, CHALLENGES AND BETS

Abstract

Numerous studies over the last four decades have shown that rentier economies or development based on the export of natural resources, such as oil and gas, not only failed to develop their economic efficiency, but also produced a worse socioeconomic situation than it would be without the exploitation of these resources. As well as the experience of recent decades has shown that depending on a rentier economy policy is not enough to move underdeveloped countries into the ranks of developed ones, in contrary to what some experts believed that rent income would achieve development and societal well-being for their countries, as the results of development based on natural resources export were negative during these decades. Among these results are the weakness of economic diversification, the misery of social welfare indicators, the high levels of poverty and unemployment, the poor level of education and the spread of corruption, the decline of democracy and the level of transparency, and the emergence of internal conflicts and wars. Based on the concept of the rentier state theory, and the approach of the Dutch disease, the political units that depend on the wealth of natural resources, witness to a large extent the same political conditions and have the same socio-economic outputs, which assume for the most part that democratic transformation
is not necessary in them, as is the case in most Rentier states, such as the North African states - Algeria in this case, the hypothesis is that wealth derived from rents allows the state to dilute or suppress democracy, accordingly, this study investigates the hypothesis that asserts that countries that depend on the rentier economy have specific advantages that make them unlikely to become a democratic environment with a high level of transparency and social justice, and to build a strong educational system.

Full text

Sofiane BELMADI & Ayoub DEHEGANI
Akofena ⎜Varia n°10, Vol.1 ⎜CCY 4.0
67
HUMAN SECURITY IN ALGERIA UNDER THE RENTIER ECONOMY,
CHALLENGES AND BETS
Sofiane BELMADI
Ali Lounici-Blida2 University, Algeria
s.belmadi@univ-blida2.dz
&
Ayoub DEHEGANI
University of Tissemsilt, Algeria
dehegani.ayoub@univ-tissemsilt.dz
Abstract:
Numerous studies over the last four decades have shown that rentier
economies or development based on the export of natural resources, such as oil and gas,
not only failed to develop their economic efficiency, but also produced a worse socio-
economic situation than it would be without the exploitation of these resources.
As well
as the experience of recent decades has shown that depending on a rentier economy
policy is not enough to move underdeveloped countries into the ranks of developed ones,
in contrary to what some experts believed that rent income would achieve development
and societal well-being for their countries, as the results of development based on
natural resources export were negative during these decades. Among these results are
the weakness of economic diversification, the misery of social welfare indicators, the
high levels of poverty and unemployment, the poor level of education and the spread of
corruption, the decline of democracy and the level of transparency, and the emergence
of internal conflicts and wars.
Based on the concept of the rentier state theory, and the
approach of the Dutch disease, the political units that depend on the wealth of natural
resources, witness to a large extent the same political conditions and have the same
socio-economic outputs, which assume for the most part that democratic transformation
is not necessary in them, as is the case in most Rentier states, such as the North African
states - Algeria in this case, the hypothesis is that wealth derived from rents allows the
state to dilute or suppress democracy, accordingly, this study investigates the
hypothesis that asserts that countries that depend on the rentier economy have specific
advantages that make them unlikely to become a democratic environment with a high
level of transparency and social justice, and to build a strong educational system.
Keywords:
Rentier economy, human security, democracy, development, societal
security.
LA SÉCURITÉ HUMAINE EN ALGÉRIE SOUS L'ÉCONOMIE RENTIÈRE, DÉFIS
ET ENJEUX
Résumé :
De nombreuses études réalisées au cours des quatre dernières décennies ont
montré que les économies rentières ou le développement basé sur l'exportation de
ressources naturelles, telles que le pétrole et le gaz, non seulement n'ont pas réussi à
développer leur efficacité économique, mais ont également produit une situation socio-
économique pire qu'elle ne l'aurait été, sans l'exploitation de ces ressources. Ainsi que
l'expérience des dernières décennies a montré que s'appuyer sur une politique
d'économie rentière ne suffit pas à faire passer les pays sous-développés au rang des
pays développés, contrairement à ce que certains experts pensaient selon lequel les
revenus locatifs permettraient le développement et le bien-être sociétal des pays
développés. Leurs pays, car les résultats du développement basé sur l’exportation des

