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1
BOOK OF PROCEEDINGS
ISBN: 978-9928-254-88-7
i
Proceedings of the International Conference of Civil Engineering
ICCE 2023
May 18 – 20, 2023
Tirana, Albania
Organized by:
Civil Engineering Faculty of Polytechnic University of Tirana
Civil Engineering Faculty of Pristina University
Sponsored by:
KONTAKT shpk
KRON CONSTRUCTION
Mabetex Group
Maccaferri – Balkans
GECI shpk
T.T. Soil&Earthquake Consulting shpk
4A-M
Mane TCI
Green Coast
Mane development
Next plus
Bau-Hollding
BM Group
Konstruktori
Engineering RK
Astraplan
Vizurimi
Geo&metri
Edited by: Neritan Shkodrani
Joana Gjipalaj
Oltion Marko
Anxhela Shaha
Published and Printed by: Shtypshkronja Ymeraj
Design by: Elton Hala
All rights reserved. No parts of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including
photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means or whether or not transiently or incidentally
to some other use of this publications) without the written permission of the copyright holder. Authors
of the papers in these proceedings are authorized to use their own material freely. Applications for the
copyright holder’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to:
Prof. Neritan Shkodrani
Civil Engineering Faculty
Polytechnic University of Tirana
Tirane, Albania
Email: neritan.shkodrani@fin.edu.al
v
PREFACE
This book is a collection of materials to be presented at the Second International Conference of Civil
Engineering held in Tirana, Albania from May 18 – 20, 2023. This book includes full papers and extended
abstracts of our distinguished Keynote Lecturers and abstracts of the papers contributed by professors, talented
researchers and young academicians and engineers.
The Second International Conference of Civil Engineering – ICCE 2023 is jointly organized by the Civil
Engineering Faculty of Polytechnic University of Tirana and the Civil Engineering Faculty of Pristina University
and is hosted by the Civil Engineering Faculty in Tirana, Albania. Renowned professionals from several countries
in the region were invited to be the members of the International Scientific Committee. The organizing committee
members were selected from the co-organizers of the conference.
The conference is the second to be organized by the Civil Engineering Faculty of Polytechnic University of Tirana
in an excellent collaboration with Civil Engineering Faculty of Pristina University. All of our efforts and our
desire, since the beginning, were to make it a great event, both scientifically and culturally. We have invited
distinguished and famous engineers and scientists from European countries and all over the world, to provide
keynote lectures which will surely enrich each session by highlighting the latest developments in the various fields
of civil engineering. The conference sessions will focus on interesting topics of great impact. Such topics include
subjects in Structural and Earthquake Engineering, Computational Methods in Civil Engineering, Construction
Technology and Management, Construction Materials, Geotechnical Engineering, Hydraulics Engineering,
Hydrology, Flooding and Water Management, Hydraulic Structures and Coastal Engineering, Sustainable Design,
Transportation Engineering, Environmental Quality/EIA and SEA, Water and Wastewater Treatment, Efficiency
and Renewable Energy, Risk assessment and environmental management, Climate changes and adaptation to
them, Engineering against the objectives of sustainable development, Geodesy, Cartography, Photogrammetry
and RS, Geo-information and NSDI, as well as Historical and Monumental Buildings.
The 2023 International Conference of Civil Engineering is coming as a special event strongly related to the
scientific activity of the Civil Engineering Faculty during the last decade. The First International Conference
of Civil Engineering – ICCE 2017 has been very successful with nearly 100 abstracts from more than 15
countries and nearly 80 papers presented during two days of the conference. The International Symposium on
Durrës Earthquakes and Eurocodes – ISDEE 2020 was motivated by the last 2019 earthquakes in Albania and
42 papers were presented at the Symposium and selected for publication in a special conference book. The
International Student Conference of Civil Engineering – ISCCE 2018, The National Conference of
Application of Clean Technologies for a Sustainable Environment – ATPMQ 2022, are some other scientific
activities, which clearly speak for the continuous efforts of the academic staff of Civil Engineering Faculty to
interweave teaching with scientific research, but without ever neglecting support to the community. I am pleased
to mention the commitment of the academic staff in the evaluation of damages from earthquakes during the period
2019-2020, or the invaluable contribution in the drafting of the National Annexes of the Eurocodes during the
years 2020-2021.
The response to the ICCE 2023 has been very encouraging. Nearly 150 abstracts have been received from more
than 16 countries. It is very encouraging to note that nearly 100 papers were accepted for presentation. These
papers were selected after a rigorous review process performed by the members of the International Scientific
Committee.
The themes for the sessions of the conference have been selected in line with recent trend in needs, research and
applications. Albania is close to formal adoption and use of the structural Eurocodes. Some of them are already
translated and accepted as Albanian Standards. The adaptation process requires collaborations between different
government units, industry, academic and research institutes and independent bodies. A Special Session on
Eurocodes and the Structural Safety of Construction Works has been organized to address the need for
collaboration between different actors of the construction industry in order to overcome all the barriers. Nine
keynote lectures have been selected on the topics of wider appeal and interest. Both the opening and closing
sessions, where keynote lecture papers are scheduled to be presented are declared open to public for greater
participation and dissemination of knowledge.
On behalf of the Local Organizing Committee and the co-organizers of the conference, we would like to thank all
the organizations, individuals and participants for their support, sponsorship and participation.
