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Elemental Composition of Reindeer Pasture Plants and Lichens in Nadym District (Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Area)
Abstract
There are plans to expand reindeer husbandry in the Nadym District of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Area. For this purpose, we studied the elemental composition of the dominant species of the tundra and open boreal woodland vegetation cover. We analyzed leaves of dwarf birch (Betula nana L.), dwarf shrubs of bog blueberry (Vaccinium uliginosum L.), marsh Labrador tea (Ledum palustre L.), and leatherleaf (Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench); sphagnum moss (Sphagnum sp. L.); and fruticose lichens (Cladina stellaris (Opiz.) Brodo). The X-ray fluorescence analysis was used to obtain data on the content of Ca, K, P, Si, Mg, Na, S, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Cr, Ti, and Al. We defined the biogeochemical features of the reindeer forage plants. In vascular plants and sphagnum mosses, the content of almost all essential macroelements is low, while the content of most microelements (Cu, Ni, Co, Cr, and Mn) exceeds the world average values. The lichens are characterized by low concentration of Ca, K, Mg, and P, which is more than one order of magnitude lower than the world average values, and the deficiency of microelements. The results were compared with the results from similar studies in other geographical regions of the tundra zone, and it was found that tundra plants have a similar pattern of element accumulation. In particular, leaves of dwarf birch are distinguished by accumulation of Mg; the content of Al, Fe, and Si is increased in mosses; Mn is accumulated in dwarf shrubs and dwarf birch; lichens are characterized by the deficiency of most elements. Therefore, in order to prevent animal diseases, it is necessary to improve the elemental composition of reindeers feed by increasing the share of “green” forage in winter, when lichens dominate the diet.
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The chemical elemental composition of the most widespread species of wood (Betula pubescens, Larix sibirica, Pinus sylvestris, Salix lanata), shrubs (Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Ledum palustust sl), herbs (Eriophorum angustifolium, Equisetum arvense) and lichens (Cladonia stellaris, Cladonia stygia). The concentrations of Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Y, V, Na, Mg, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, S obtained using the method of retgenofluorescence energy dispersion analysis. The features of the local biogeochemical background of plants are revealed and their geochemical specialization is studied. The greatest difference in the level of accumulation between different plant species was found for Ni, Zn, Ca, Mn, S, and Si. The analysis of the accumulation coefficients of chemical elements in plants relative to the local background level is carried out. Statistical significant differences in the elements accumulation by plants in different bioclimatic zones were revealed for Cu, Fe, Co, Cr, As, Mg, V, Y. The studied plants according to environmental safety criteria and the content of normalized micro- and macrocells mainly meet the requirements for fodder plants. The exception is the low content of nutrients Co, Na and K. For the prevention of animal diseases associated with a deficiency of essential elements, it is necessary to optimize the diet of deer by enriching feed with biologically active substances and macro- and microelements.
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug has been long presented as the most reindeer-herding and the largest gas producing region of Russia. The synthesis of modern technologies and the “traditional way of life” has become the brand of Yamal. The outbreak of the Siberian plague in Yamal in the summer of 2016 attracted increased attention to the issues of reindeer herding. In the course of the remediation of the consequences of the epizootic, the world’s biggest domestic reindeer population, which used to be a source of pride for Yamalians, was declared to be the main ecological problem of the region, the reason of which was said to be in the livestock breeding methods of the Nenets. The anthrax and the issue of overgrazing provoked discussions among the scholars of different disciplines and demonstrated the need for the state regulation of reindeer herding. The article provides a review and an analysis of the recent critical events in the field of reindeer herding and the discourses of the parties involved, including the contradictory views of the representatives of natural and social sciences on the reasons of the anthrax outbreak and the problem of overgrazing.