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ressources naturelles ont été négatifs au cours de ces décennies. Parmi ces résultats
figurent la faiblesse de la diversification économique, la misère des indicateurs de
protection sociale, les niveaux élevés de pauvreté et de chômage, le faible niveau
d'éducation et la propagation de la corruption, le déclin de la démocratie et du niveau
de transparence, et l'émergence de conflits et guerres internes. Sur la base du concept
de la théorie de l'État rentier et de l'approche du syndrome hollandais, les unités
politiques qui dépendent de la richesse des ressources naturelles connaissent dans une
large mesure les mêmes conditions politiques et ont les mêmes résultats socio-
économiques, ce qui suppose pour l'essentiel, que la transformation démocratique n'y
est pas nécessaire, comme c'est le cas dans la plupart des États rentiers, comme les
États d'Afrique du Nord - l'Algérie dans ce cas, l'hypothèse est que la richesse dérivée
des rentes permet à l'État de diluer ou de supprimer la démocratie. En conséquence,
cette étude examine l'hypothèse selon laquelle les pays qui dépendent de l'économie
rentière possèdent des avantages spécifiques qui les rendent peu susceptibles de
devenir un environnement démocratique avec un haut niveau de transparence et de
justice sociale, et de construire un système éducatif fort.
Mots-clés :
Économie rentière, sécurité humaine, démocratie, développement, Sécurité
Sociétale.
Introduction
Some believe that a country's national security is entirely linked to its military
capability only, but the truth is that military force is not the only one that can protect its
security, it is a part of the whole, national security undoubtedly requires other components,
such as economic, political and technological power, and no state or nation can achieve its
security unless it achieves the minimum level of internal stability based on social justice and
development, thus, Robert McNamara linked the concept of security to development in his
book The Essence of Security. He remarked that, "Security is development and without
development there can be no security and a country that is not growing in reality simply
cannot remain safe.” Where he means development in its broad sense, i.e., economic,
military, social, and societal development. In this context, over the past few years, the
Algerian political system managed to successfully manage the economic and social
conditions. By distributing oil revenues in various forms to citizens, but today, with the
second wave of austerity policies and economic measures (despite the rise in oil prices in
the world) as a result of the Russian-Ukrainian war, it raises great concern among the middle
and poor class society, due to the continuous and unreasonable rise in the cost of living in
Algeria, what resulted in dissatisfaction with the political leadership, which collides with the
lack of recognition of the difficulties it suffers from during the economic decline and weak
development? This paper calls for a deep rethinking of how to plan new national economic
strategies, and to find out the truth behind this deterioration, which directly affects Algerian
societal security and human security in terms of democratic transition and reform policy, and
much more, answering the following question: What are the risks and challenges resulting
from the almost absolute dependence on the rentier economy in Algeria, and how does this
affect human/ societal security and democratic transition?