Neritan Shkodrani (Conference - Chair)
Florim Grajçevci (Conference Co - Chair)
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE .................................................................................. ii
LOCAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE ................................................................................................ ii
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ................................................................................. ii
PREFACE ............................................................................................................................................... v
KEYNOTE SPEAKERS / SPECIAL LECTURERS ............................................................................ 15
Developments of rapid load testing on piles in Japan ............................................................... ..16
Tatsunori Matsumoto .................................................................................................................. 16
From case study to worldwide perspective for the management of existing infrastructures .. 43
José C. Matos .............................................................................................................................. 43
The use of mobile mapping technology in geomatics for the geometrics basis of BIM ........... 52
Karel Pavelka .............................................................................................................................. 52
Climate change and natural hazards: why civil engineering is not enough .............................. 61
Luuk Dorren ................................................................................................................................ 61
Seismic vulnerability evaluation of buildings according to the Italian standards .................... 66
Dora Foti ..................................................................................................................................... 66
Unlocking the potential of multidisciplinary Nature-based Solutions in designing Sustainable
Drainage Systems ........................................................................................................................... 74
Fabio Masi .................................................................................................................................. 74
The Croatian Centre for Earthquake Engineering: Establishment of the platform ................ 77
Josip Atalić, Mario Uroš, Marta Šavor Novak, Marija Demšić, Maja Baniček, Alen Kadić ..... 77
Development of fragility curves for seismic risk assessment of specific buildings with focus on
ground motion selection techniques: dos and don'ts ................................................................... 79
Paolo Bazzurro............................................................................................................................ 79
Behavior of a fresh cement mortar under pipe flow.................................................................... 81
Agathe Robisson .......................................................................................................................... 81
SPECIAL SESSION ............................................................................................................................. 82
The 2nd generation of Eurocodes challenge: amendments for Geotechnical Design ............... 83
Georgios Belokas ........................................................................................................................ 83
Comparative Assessment of analyses procedures for seismic performance evaluation ........... 91
Hüseyin Bilgin ............................................................................................................................. 91
Seismic assessment and retrofitting in Albania and Eurocode relevant procedures ................ 92
Markel Baballëku, Neritan Shkodrani ........................................................................................ 92
Eurocode adoption process in Albania and challenges of their second generation .................. 93
Rikard Luka ................................................................................................................................. 93
STRUCTURAL AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING .................................................................. 94
Nonlinear analysis of ground motion amplification for the case of Zagreb (Croatia) M5.5
Earthquake on 22 March 2020 ...................................................................................................... 95
Adrian Kadiri, Neritan Shkodrani ............................................................................................... 95
Comparative design of steel – concrete composite elements under flexural action .................. 96
vii
Elvis Capo, Igli Kondi, Julian Kasharaj ..................................................................................... 96
Technical – economical evaluation of three methods for retrofitting reinforced concrete
columns .......................................................................................................................................... 102
Igli Kondi, Elvis Capo, Julian Kasharaj ................................................................................... 102
Deviation effect on structure from Approved Layout Plan ...................................................... 111
Florim Grajcevci, Armend Mujaj, Egzon Ahmaxhekaj ............................................................. 111
The soil-structure interaction (SSI) of prefabricated large reinforced concrete panel building.
........................................................................................................................................................ 120
Merita Guri, Flogerta Krosi, Naumaq Pojani, Ditmar Dibra, Xhevahir Alliu ......................... 120
Seismic protection of buildings with tested upgraded sliding isolation system with SF devices
........................................................................................................................................................ 129
Jelena Ristic, Valon Veseli, Sergey Churilov, Danilo Ristic ..................................................... 129
Load testing of new bridges ......................................................................................................... 111
Hajdar Sadiku, Labeat Misini, Zijadin Guri, Ilir Canaj ........................................................... 138
Light-gauge steel construction as an alternative for additions on top of buildings ................ 147
Besar Abdiu, Isak Idrizi, Afrim Idrizi ........................................................................................ 147
The effect of light-gauge steel infill walls on seismic behavior of RC frame structures ......... 148
Besar Abdiu1, Isak Idrizi1, Ideal Lleshi2 .................................................................................... 148
Design of shear walls under combined vertical and seismic actions according to YU81 and
Eurocode ........................................................................................................................................ 149
Agim Ziberi, Semijal Hasani-Ziberi, Besar Abdiu .................................................................... 149
Analysis design and optimization of RC beams according to Eurocode 2............................... 150
Agon Shaini, Zekirija Idrizi, Isak Idrizi ..................................................................................... 150
Experimental Study on Steel Damper for passive energy dissipation ..................................... 154
Franco Bontempi, Francesco Petrini, Ferit Gashi ................................................................... 154
Finite element modeling of retrofitted beam-column joint with FRP ...................................... 163
Naser Kabashi, Milot Muhaxheri, Enes Krasniqi, Florentinë Latifi, Ylli Murati ..................... 163
Numerical Analysis of Double Extended End-Plate Bolted Connection ................................. 174
Anita Gjukaj , Petar Cvetanovski , Ana Trombeva Gavriloska, Ali Muriqi ......................... ....174
Masonry building design in accordance of the Eurocode standards, analysis of the buildings in
seismic zones .................................................................................................................................. 186
Valentrim Bajrami, Florim Grajcevci, Valon Veseli, Florim Istrefi ......................................... 186
Analysis and testing of columns reinforced with steel and GFRP BARS ................................ 187
Zijadin Guri, Gjorgji Kokalanov, Danilo Ristić ......................................................................187
Experimental and numerical Analysis of the steel columns under the axial load based on