The total concentrations of metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Sr) and their mobile forms extracted by an ammonium acetate buffer (pH = 4,8) were studied in soils samples collected from Nadym-Pur interfluve (West Siberia), near the northern limit of the taiga zone. The heavy metal content was determined in 55 background soil samples and in 25 pyrogenic ones. Gross content was determined on a spectrometer "SPECTROSCAN MAX-GV" using X-ray fluorescence analysis. Mobile forms of metals were determined on a ContrAA 700 atomic absorption spectrometer by flame and electrothermal methods. The statistics are calculated using the Excel software package. The study confirmed the weak accumulation of metals in the soils of the northern regions of Western Siberia. The total content below the soil world average for Fe is 5 times, Mn – 3 times, Sr – 2 times, Cr – 1,4 times. The content of mobile forms varies widely depending on the amount of organic matter. The percentage of mobile forms of metals from the total content was: Cr – 0.84%, Fe – 1,2%, Sr – 3,8%, Mn – 8,7%, Ni – 15%. In the profile of podzols, the distribution of mobile forms of metals has an eluvial-illuvial character. Mn and Sr accumulate intensively in the surface organogenic horizons, and the Fe content increases in the BF horizon. Minimum values are marked in horizon E. In pyrogenic soils, there is an increase in the content of mobile forms of metals due to the intake of ash. Metal content usually not exceeded the maximal permissible concentrations for soils.
Biological cycle, content, and stocks of heavy metals in plant organic matter are an interesting study topic for both ecological description of biogeocenoses and ecological monitoring. The biocenosis includes three plant communities as dwarf shrub-mossy (65.6), dwarf shrub-lichen-mossy (17.9), and dwarf shrub-lichen (16.5% of total area) communities. Soils are Histic Turbic Cryosols under dwarf shrub-mossy community and Histic Cryosols under lichens. Weight fraction of elements in samples was measured by the method of atomic-emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma
SPECTROARCOS. Soil samples for total ratio of elements were treated by the microwave frequency mineralizer Minotavr 2 (Russia, Lumex Ltd). Mobile forms were carried out of soil samples with the help of 1N ammonium acetate buffer solution (AAB) with pH 4.8 for exchange forms, and an outflow in acid digest (1M НСl extract) for acid-soluble forms. Heavy metals in plants were assessed after they had been decomposed using nitric acid-hydrogen peroxide mixture in the microwave frequency mineralizer Minotavr 1 for the method of spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (PND F 6.1:2.3:3.11-98).
Copper and zinc have a high, cadmium – mean, and cobalt, nickel, lead – low frequency rate of biological cycle. Frequency rate of cycle for the majority of elements in lichen communities is high in contrast to leafy moss communities. Mosses slow down cycle of elements and hold them in dead material for long time. Composition of elements in soils under communities normally is the same as that in plants. Organic soil horizon of tundra biocenoses should be considered as a surface soil-geochemical barrier with a slow elemental cycle. Mineral soil part has high concentrations of zinc and low – of cadmium. Besides, concentrations of copper, zinc, nickel, and cadmium is similar to worldwide mean values but concentrations of cobalt and lead slightly exceed them. Differences in profile distribution of elements relate to physical-chemical properties of elements, complex redox conditions of soils due to permafrost and cryoturbation processes. Also, they depend on composition of plant communities.
The features of metal accumulation by the Arctic soils are analyzed. The data of a comparative analysis content of total and metals mobile forms in natural and anthropogenic soils in the Euro-Arctic region are presented. Such areas studied: Frans Joseph Land, Spitsbergen, Solovetsky, Novaya Zemlya, Kolguev Island, cape Kanin Nos, Varnek, Sosnovets Island. The chemical analysis was carried out with the use of modern instrumental methods and certified methods: by X-ray fluorescence and atomic absorption methods. The degree of soil contamination was assessed by the maximum permissible concentrations exceeding and biogeochemical coefficients. Analysis of the experimental data has shown that metals accumulation by different types of soils is ambiguous: zinc and lead predominate in the arctic and tundra bog soils, manganese and cobalt in the non-gley and gley tundra soils, and cobalt and lead in the podzolic and alluvial meadow soils. Correlation analysis revealed the dependence of the metals accumulation with such physicochemical parameters as the content of physical clay, organic matter and the pH of the soil solution. According to the total pollution index (Zc), calculated related to clark, a dangerous level of contamination have the Arctic soils of Pyramid settlement, tundra non-gley soils of cape Belyy Nose, alluvial meadow acidic soils of Dixon settlement and peat soils of Sosnowiec Island. Tundra gley soils in Cape Kanin Nos have a moderately dangerous level of pollution. At the same time, the soils have an acceptable level of contamination with metals mobile forms. Practically all of the examined elements are represented by non-mobile forms, which are confirmed by the high value of the protective soils coefficients.