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1. Research Methodology
This study relies on the rentier economy and Dutch disease theories, in addition to
the approach of human security, as it relies to a large extent on the theory of the rentier state,
as it is more explanatory than other theories and approaches, in addition to the approach of
the Dutch disease, which contributes greatly to the analysis in terms of explaining and
interpreting the contradictions of the rentier economy and its consequences for the countries
that rely on it, and the most important Its characteristics and impact on the productive sectors
of the state. Spending on social welfare often helps, as it is used as a means of repression or
to buy social peace, in order to alleviate the internal pressures resulting from the demand for
democratic transformation, but the matter remains always linked to the fluctuation of rent
revenues, to rise or fall.
2. The dilemma of the Dutch disease in the Algerian economy: the private sector as a
model
The Human Development Report issued by the United Nations Development Program
for the year 1994 indicated 7 main dimensions of human security that countries and the
international community must preserve and maintain, which are as follows: economic
security, food security, health security, environmental security, personal security, societal
security, and political security. Henry M. Waite (Waite, 1935) is considered the first to point
out the concept of economic security In his study “Economic Security,” in 1935, before the
concept of human security was transformed into its current framework, According to him,
economic security is divided into levels: individual economic security, family or community
economic security, including the economic security of the state as a whole, he considered
that this goal could not be achieved without addressing the individual’s problem, this is a
clear indication of the importance of achieving individual security in order to achieve state
security at the economic level, and linking the problem of individual economic security to
the problem of unemployment, the state is required to solve it in order to strengthen and
enhance its economic security. It is known that the Algerian economy depends on exports of
natural resources (oil and gas), as Algeria ranks 11th in the world ranking in terms of natural
gas reserves, which were estimated - in 2021 - at about 159 trillion cubic feet (Kimberly
Peterson, 2023), and it also has proven reserves of conventional oil at about 12.2 billion
barrels (statista, 2023 ). Based on the fluctuation of energy markets in terms of production
and consumption, as well as the global geopolitical shifts, which are now prompting countries
to rush to turn to renewable energies and gradually dispense with traditional energies,
Algeria has pushed for approving an energy transition program aimed at developing the
renewable energies sector and avoiding the intention of avoiding the fall of imminent
economic According to the current in terms of production and consumption (trade, 2023),
Algeria may turn into a country unable to export its hydrocarbon resources by 2030, that is,
after dispensing with the developed importing countries now, and then into an energy-
importing country by 2040.
In this sense, we find a study where in a study by Gregory entitled: “Some
Implications of the Growth of the Mineral Sector” in 1976 (Gregory, 1976), after studying
the Australian economy in that period, he concluded that the large, almost absolute
dependence of the country's economy on the exploitation of natural resources, presupposes
the weakening of the sectors Other productive economies, especially agriculture and
industry, and confirmed his hypothesis that the development of the mining sector, and the
large reliance on it in the export process and the collection of state revenues, is smaller than

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the ratio of the productive industrial sectors, accordingly, this trend results in a state of firm
belief in the need to stay in the circle of consumption and move away from production. So,
this theory, (Dutch disease), which assumes that private institutions in the rentier economy
tend to invest in the services sector and avoid investing in productive sectors such as industry
and agriculture, due to their inability to compete with imported products, and the following
table shows this.
Table n°1
SECTOR
NUMBER
PERCENTAGE
Agriculture
6877
0.620
Hydrocarbons, Energy and Mines
2936
0.269
Public Works & Hydraulic Building Company
182477
16.69
Transformative Industries
97728
8.94
Services
338201
51.36
Craft professions
241494
22.09
Total number
1092908
100%
Source: SME Statistics newsletter. Ministry of Industry and Mines
،
2018
،
P11
It is clear from the data in the table which shows that the services sector represents
the largest percentage of institutions (SME) small and medium enterprise in the Algerian
economy, and this is the result of imbalances in dependence on rents. The agricultural sector,
despite its sensitivity at the present time and its role in achieving self-sufficiency in food
security, remains almost the only productive sector with a weak level of production, as its
contribution does not exceed 0.6% of the total of these institutions. On the other hand, we
find that the services sector got the largest share with 51% of the total shares. Consequently,
the rentier economy does not allow for the emergence of productive thought in the private
sector in most of its cases, and this was confirmed by the experience of the Netherlands in
the sixties and seventies as a model, although it is a democratic country and has good
governance, compared to Algeria, which lacks transparency according to the announced
international reports, in addition to weak level of management, especially with regard to the
management of natural resources. The failure of the private sector to produce the revolution
is not due to economic reasons only, as assumed by the Dutch disease theory and confirmed
by statistics in the Algerian case. This is the rule on which most Western democracies are
based. Paying taxes opens the way for political demands, and therefore one of the reasons
that led to the absence of a private sector independent of the state is the absence of
democracy first, and the absence of good governance and rationality in the conduct of public
affairs.
3. Colonialism’s role and impact on the rentier economy:
After in-depth research, it appears that one of the reasons for the survival of
developing countries with natural resources that rely on a rentier economy, for the most part,
has been subjected to campaigns of colonialism - in addition to the occupation of the land -
they looting their resources and practiced the worst forms of injustice against them
(Hormeku-Ajei, 2021). They also obstructed all means that would help them advance their
economy and build their strength and exercise its full sovereignty, although the vulnerable
countries defended their lands and expelled the colonial, and some of them worked to