European Design Norms .............................................................................................................. 195
Armend Mujaj, Florim Grajcevci, Driton Kryeziu, Ferit Gashi ...............................................195
Fire resistance analysis of one-way simply supported reinforced concrete slabs axially
unrestraint and fully restraint ..................................................................................................... 204
Fidan Salihu, Fatos Pllana, Meri Cvetkovska .......................................................................... 204
Comparison of wind loads on Canopies according to TS 498 and Eurocode 1 considering
obstruction ratio under the roof .................................................................................................. 212
viii
Zekeriya Aydın, Sinan Şahin, İbrahim Özadıkti ........................................................................ 212
Evaluation of cantilevered canopy roofs designed considering wind loads defined in TS 498
........................................................................................................................................................ 220
Zekeriya Aydın, Sinan Şahin , İbrahim Özadıkti ....................................................................... 220
Parameters that affect the seismic assessment and retrofit of two historical heritage buildings
of Albania ...................................................................................................................................... 228
Erdal Emre Çeçen, Ergys Çaushi ............................................................................................. 228
Damage assessment and retrofitting strategies used in different low- and mid-rise buildings
........................................................................................................................................................ 237
Arton D. Dautaj, Markel Baballëku .......................................................................................... 237
Nonlinear modeling and design of the unreinforced masonry structures ............................... 247
Florim Grajçevci, Agona Ramaj, Fjolla Nicaj .......................................................................... 247
Influence of confined concrete behavior on RC moment resisting frames .............................. 256
Hüseyin Bilgin, Bredli Plaku ..................................................................................................... 256
Lab-tests of original and upgraded RC floor-beam and column connections of modern precast
hall system ..................................................................................................................................... 264
Labeat Misini, Jelena Ristic, Viktor Hristovski, Danilo Ristic ................................................. 264
Probabilistic Resilience Analysis of Smart Steel Frame Structures Subjected to Intentional
Blast Loading ................................................................................................................................ 275
Sardasht S. Weli, Sara M. Elqudah , László Gergely Vigh ....................................................... 275
Comparation of different slabs in RC structure ........................................................................ 283
Cene Krasniqi, Markel Baballëku, Enes Krasniqi .................................................................... 283
Evaluation of seismic response of frame structure designed in accordance withEurocode8 284
Ivan Mrdak, Marina Rakocevic ................................................................................................. 284
Seismic Risk in the municipality of Kruja .................................................................................. 293
Klajdi Shaholli, Rikard Luka, Markel Baballëku, Renti Haziraj .............................................. 293
Traditional structures vs structures with damper devices considering SSI ............................ 294
Aleksandra Bogdanovic, Kemal Edip, Julijana Bojadjieva, Vlatko Sheshov ............................ 294
Informal building vulnerability in Albania, based on Nov. 26, 2019, earthquake evidences. 303
Rikard Luka , Markel Baballëku , Genti Qirjazi ...................................................................... 303
Laboratory assessment of performance for concrete specimens .............................................. 304
Artur Roshi ................................................................................................................................ 304
Residual Analysis and GMPE Ranking Metrics for Western BalkanStrongMotioDatabase 312
Anila Xhahysa, Klajdi Qoshi ..................................................................................................... 312
Technical aspects of steel sheet pile solutions to prevent and mitigate climate change and
natural hazard events ................................................................................................................... 313
Borana Kullolli, Amine El Kasim, Valerija Ajkovi .................................................................. 313
Assessment of Earthquake effects in an earth dam ................................................................... 321
Kemal Edip ................................................................................................................................ 321
Comparative Study of Wind and Seismic Loads Effect on the 128-Meter-Tall Building located
in the Bay of Vlorë ........................................................................................................................ 329
ix
Kemal Edip ................................................................................................................................ 329
COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING ......................................................... 355
An algorithm for less! Using scripts to address problems regarding the predesign of reinforced
concrete structures ....................................................................................................................... 356
Erion Çobani, Albi Alliaj ......................................................................................................... 356
Building the GUI - for fast parametric model generation of 2D MDOF systems ................... 364
Isak Idrizi, Zekirija Idrizi, Blerta Idrizi..................................................................................... 364
A study on the efficiency of different types of numerical techniques for dynamic response
analysis of 2D MDOF systems ..................................................................................................... 365
Zekirija Idrizi, Isak Idrizi, Lisa Jusufi ....................................................................................... 365
Generating response spectra from earthquake ground motion records.................................. 366
Isak Idrizi, Zekirija Idrizi, Blerta Idrizi..................................................................................... 366
Retrofitting of reinforced concrete column with externally bonded FRP mesh- Comparison and
Numerical Methods ...................................................................................................................... 367
Vlorian Kaqi, Bledian Nela, Naser Kabashi ............................................................................. 367
Structural response of the masonry infilled reinforced concrete frames: A numerical approach
........................................................................................................................................................ 374
Bledian Nela, Vlorian Kaqi, Naser Kabashi ............................................................................. 374
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT ......................................................... 382
Maintenance as a Tool to Avoid Defects in Sports Facilities: A Case Study of “Fadil Vokrri”
Stadium in Prishtina .................................................................................................................... 383
Nexhmi Krasniqi, Idaver Huseini, Besim Duraku, Anjeza Alaj ................................................ 383
Quality management for design and built versus design bid build contracts for infrastructure
projects .......................................................................................................................................... 389
Esat Gashi, Marjan Ivezaj ......................................................................................................... 389
Impact of Covid-19 in the Construction Sector in Kosovo: A post pandemic overview ........ 398
Vlorian Kaqi, Ilir Rodiqi ........................................................................................................... 398