Data acquired by monitoring modern biogeochemical cycles in tundra ecosystems in zones impacted by facilities of the gas industry indicate the absence of any perceptible changes in the system surface water–bottom sediments–soil–plants and show that the emitted nitrogen oxides beneficially affect productivity of the lichens and the functioning of the tundra ecosystem as a whole.
The results of geocryological and landscape-geochemical studies of frozen peat soils developed on the relic peat in the southern part of the Bolshezemelskaya tundra have been presented. The influence of snow cover on the feature of trace elements distribution in the frozen soil profile has been considered. The formation conditions of cryogenic zone desalination in frozen soils have been analyzed. Indicator geochemical features of cryogenic desalination zone in winter conditions have been determinate and their informative degree in the thawed soils profile has been evaluated. Need of studying of seasonal migration of the chemical elements in the tundra landscape have been pointed out, taking into account the fact that the winter processes in frozen soil profile affect the soil geochemical characteristics even in summer period.
Still the Gold Standard Resource on Trace Elements and Metals in Soils This highly anticipated fourth edition of the bestselling Trace Elements in Soils and Plants reflects the explosion of research during the past decade regarding the presence and actions of trace elements in the soil-plant environment. The book provides information on the biogeochemistry of these elements and explores how they affect food quality. Incorporating data from over 1500 new resources, this edition includes the most up-to-date information on the relationship of trace elements to topics such as: •Soil natural/background contents •Sorption/desorption processes •Anthropogenic impact and soil phytoremediation •Phytoavailability and functions in plants •Contents of food plants The book discusses the assessment of the natural/background content of trace elements in soil, bioindication of the chemical status of environmental compartments, soil remediation, and hyperaccumulation and phytoextraction of trace metals from the soil. The table of contents reflects the IUPAC’s recommendation for numbering element groups, giving the new edition an updated organizational flow. Trace Elements in Soils and Plants, Fourth Edition illustrates why trace elements’ behavior in soil controls their transfer in the food chain, making this book an invaluable reference for agronomists, soil and plant scientists, nutritionists, and geochemists.
Specific features in nutrition of herbivorous mammals as the basis of energy and material balance in animals are considered. Relationships between nutrition parameters and the state of animals and peculiarities of fodder plants are discussed. The role of food quantity and quality in the provision of animals with valuable fodder is assessed. The maximal food consumption is characterized by allometric dependence on the body size (mass). In small mammals (20 g-8 kg), the consumption of food changes is according to M-0.698; in large (4 kg-4 t) ones, M-0.861. The different digestibility in small and large animals explains the differences mentioned above. Nutritive value of different fodder plants, which is related to their nutrient (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and etc.) composition, and their digestibility by animals are characterized. Digestibility is linearly related to the lignin and silica contents in fodder plants. Equations of regression for these relations are presented. Nonruminant ungulates (horses) with hindgut fermentation are capable to consume food of low nutritive value and compensate its low digestibility by use of great mass of forage. Ruminants provide the necessary level of feeding with deeper processing of forage and high selectivity of them with respect to fodder plants. The energy and nitrogen balance in different herbivores is evaluated depending on specific features of pasture vegetation. Responses of populations, their number and distribution to changes in the food quality are described. Requirements in nutrients are shown to remain unsatisfied (even food is abundant and its consumption is high), if the food quality is below the critical level. Peculiarities of food plants restrict the distribution and number of herbivorous mammals.
After acceptance of the Element Concentration Cadasters in Ecosystems (ECCE) programme as an international project sponsored by the International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS) at the 24th General Assembly of IUBS in Amsterdam in Sept 1991, the present status of Biological Trace Element Research (BTER) is presented here from the biological point of view. Especially information on occurrence, essentially, toxicity and uptake form of all 88 naturally occurring chemical elements is presented. In addition an estimated annual production of each element in the year 2000 and examples of their technical application is given. A scientific proposal for further research work on a local, regional and global scale has been discussed.
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