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nationalize their natural resources, the colonial countries continue, through their new
political approach, to monopolist state capitalism and practice it in their traditional colonies
located on the “peripheries” of the global capitalist economic system to maintain the
continuity of domination. On developing countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, or the
so-called “New World Order.” From here, the policy and practice of the imperialist and
monopoly capitalist countries becomes clear in forcing those countries to adapt to the global
situation that was designed by focusing on political, economic and social means, abandoning
the blatant forms and means of exploiting these parties, and focusing on the economic aspect
of their activity. However, it remains Traditional colonialism is prominent in plundering
operations. It is clear that the achievement made by oil-producing countries - such as Algeria
- in this long and difficult confrontation with the French colonist and the international oil
cartels, and this matter led to them obtaining most of the rents, especially after the
nationalization of oil companies (CIA, 1970, p. 8), which were previously dominated by
French colonialism. The total Algerian economic production during the colonial period was
directed to serve the French economy and the French consumer for a very long period, and
this was part of the goals of the French colonizers to break the resolve of the Algerians and
completely submit them to their will. But this does not mean the end of the era of neo-
colonialism in the field of oil, as the capitalism of monopoly states also continues, under the
new circumstances, to exploit oil-producing countries, which are increasingly integrated into
the global capitalist economy. The imperialist countries remain dominant in this field,
especially through the treaties concluded between the parties. They were denying the
national sovereignty of the producing countries and depriving them of their right to dispose
of their natural resources and manage their economic affairs. In addition to other means used
and still used by the traditional colonizers and the imperialist countries as a whole, in an
attempt to keep weakening local development, by weakening the state’s infrastructure, the
most important of which is undermining societal security, fragmenting the identity building,
weakening the educational system and educational institutions, spreading bureaucracy and
obstructing all development initiatives, work To penetrate into all sectors in order to monitor
and disrupt everything that would help the state advance its economy and build its strength,
and all of this is considered one of the most serious problems that countries suffer from in
the same situation.
4. Human security in the equation of rentier economics and unemployment
Unemployment is considered a problem of correct understanding of the management
of life affairs for individuals and societies. This situation results in economic crises,
psychological, social, security, and political problems. The youth group is the largest group
responsible for work and production, because of its strength, vitality, and ambition, and the
disruption of exploiting the power of youth in building the strength of the state due to
unemployment leads to converting that energy into negative behaviors that destroy him
psychologically, causing him and society many problems, and this is what we find in many
countries that depend on the rentier economic system, so unemployment becomes a major
cause of complex problems, such as the high rate of crime, drugs, suicide rates, and illegal
immigration, and perhaps overthrew some governments, cases of demonstrations, violence
and revenge are directed against the rulers and owners of capital, as they are responsible in
the eyes of the unemployed for the problem of unemployment. Statistics confirm that there
are tens of millions of unemployed people all over the world, and as a result they suffer from
poverty, need and deprivation, poor health conditions, and their inability to bear