Impact of delay completion of works to financial S-Curve – Railway rehabilitation project in
Kosovo (Fushe Kosove-Hani i Elezit) .......................................................................................... 399
Valon Veseli, Esat Gashi, Vlorian Bublaku, Donika Xhakli ..................................................... 399
Albanian Productivity in Construction ...................................................................................... 407
Altin Seranaj, Agim Seranaj, Altin Piqani ............................................................................... 407
The methods used for depreciation of infrastructure assets receive extensive attention ....... 418
Diana Bardhi ............................................................................................................................. 418
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS ...................................................................................................... 426
Defects in concrete structures – Poor material quality or improper manufacturing ............ 427
Florentinë Latifi, Agona Ramaj, Naser Kabashi, Florim Grajçevci ......................................... 427
Concept development for the design of a permeable paving stone .......................................... 435
Meriton Ramizi, Johannes Kirnbauer, Teresa Liberto, Agathe Robisson ................................. 435
Eco-sustainable binder for masonry consolidation.................................................................... 444
Benedetta Costa, Teresa Liberto, Maurizio Pietro Bellotto, Agathe Robisson .............................. 444
x
Explosive spalling of concrete under fire load - A review of spalling theory development ... 445
Johannes Kirnbauer1, Anna-Laura Bund1, Agathe Robisson1 .................................................. 445
Challenges in Hazardous Waste Management during Energy Efficiency Renovations: Case
Study of Mitrovica ....................................................................................................................... 453
Nafije Gashi - Ademi, Vlerë Krasniqi, Luljeta Hoxha - Osmani ............................................... 453
Repair Principles for Corrosion-Damaged Reinforced Concrete Structures ......................... 460
Naser Kabashi, Mihrie Bajoku .................................................................................................. 460
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING .................................................................................................. 467
Geothermal piles a sustainable concept of alternative and renewable energy ...................... 468
Josif Josifovski, Guxim Rrudhani .............................................................................................. 468
Geotechnical studies at a construction site in Porto Romano area, Albania ........................... 476
Endri Duro, Ardita Malaj, Iljana Kero, Skënder Allkja ............................................................ 476
Hybridnamic rapid load tests on driven steel pipe piles in sandy ground compared with static
load test .......................................................................................................................................... 484
Shihchun Lin, Shuichi Kamei, Isaku Yamamoto, Koji Watanabe, Tatsunori Matsumoto ......... 484
A case study on bearing capacities of driven steel pipe piles from load tests and empirical
formulas based on SPT and CPT ................................................................................................ 493
Shihchun Lin, Shuichi Kamei, Isaku Yamamoto, Koji Watanabe, Tatsunori Matsumoto ......... 493
Experimental and numerical soil stability analysis of biopolymer-treated slope ................ 501
Aleksandra Nikolovska Atanasovska, Josif Josifovski .............................................................. 501
Geophysical surveys in order to determine the possibility of concentration of compact marbles
in Syrigane locality, Skenderaj Municipality, Kosovo .............................................................. 509
Islam Fejza, Idriz Jata, Lavdim Osmanaj, Astrit Shala ............................................................ 509
Assessment of liquefaction potential on selected sites from Albania and N. Macedonia based on
in-situ tests ..................................................................................................................................... 519
J. Bojadjieva, V Sheshov, K Edip, N. Shkodrani, A. Bogdanovic, T. Kitanovski, D. Ivanovski 519
Soil improvement with geosynthetics in construction of railway track bed in weak soils –
Rehabilitation of Kosovo Railway Route 10 ............................................................................... 527
Guxim Rrudhani, Esat Gashi, Isë Dakaj, Sylë Berisha ............................................................. 527
Structural analysis, reinforcing and stabilizing interventions of existing structures in historical
areas ............................................................................................................................................... 533
Mentor Balilaj, Xhevahir Aliu, Megi Xhafaj ............................................................................. 533
Landslide susceptibility mapping applied to territory planning .............................................. 541
Besnik Ago, Shkëlqim Daja, Arjol Lule ..................................................................................... 541
Geological study and safety of construction work: Albanian Practice and the need for
improvements ................................................................................................................................ 548
Arjol Lule, Shkëlqim Daja, Besnik Ago ..................................................................................... 548
Simple approach to damage assessment of rock-earth filled dams .......................................... 554
Rezeart Zgjanjolli, Markel Baballëku, Rikard Luka ................................................................. 554
Rock Mass Characterization and kinematic slope stability analysis of the Cretaceous
Limestones of the Jonian Zone, Sarandë, Albania .................................................................... 555
Shkëlqim Daja, Besnik Ago, Arjol Lule ..................................................................................... 555
xi
Susceptibility of Liquefaction Phenomena Under the Circumstance of 26 November 2019
Earthquake (A case study: Golem area) .................................................................................... 111
Shpresa Gashi, Neritan Shkodrani, Alketa Ndoj, Laureta Sharra ............................................ 563
HYDRAULICS ENGINEERING ....................................................................................................... 564
Incorporation of the viscoelastic behavior in modelling the water hammer in viscoelastic
pipeline and comparison with classical elastic models ............................................................. 565
Fahri Maho ............................................................................................................................... 565
HYDROLOGY, FLOODING AND WATER MANAGEMENT ...................................................... 575
Expected moments algorithm as a means to calculate log-pearson type 3 distribution
parameters in case of gaps in hydrological series: A case study from Vjosa River Basin .... 576
Santino Spahiu, Enkelejda Gjinali, Andrin Kërpaçi ................................................................. 576
Elements of complex dynamics in the series of lateral flows in hydropower basins ............... 584
Megi Meta, Dode Prenga .......................................................................................................... 584
Recent Trends of Several High and Low-Lands Rivers in Kosovo and Region ...................... 593
Arban Berisha ........................................................................................................................... 593
Probable maximum flood analysis for the Radoniqi Reservoir ............................................... 594
Lavdim Osmanaj, Laura Kusari,, Venera Hajdari .................................................................... 594
Evapotranspiration map for Albania ......................................................................................... 602
Andrin Kërpaçi, Ilir Abdullahu ................................................................................................. 602
Transposition of the EU water directives into national legislation of Kosova: the progress and
challenges in implementation ...................................................................................................... 611
Afrim Lajçi .............................................................................. 61Error! Bookmark not defined.
Intense channel modifications in the Erzen River, Albania, following rapid socio-economical
changes .......................................................................................................................................... 620
Bestar Cekrezi, Guido Zolezzi, Marta Crivellaro ..................................................................... 620
Reuse of Treated Waste Water .................................................................................................... 621
Sokol Xhafa, Skender Bublaku, Luan Jusufi ............................................................................. 621
Water footprint: definitions, environmental impacts & sustainability ................................... 627
Alfred Lako, Konalsi Gjoka ....................................................................................................... 627
The effects of climate change on rivers and lakes water temperature and ice phenomena -
Poland case study ......................................................................................................................... 635
Mariusz Sojka, Mariusz Ptak .................................................................................................... 635
HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES AND COASTAL ENGINEERING.................................................. 636
A study of hydrodynamic features in the coastal zone of Durrës Bay, Albania ...................... 637
Idlir Lami, Oltion Marko ........................................................................................................... 637
SUSTAINABLE DESIGN .................................................................................................................. 644
Utilizing landscape to reduce city traffic noise issues ................................................................ 645
Ledia Aleksi, Enola Martopullo, Aleksandra Nicka .................................................................. 645
Contemporary design approach to the Modiliving residential center ...................................... 652
Semijal Hasani Ziberi, Blend Hasani, Lisa Jusufi .................................................................... 652
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING ............................................................................................. 653
xii
Sight distance analyses in road safety design ............................................................................. 654
Iralda Xhaferaj .......................................................................................................................... 654
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY/EIA AND SEA ............................................................................. 658
Identification of Pointed Sources of Air Emissions in the Territory of Albania ..................... 659
Kleant Semema, Neritan Shkodrani .......................................................................................... 659
Strategic Environmental Assessment: A Case Study of an Innovation and Training Park in
Prizren .......................................................................................................................................... 666
Vlerë Krasniqi, Nexhmi Krasniqi, Lumnije Gashi – Shabani ................................................... 666
External review of EIA Reports in Albania. A missing step to identify information gaps and
deficiencies in EIA Reports .......................................................................................................... 674
Entela Çobani, Joana Gjipalaj, Ledia Aleksi ............................................................................ 674
Keychallenges and future directions toward sustainable waste managementinMontenegro 681
Marija Jevrić, Ivana Ćipranić, Milena Ostojić, Olga Ćalasan ................................................. 681
Assessing the Potential of Lolium multiflorum and Trifolium pratense as Bioindicators of Heavy
Metal Pollution .............................................................................................................................. 689
Arlinda Cakaj, Maria Drapikowska, Marta Lisiak-Zielińska, Anneta Hanć, Klaudia Borowiak,
Kinga Drzewiecka, Arbnore Cakaj ............................................................................................ 689
WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT ............................................................................... 690
Aerobic vs. anaerobic membrane bioreactor (MBR) applications in waste water treatment
plants in Albania Case study: WWTP in the “SAN PIETRO” tourist village ........................ 691
Entela Çobani, Blerina Beqaj, Hilda Hoti ................................................................................ 691
Selection of processes in decentralized treatment systems for special facilities ...................... 698
Premton Thaqi, Figene Ahmedi, Cenë Krasniqi ....................................................................... 698
Possible Application of New Technologies in Water Conservation in Albania ....................... 699
Sindi Alliu, Oltion Marko, Joana Gjipalaj ................................................................................ 699
Circular economy model application in the context of wastewater treatment plants in Albania
........................................................................................................................................................ 707
Enkelejda Gjinali, Meivis Struga, Elisabeta Poçi, Arbana Kola .............................................. 707
Hierarchical meso-/macroporous titania beads for photocatalytic degradation of organic
pollutants ...................................................................................................................................... 716
Joana Gjipalaj, Ivano Alessandri.............................................................................................. 716
EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY ................................................................................ 722
Preliminary evaluation of the potential of the wind source for the production of electricity in
the absence of on-site measurements. Case study area Fushe - Milot Kurbin ....................... 723
Konalsi Gjoka, Alfred Lako ....................................................................................................... 723
Techno-Economic analysis of PV system installed for smart sustainable agriculture farms:
Piskove Village, Permet ................................................................................................................ 735
Meivis Struga ............................................................................................................................ 735
RISK ASSESSMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT .............................................. 742
Potential Risk Assessment of Soil Erosion in Raboshta Watersheds .................................... 743
Oltion Marko, Joana Gjipalaj ................................................................................................... 743
Fire, fire management and fire risk assessment of Fire Station ............................................... 744
xiii
Almir Rushiti ............................................................................................................................. 744
Earthquake resistance assessment of RC hospital buildings of the city of Tetova, as a vital unit
of Pollog region ............................................................................................................................. 750
Semijal Hasani Ziberi, Idaver Huseini, Lisa Jusufi .................................................................. 750
The possibility of collecting historical data on the consequences of floods in Montenegro ... 759
Ivana Ćipranić, Marija Jevrić, Milena Ostojić, Olga Ćalasan ................................................. 759
Evaluation of Soil Eroded Material Using Erosion Potential Method (Case study: “Shkalla”
lake in Tirana, Albania) ............................................................................................................... 767
Era Fusha, Oltion Marko, Joana Gjipalaj ................................................................................ 767
Fragility functions parameter for seismic risk evaluation of highway bridges ....................... 774
Iralda Xhaferaj .......................................................................................................................... 774
Assessment of heavy metals concentration in reservoirs with different type of construction 780
Joanna Jaskuła, Mariusz Sojka ................................................................................................. 780
Effect of the cross-linker on the structure and morphology of porous Yttria Stabilized Zirconia
beads ............................................................................................................................................. 781