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responsibility for their families. Scientific studies also indicate that unemployment has bad
effects on mental health. The unemployed in any society is considered an important measure
of the level of mental health experienced by the population (wisevoter, 2023), and it also has
its effects on physical and social health. Unemployment is global phenomenon, but its size
varies from one country to another, as does the degree of humane treatment that the
unemployed individual receives from his society. In the case of our study of Algeria, it can
be considered to the problem from two perspectives.
The current economic structure in Algeria is Unable to provide job demands
increasingly, these structures do not have the ability to create wealth or the ability to produce
it rely on a main source, which is rent. Any deficiency or imbalance in the incomes resulting
from rentier for any reason will have a negative impact on labor, and the inability of the
economic structures to confront them or maintain their previous gains, even if these
structures represent the private sector, they are not independent of government spending,
which is mainly fueled by rents. This will also necessarily affect the culture of creativity and
innovation among elites and ambition among young people, resulting in cases of
discouragement and social stagnation.
Algeria Unemployment rates 1995
to 2022
Data Source: World Bank
5. Public Health in Rentier Economies
Without a doubt, there is a strong relationship between health and the economy. One
study indicated that health care can contribute to the growth of the global economy by 100
billion dollar every year, and indeed, health care has a positive impact on the economy, and
vice versa. Therefore, the level of health service is linked to the level of performance of the
national economy, which will bear the burden of the cost of medical treatment bills,
especially malignant diseases whose treatment requires hospital structures and qualified
medical elites. These are all high costs that fall on the state, requiring the building of a strong
economy. With a weak economic structure, indicators of the failure of social systems appear,
and their failure appears in cases of unexpected health crises or major emergencies as a
result of arbitrary policies, for example, the spread of the Covid-19 epidemic. The first year
of the spread of the Corona epidemic in Algeria had a severe impact on the Algerian economy.

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In addition to the health losses, the epidemic coincided with other negative developments,
including the drop in oil prices, which plunged the Algerian economy into recession. Real
GDP declined by 5.1% in 2020, and the growth rate declined by 6.1% compared to 2019,
according to World Bank data. According to the African Development Bank, the measures
taken by Algeria to contain Covid-19 have had dire consequences for other sectors (World
Bank, 2021), such as the services and construction sectors, and the decline in rentier
revenues from oil and gas exports has led to a widening of the public and external deficit
gap. Among the effects of these measures as well, the African Development Bank’s Economic
Prospects Report indicated that “the general budget deficit more than doubled in 2020,
reaching 13.6% of GDP, compared to 5.6% in 2019, with combined pressure from the
decline in hydrocarbon revenues that constitute A large share of public revenues, and an
increase in public spending to mitigate the economic-health effects. On the other hand, at a
time when many countries suffer from a shortage of specialized workers in the health field,
many medical and health personnel leave their countries to work in developed countries in
search of better opportunities in order to ensure a life in dignity, developed countries
constitute a pool that attracts doctors and nurses from developing countries to work there.
Regarding the number of Algerian doctors who have left the country during the past two
decades, despite the conflicting numbers, there is agreement that the health sector in Algeria
is subject to a loss of its personnel due to migration in search of better social, professional
and academic conditions. According to a report issued at the end of the year 2021, Official
statistics in Algeria indicate that more than 28,000 doctors have left the country during the
last three decades. Most of them chose France to work because of the facilities and special
privileges it provides for doctors coming from Algeria, by virtue of their training in the French
language and their field experience. Their number has reached 15,000 doctors, and they are
They currently constitute 40% of the total number of doctors in France. (Bourenan, 2021)
6. The social contract in rentier systems
There is no doubt that there are fundamental differences between the social contract
theorists, but it seems that most of the countries that adopt the rentier economy system adopt
the vision of the philosopher Thomas Hobbes, so that he establishes his theory of the social
contract as requiring individuals to give up their absolute rights (Celeste, 2023), freedoms
and property in favor of the ruler who has complete sovereignty and authority divorced, in
which all powers (legislative, executive, and judicial) meet, and which determines for its
subjects their rights through laws that express His supreme will, In fact, this is considered a
safe haven for dictatorial regimes. It aims at depriving the people of all that is right and
intimidating them from demanding humiliation, as well as being used as a means to
perpetuate public corruption and undermine the credibility of justice. The state becomes
severely lacking in transparency, and classism appears in its various forms, in addition to
the rest of the negative manifestations produced by this philosophy, democratic
transformation in such regimes is almost impossible due to the large number of pockets of
corruption spread across all sectors, in addition, the education system in it becomes a target
to keep the level of awareness among the people low and does not produce generations that
can aspire to build a strong state for fear of the end of their throne at their hands. Ignoring
the involvement of society in production and making the next by participating in decision-
making will inevitably lead to weakening the loyalty of society to their governments, and this
is what necessarily leads to the emergence of internal divisions that threaten societal