Joana Gjipalaj, Ivano Alessandri.............................................................................................. 781
CLIMATE CHANGES AND ADAPTATION TO THEM ............................................................... 787
Engineered wetlands use case for climate change adaptation of vineyards in the Rahovec wine
region of Kosovo ........................................................................................................................... 788
Dustin Sanchez, Vlerë Krasniqi ................................................................................................ 788
ENGINEERING AGAINST THE OBJECTIVES OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ........... 797
Turning Soil Contamination into Treasure!!! .......................................................................... 798
Enkelejda Gjinali, Erida Curraj................................................................................................ 798
ENGINEERING GEODESY AND SURVEY MONITORING ......................................................... 807
Geological conditions and the surveying of the Region of Ishmi for urban development ..... 808
Marin Allaraj, Sokol Allaraj, Defrim Shkupi ............................................................................ 808
An overview of geodetic methods for the study of tall infrastructural objects. ...................... 810
Artan Rexhepi, Lyubka Pashova, Bashkim Idrizi ...................................................................... 810
The change in the Mean Sea Level of the Adriatic, based on data from the satellite mareographs
of Shengjin and Durres. ............................................................................................................... 819
Ethem Bejko, Bledar Sina, Eduart Blloshmi, Namik Kopliku ................................................... 819
HIGHER GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY, PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND RS ............................ 827
Creation of a website for monitoring the tide gauges in the Republic of Albania and their data
analysis ........................................................................................................................................... 828
Arli Llabani, Freskida Abazaj ................................................................................................... 828
Challenges and achievements over the years on the Department of Geodesy in Republic of
Kosova ........................................................................................................................................... 829
Fitore Bajrami Lubishtani, Milot Lubishtani ............................................................................ 829
Comparison of accuracy and performance for determining coordinates of the points using GPS
instruments and UAV Technology in urban areas .................................................................... 837
Arli Llabani, Namik Kopliku ..................................................................................................... 837
xiv
State Coordinate Reference Systems of the Republic of Kosova and the Republic of North
Macedonia in international EPSG and PROJ databases .......................................................... 845
Bashkim Idrizi ........................................................................................................................... 845
Assessing of UAVs technology for the documentation and preservation of cultural heritage
buildings ........................................................................................................................................ 855
Almedina Rapuca, Namik Kopliku ............................................................................................ 855
Realization of vertical references for Albania ............................................................................ 861
Bledar Sina, Namik Kopliku, Bilbil Nurçe, Eduart Blloshmi ................................................... 861
Development of the Horizontal Datum of Albania .................................................................... 869
Eduart Blloshmi, Gëzim Gjata, Bilbil Nurçe, Bledar Sina ........................................................ 869
Effects of earth magnetic field changing in airspace navigation .............................................. 876
Senada Mehmeti, Genti Qirjazi ................................................................................................. 876
Creation and adjustment of pilot GNSS Active Network and generation of virtual GNSS
stations using VRS interpolation method for CORS network stations .................................... 883
Genti Qirjazi, Bilbil Nurçe ........................................................................................................ 883
Flood Monitoring Based on the Study of Sentinel-1 SAR Images:Buna River Case Study ... 885
Freskida Abazaj, Arli Llabani , Gëzim Hasko ........................................................................... 885
INFRASTRUCTURE OF GEOSPATIAL DATA AND INFORMATION (NSDI), GIS, GEOMATICS
AND GEOSCIENCE .......................................................................................................................... 893
3D processing of ALS data through FME tools to create 3D spatial models for urban planning
........................................................................................................................................................ 894
Hebib Alili, Fadil Shehu ............................................................................................................ 894
Interpretation, principle and convenience of the formation of the INTERLIS cadastral data
model for Kosovo and their transfer to the current forms of GIS standards ......................... 903
Hebib Alili, Fadil Shehu ............................................................................................................ 903
GIS supported methodology for screening of optimal locations for exploitation of renewable
energy resources ........................................................................................................................... 911
Subija Izeiroski, Bashkim Idrizi ................................................................................................ 911
Managing changes in airspace structure with GIS technology ................................................ 921
Senada Mehmeti, Marpol Koço, Edmond Hoxha ...................................................................... 921
The use of elevation data in geospatial analysis ......................................................................... 930
Besim Ajvazi, Perparim Ameti, Milaim Sylka ........................................................................... 930
HISTORICAL AND MONUMENTAL BUILDINGS ....................................................................... 931
Structural health monitoring based on IoT technology ............................................................ 932
Grigor Angjeliu, Rikard Luka, Markel Baballëku ..................................................................... 932
Practices in preservation of a historical bridge. Case study: Kurçaj Bridge .......................... 111
Ergys Çaushi, Erdal Emre Çeçen ............................................................................................. 941
Geodesic and aero-photogrammetric surveys for the restoration of the Durres Amphitheater
........................................................................................................................................................ 950
Marin Allaraj, Sokol Allaraj ..................................................................................................... 950
256
Influence of confined concrete behavior on RC moment resisting
frames
Hüseyin Bilgin1, Bredli Plaku2
1Professor in Faculty of Architecture and Engineering, EPOKA University - Tirana, Albania
2Student in Master Studies in Faculty of Architecture and Engineering, EPOKA University - Tirana, Albania
*Corresponding author: hbilgin@epoka.edu.al;
Abstract
In this paper, the influence of confined concrete models on the response RC structures
will be investigated at member and global system levels. The commonly encountered concrete
models such as Kent-Park, Mander and Saatcioglu-Razvi will be considered. A moment
resisting frame designed according to the premodern code will be taken into consideration to
reflect an example of RC moment resisting frame in the current building stock. The building
will be considered to be in earthquake prone zone to be located on Z3 Soil Type. Inelastic
response of the building frame will be modeled by considering the nonlinear section response
of each beam and column elements for different concrete class and stirrups spacings. The
models will be subjected to nonlinear static analyses. The differences of confined concrete
models will be comparatively investigated at both reinforced concrete member and system
levels.
Keywords: Nonlinear static analysis, moment-curvature relationships, concrete
confinement models, seismic action.
1. INTRODUCTION
Reinforced concrete is the most used material in construction due to its durability,
flexibility, and cost. Plain concrete is resistant to compression by itself, and steel is resistant in
tension. The combination of these materials to reinforced concrete creates a composite material
that is both resistant to compression and tension. When applying a point load, flexural stresses
are formed. The top fibres are in compression and bottom fibres are in tension, thus the
reinforcement is placed in the tension zone.
There has been a notable trend in recent decades, particularly in the assessment of seismic
behaviour of existing structures, towards displacement-based analysis methods instead of force-
based methods. These methods consider the non-linear behaviour of structures, enabling more
realistic results to be obtained. The structural elements, and consequently the non-linear
behaviour of the structure, are modelled using plastic hinges determined according to the
element properties. [1] Therefore, determining the behaviour of plastic hinges is a crucial part
of the analysis for estimating the structure's behaviour.
Understanding the stress-strain relationship of concrete and steel is crucial for designing
safe structures. The linear and nonlinear behaviours that these materials exhibit must be
considered to analyse their response under load. [2]
257
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Objective
The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of different concrete models proposed
by various researchers on the behaviour of reinforced concrete in element level and different
concrete grades and reinforcement in system level. A four-story frame structure has been
considered for the analysis. The nonlinear behaviour is expressed using the incremental
pushover analysis method, which is widely used in research. The concrete models proposed by
Kent-Part (1971) [3], Saatçioğlu-Razvi (1992) [4], and Mander (1994) [5] are used to construct
the stress-strain relationship of concrete.
2.2 Unconfined and Confined Concrete Models
The stress-strain relationship demonstrates how a material deforms when subjected to
external loads. It used to determine the mechanical properties of the material, such as stiffness,
strength, and ductility. These curves are simplified by idealizing them with mathematical
models. The stress-strain relationship for concrete is conducted 28 days after the concrete is set.
A cylindrical (150x300 mm) or cubic (150x150x150 mm) sample is placed under a constantly
increasing load until it fails. Due to the ease of drilling on-site and flexibility, the cylindrical
shape is the most widely used for the specimen. The stress-strain curve of concrete is influenced
by numerous components, making it impossible to define a single curve for each case.
Therefore, various concrete models have been proposed by different researchers. Generally, the
change in the strength of concrete due to confinement and the corresponding ultimate
deformation values are calculated based on the lateral reinforcement. Unconfined concrete
indicates that the structural member has no lateral reinforcement, such as steel ties or hoops,
and confined concrete indicates that there is lateral reinforcement present. Thus, confined
concrete models are considered to study the increase in strength and ductility of the reinforced
concrete members.
2.2.1 Modified Kent-Park Model
The Modified Kent and Park Model is based on the original Kent and Park Model by
taking into consideration the change in concrete strength due to the confinement. The maximum
stress and strain are at point B.
Figure 48. Modified Kent-Park Concrete Model [6]
258
Region AB, where :
Region BC, where :
Where:
Region CD, where :
2.2.2 Mander Model
The Mander Model is another concrete model proposed by Mander.
The effective cylinder compressive strength of confined concrete is 0.8 times the cube
compressive strength of confined concrete.
Where:
Figure 49 Stress-strain curve of confined concrete proposed by Mander [6]
The effective cylinder compressive strength of confined concrete is 0.8 times the cube
compressive strength of confined concrete.
259
The strength of the confining stress relies on the thickness, strength, and spacing of the
confining reinforcement. The highest attainable strength of a confined cylinder, called the "peak
confined cylinder strength"
, is linked to the lateral confining pressure being exerted.
2.2.3 Saatçioğlu-Razvi Model
Saatçioğlu and Ravzi proposed a model based on numerous experimental results, which
can be used for circular and rectangular reinforcement cases. This model consists of a parabolic
rising curve and a linear decreasing curve up to 20% of the strength, and a horizontal curve
after 20% of the strength.
Figure 50. Saatçioğlu-Ravzi Model [4]
Saatçioğlu and Ravzi suggested the following expressions for the concrete strength with
reinforcement and corresponding deformation. [4]
For rectangular sections:
For circular sections:
2.3 Defining the Materials and Section Properties
In this study, a four-story reinforced concrete residential building with four openings in
both directions, each with a clear span of 16x16 m and a floor height of 2.8 m, has been
analysed. To simplify the calculations, analyses were conducted on a frame taken from the
central axis of the symmetrical building in both directions.
260
Figure 51. Extracted frame from the residential building structure
Considering the number of floors and the characteristic features of the structure, it is
designed in a first-degree earthquake zone located on Z3 soil, which is in the highest risk group
for possible earthquakes. [7] Nonlinear pushover analysis has been used to accurately reflect
the capacity and ductility behaviour of the structures. DBYBHY [7], FEMA 356 [8], and ATC-
40 [9] documents were utilized to create the models for the pushover analysis.
The member sections are varying. The longitudinal reinforcement is for beams and
the reinforcement is for the columns.