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security. this will result in various phenomena of deviation combined, such as crime,
terrorism and everything like that.
Figure N° : 01
Source: tradingeconomics.com/Algeria/exports
Figure N°: 02
Source: tradingeconomics.com transparency international Algeria 2022
Algeria's dependence on oil revenues was a cause and still creates structural
political, economic and social problems, including tyranny and the development of the
political system from anarchism to kleptocracy, and this is what we can notice in the following
forms through the development of oil income in Algeria: By linking the two graphs, it can be
seen that the percentages of non-transparency were related to oil revenues, so that Algeria
ranked 116th in the world out of 180 countries and territory, and this clearly indicates a high
percentage of corruption, and for this reason Michael Ross assumes an inverse relationship
between the abundance of oil in a country and its democracy, and how oil wealth helps
explain its failure to do so. Michael Ross also cites his theory (Ross, 2014), which he
mentioned analytically in detail in his book "The Oil Curse..." on the so-called Arab Spring
in the Middle East as an indicator of it, saying: "In January 2011, pro-democracy protests
erupted all over the world.", The Middle East. For decades, the Middle East had less
democracy than any other region in the world, and more oil than any other region in the world
as well, and this is no coincidence, since rulers who are financed by selling oil have always
used their oil money to establish themselves in power and solve it, without democratic
reforms.

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Transparency, Corruption, Democracy, Unemployment and Poverty Perceptions Index in some rentier countries
2022
Country
Rank
/180
CPI Score
/100
Democracy
/10
Poverty
% - Rank
Unemployment
% - Rank
UAE
27
67
2-3
-
3.7 - 152
Saudi Arab
54
51
2-3
-
6.6 - 85
Algeria
116
33
3-4
5.5 - 149
12 - 36
Iran
147
25
0-2
30.4- 22
9.7- 52
Nigeria
150
24
4-5
40.1 -33
10.7 - 45
7. Democracy and kleptocracy
Based on the Democracy Index 2022, a global map according by regime type,
provided by The Economist Intelligence approved on the official website of UNESCO, in
which it depends on a set of determinants, including democracy, governance, freedom of
expression, freedom of the press, access to information, organization and sovereignty Law,
Algeria is classified as one of the countries with authoritarian regimes, with an index between
3-4/10 of the global ranking scale. (unesco, 2021). Therefore, “democracies” that are not
fortified, that is, those in which there are no institutions capable of fortifying them, will
undoubtedly turn into kiptocratic systems “Divide-And-Rule”, that is a shift from the
concept of “democracy”, which means ruling the people and serving the people, to a system
of “controlling” the people. And steal his wealth, the people turn into a "servant" of the ruler
or the ruling minority, and the tax policies enacted by non-democratic governments turn into
"collections" that go to the accounts of the ruling minority in various ways, and even legal.
(Daron Acemoglu & others, 2004). The state's dependence - in building its power, especially
internally - on the rentier economy, undoubtedly results in a kind of violation of citizens'
rights and freedoms, and the absence of transparency and democracy, including freedom of
expression, and other negatives due to the absence of a real developmental base that will
inevitably lead to a threat to the security of the state and exposing her to danger, Since there
is an interconnected relationship between internal and external security, a fragile state may
lead to internal instability and exposure, which may lead to the people demands for foreign
intervention that would undermine the independence of the state, It is incompatible with
preserving human rights in any way, and this is what was observed in the Arab arena in the
events of what were called (the Arab revolutions). Just as the circle of internal threats may
expand at sharp increase of the crises resulting from the injustice, non-transparency, and
inability to express, the possibility of expanding the nature of the threats (such as terrorism,
organized crime, and separatist movements, which are threats linked to risk factors in the
economic, political, social, and environmental fields). (SKÖNS, 2006)
Discussion
The research paper based on the issue of human security in Algeria in light of the
rentier economy and the challenges and stakes, to diagnose the security dilemma ensuing
from the risks and challenges that can result due to the almost absolute dependence on the
rentier economy, and the resulting effects on human/societal security and the democratic
transition therein. After accessing official recorded data and statistics about Algeria’s
international ranking in the volume of oil production and the volume of income generated
from sales revenues on the one hand, and on the other hand comparing them to the branches
and types of internal investments in addition to unemployment rates, it becomes clear that
Algeria is still largely linked to the rentier economy. Its human and societal security structure