Table 15. Different study cases taken into consideration
Case 1
Case 2
Type
Residential
Floors
4
Height (m)
2.8
Frame Weight = (ton)
200
Concrete Cover (mm)
25
Concrete Grade
C16
C10
Steel Grade
S220
Stirrup Spacing (mm)
100
250
B-250x500 C-250x500 C-250x400 C-500x250 C-400x250
Figure 52. The beam and column sections
261
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
For the considered member types, moment-curvature is calculated for all three concrete
models and compared. Moment-curvature diagrams are demonstrated for different concrete
classes and stirrup distances, considering the axial load (N = 48 tons) of the most critical middle
column (250x500 mm) in the model.
Graph 1. and Graph 2. Moment-Curvature diagram for the beam with different concrete
grades and stirrup spacings (in cm)
Graph 1 and Graph 2 illustrate the moment-curvature diagrams for the beam element
used in the model, for different concrete grades and stirrup spacing. When the concrete grade
and confinement reinforcement are good, the Saatçioğlu-Razvi concrete model yields a higher
moment capacity at high curvature values compared to the Modified Kent-Park and Mander
models. However, for other cases, as can be observed from the graphs, there is no significant
difference among the three models.
Graph 3. and Graph 4. Moment-Curvature diagram for the column with different
concrete grades and stirrup spacings (in cm)
As illustrated in Graph 3. and Graph 4. Moment-Curvature diagram for the column with
different concrete grades and stirrup spacings (in cm) for the column element, the Mander
model exhibits a higher moment capacity at high curvature values compared to the Modified
Kent-Park model, particularly in well-confined elements with a stirrup spacing of 10 cm.
262
However, the Modified Kent-Park model yields lower moment capacity at large curvature
values. The Saatçioğlu-Razvi model approaches the Mander model when the concrete grade is
good but becomes like the Modified Kent-Park model when the concrete grade is lower.
Graph 5. and Graph 6. System-level behaviour of the frame for different concrete grades
and stirrup spacings (in cm)
As demonstrated in Graph 5. and Graph 6. System-level behaviour of the frame for
different concrete grades and stirrup spacings (in cm), the Modified Kent-Park model shows
that when the stirrup spacing is tight, the effect of concrete quality on ductility is not very
significant, but this difference is more pronounced in the Mander and Saatçioğlu-Razvi material
models. The capacity levels can be considered approximately identical in all three systems. The
effect of concrete quality and stirrup spacing on ductility in the different material models is
summarized in Table 16.
Table 16. The effect of concrete grade and stirrup spacing on ductility
Percentage of drift at which the capacity begins to
decrease (%)
Concrete Model
C16
C10
S10
S25
Mander
1.86
1.05
Modified City-Park
1.68
1.07
Saatçioğlu-Razvi
1.80
1.05
CONCLUSION
This study examined the effect of different concrete grades and stirrup spacings on the
behaviour of structural members and the frame in system-level using different concrete models.
The following conclusions, based on the study, are expected to be valid for residential buildings
like the one considered:
Differences between models are less apparent in beam members (Graph 1 and Graph
2). In such members, the behaviour is determined by the stress-strain relationship of
the reinforcing steel used, making the differences between models negligible. In
under-reinforced beams with no axial load, ductile behaviour is expected.
The Mander model provides higher moment capacity values under large curvature
values than the Modified Kent-Park model (Graph 3 and Graph 4) particularly in
column sections.
The Saatçioğlu-Razvi model approaches the Mander model when the concrete grade is
good but approaches the Modified Kent-Park model when the concrete grade lowers.
263
No significant effect of the reinforcement and concrete grade is observed on the lateral
load-bearing capacity of the structure for all models (Graph 5 and Graph 6).
In the system level, when the concrete grade is good and stirrup spacing is thin (C16-
S25), the Mander model has 5% more displacement capacity than the Modified Kent-
Park model, while the Saatçioğlu-Razvi model has 6% more. The moment-curvature
differences that are big at the member-level are lost at the system level, and the effect
of these results for reinforced concrete remains insignificant.
The effect of differences seen at section-level are very limited in the system-level.
Except for the Improved Kent-Park model showing less ductility in the C16 case, there
were no significant differences observed between the other two models (Table 16).
When looking at joint distributions at the time of collapse, the fact that the joints that
reach the collapse state first are formed at the column ends indicates a strong, beam-
weak column mechanism.
REFERENCES
[1]
L. D. S. Amr S. Elnashai, Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering, 1st ed.,
Wiley, 2008, p. 347.
[2]
M. Sözen, Stiffness of R/C Members, vol. CE 676 Behavior of Reinforced
Concrete Members, Purdue University, 2001.
[3]
R. P. Dudley Charles Kent, “Flexural Members with Confined Concrete,”
Journal of the Structural Division, vol. 97, pp. 1969-1990, 1971.
[4]
A. K. Ü. S. M.Yaşar KALTAKCI, “Experimentally and Analytical
Investigation of Axially Loaded Tied Columns with and without Steel Fibers,” Dokuz
Eylul University Journal, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 65-85, 2006.
[5]
M. J. N. P. R. P. J. B. Mander, “Theoretical Stress‐Strain Model for Confined
Concrete,” Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 114, no. 8, 1988.
[6]
G. R. K. V. Akanshu Sharma, “Nonlinear Seismic Analysis of Reinforced
Concrete Framed Structures Considering Joint Distortion,” Head, Scientific
Information Resource Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 2012.
[7]
Ministry of Public Works and Settlement, “Specification for Buildings to be
Built in Seismic Zones,” Government of Republic of Turkey, 2007.
[8]
ASCE, “Pre-standard and Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation of
Buildings,” 2000.
[9]
ATC, “Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Concrete Buildings,” 1996.