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remains weak, and this is due to the weakness of social services and the rates of
unemployment and poverty in contrast to the real capabilities it possesses. It also turns out
that Algeria, despite these gains, given its global ranking on the scale of transparency,
democracy, and fighting corruption, can easily be understood as lacking/suffering from poor
governance and management resulting from various causes, most notably administrative
corruption and bureaucracy. This information remains based on data issued by official
sources, and although the reality is clear, there remain reasons that cannot be explained due
to the ambiguity of accurate information that explains the behavior of the political leadership,
which makes the final conclusion require more depth, even based on unofficial sources, such
as studying the colonial factor. Which remains highly influential, and its penetration into
various sectors of the state through those who have loyalty to it, this plays a major role in
ignoring important aspects in checking complete information.
Conclusion
Human security dimension is affected as it is the most sensitive to socio-economic
conditions. In addition to the rest of the other dimensions in varying degrees with the
repercussions of losses, economic collapses, and inflation, which are sometimes difficult to
control, and fixing them are often at the expense of the other dimensions, Where the state
reduces social or political development plans and programs, or weakens military spending,
to cover the losses incurred, Also, the deterioration of the economic conditions in a rentier
country, which leads to the loss and collapse of its security elements at all levels and
dimensions, this is what happened and is happening in most of the Arab countries today,
severe security crises have led to the overthrow of political regimes, the dispersal of peoples.
Enhancing development, the economic security requires a comprehensive and integrated
approach that addresses governance issues and change minds, to move away from the rentier
economy as much as possible to promotes inclusive growth, which is ensures political
stability, and supports sustainable resource management. By implementing effective
strategies and engaging relevant stakeholders, with the necessity of combating all types of
corruption spread in all sectors, with a strong emphasis on the need for optimal attention to
the education and scientific research sector, in addition to working to cleanse the inner house
of the remnants of inherited colonial thought, Algeria can achieve long-term socioeconomic
development and improve the well-being of its population. In addition to that, Michael L.
Ross also add in the same context, based on the view of economists that he mentions that
natural resource wealth in general, and oil wealth in particular, can limit economic growth
in the developing world, in a paradoxical way, by unleashing corruption, weak governance
and administration, and the relentless pursuit of rent and plunder... his saying (Ross, 2014).
Through analysis from different perspectives, the research reached the following
conclusions: The economy pattern is reflected on the civilized of societies, rentier economy
led to the control of a few groups over the centers of wealth and control over their
distribution.; The emergence of rent-seeking behaviors among some individuals that do not
encourage the creation of local production; Establishing a culture of dependence on the
outside world to provide needs at the expense of local production discourages society’s
thinking about production and creativity; It causes the spread of envy, greed, hatred, and
what is called: “class struggle”; As it widens the gap between social groups, and increases
the disparity in the possession of money, until some people become overwhelmed with
money, while others die of starvation, deprivation, and disease; The rentier economy
seriously undermines the cohesion of the social fabric. Man, in general, can accept that some

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Akofena ⎜Varia n°10, Vol.1 ⎜CCY 4.0
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people become wealthy without effort or merit, but he will not tolerate those who succeed
through their effort and competence; It helps to increase the gap between classes as much as
approaching or moving away from power. Governments that depend on rentier incomes
usually work to keep the balance of power as it is without working to develop it so that
relations between members of society remain; are relationships; “The ability of those who
own and give” and “who waits for grants and gifts” and this is reflected in societies and leads
to maximizing the culture of submissiveness at the expense of the culture of challenge, self-
reliance, and the spirit of initiative; Colonialism had a severe influence on the economy of
vulnerable countries, in addition to the remnants of colonialism that still influence the
policies of those countries and control to some extent the maintenance of the pattern of their
economy (the rentier economy) so that they always remain subservient.
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