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Diseño experimental de asociación libre semántica sobre alimentos y marcas en población infantil
Abstract
Introducción: Este estudio experimental, centrado en el desarrollo cognitivo infantil y su relación con la nutrición, analizó las asociaciones semánticas de niños y niñas de nueve diferentes ciudades en Colombia con edades comprendidas entre 6 y 13 años (N = 454). Método: Esta investigación tiene un diseño exploratorio, descriptivo correlacional transeccional, basado en una tarea de asociación libre discreta, que consistió en instruir a los participantes para que respondieran a una palabra crítica con las cinco primeras palabras que pensaran, abarcando 100 palabras de alimentos en español y 20 marcas de productos alimenticios. Resultados: Se muestra el valor J por edad, estrato socioeconómico, género y grado académico. Las similitudes significativas (p-value < .001) entre las distribuciones de palabras críticas y las emitidas con mayor frecuencia (f) destacaron la influencia hedónica en las preferencias alimenticias de los niños. En efecto, se identificaron 20 descriptores frecuentes del placer o tópicos hedónicos en el consumo de alimentos, sobresaliendo términos como dulce (f =234) y rico (f = 104). Conclusiones: Se observó una interpretación errónea de la población sobre el significado del concepto saludable (f = 52) en relación con la alimentación. El análisis de las asociaciones semánticas para las 20 principales marcas de alimentos infantiles, respaldado por el índice de Jaccard, proporcionó diez conexiones significativas por cada marca. Estos hallazgos sugieren implicaciones importantes para entender los procesos de aprendizaje organoléptico de alimentos y productos en la infancia, subrayando la necesidad de abordar las percepciones hedónicas y promover una comprensión más precisa de los conceptos relacionados con la salud en el contexto alimentario infantil.
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In two experiments we examined the role of language proficiency and associative strength in the production of false memory. We constructed Deese–Roediger–McDermott lists using both Spanish and English free association norms. Lists were constructed to vary in backward associative strength (BAS). Experiment 1 participants were native Spanish speakers with some proficiency in English while Experiment 2 participants were native Spanish participants that had either high, intermediate, or low English proficiency. Results showed that, in both Experiment 1 and Experiment 2, false recognition was greater in participants’ dominant language (L1 or Spanish) than in their non-dominant language (L2 or English), and false recognition in L2 increased with L2 proficiency when low-BAS lists were studied (Experiment 2). Further, false recognition was higher in high-BAS lists than in low-BAS lists in both L1 and L2. Finally, we collected a measure of participants’ knowledge of our stimulus words in L2. These data showed that participants had far from perfect knowledge of all L2 stimuli. Analyses that factored out the effects of L2 word knowledge failed to alter the effects of L1 vs. L2, L2 proficiency and BAS on false recognition.
This experiment employed an individual differences approach to test the hypothesis that learning modern programming languages resembles second “natural” language learning in adulthood. Behavioral and neural (resting-state EEG) indices of language aptitude were used along with numeracy and fluid cognitive measures (e.g., fluid reasoning, working memory, inhibitory control) as predictors. Rate of learning, programming accuracy, and post-test declarative knowledge were used as outcome measures in 36 individuals who participated in ten 45-minute Python training sessions. The resulting models explained 50–72% of the variance in learning outcomes, with language aptitude measures explaining significant variance in each outcome even when the other factors competed for variance. Across outcome variables, fluid reasoning and working-memory capacity explained 34% of the variance, followed by language aptitude (17%), resting-state EEG power in beta and low-gamma bands (10%), and numeracy (2%). These results provide a novel framework for understanding programming aptitude, suggesting that the importance of numeracy may be overestimated in modern programming education environments.
In the twenty-first century, a widening array of unassuming fruits, vegetables, seeds and grains have been crowned “superfoods.” While many are exotic imports marketed to Western consumers through neocolonial narratives, others are familiar domestically-grown supermarket staples spectacularly rebranded. Why has “superfood” status become so central to the American produce industry? What sort of subjectivities does a superfood cultivate among consumers? This paper charts the ascent of the almond to superfood status as the latest in a series of spatial fixes alleviating the pains of chronic overproduction. The spatial-fix is a material-semiotic process with important psychosocial dimensions often downplayed in the historical materialist tradition. Drawing on historical archives, advertising materials, interviews with current and recently retired almond industry marketing professionals, and observation at the annual industry conference from 2015 to 2018, I show that as almond production surges the industry must constantly work to change the way consumers see almonds (from seasonal specialty to superfood) and the way they see themselves (from sophisticated to superhuman). While consumers resist and reinterpret the shifts in food meanings fashioned to compensate for overproduction, a century of effective material-semiotic fixes attests to the industry’s influence on foodways. The case of almonds is used here to theorize the broader superfood trend and its imagined “super” subjects as produced through the political economy of industrial agriculture. Understanding the political economic underpinnings of superfoods reveals not only the historical foundation of this contested contemporary food phenomenon, but also sheds light on the metamorphoses of food meanings fundamental to agrarian capitalism.
Haptic sound symbolism has been found in adults, between ideophones and various textures, between words and shape, and between written words and texture. However, associations between the sound of nonwords and features other than shape and in early stages of development have been less explored. The present study investigates the haptic manifestation of sound symbolism in an early developmental stage. We examined associations between nonwords and the rough-smooth tactile dimension in 3.5-to-4.5-year-old children. Two experiments were conducted: a pointing selection task and a naming task. Sound symbolic associations were found in the naming task, but not in the pointing task. On the other hand an unexpected bias towards smoothness was found in the pointing task. We explain these results by suggesting that the articulation of nonwords may facilitate or intensify sound symbolism, and that hedonic biases are manifested in the pointing task.
The major aim of this article is to investigate the effect of individual dominance and entrepreneurial family background on entrepreneurial intentions (EI). By linking the EI model with social learning theory and the framework of the theory of planned behaviour, endogenous as well as exogenous factors for becoming an entrepreneur are considered simultaneously. Dominance (striving for autonomy and power) is conceptually connected with established antecedents of EI. By taking into account entrepreneurial family background, occurrence of social support (i.e. subjective norms) and effects of role modelling from childhood on competence beliefs (i.e. perceived behavioural control and dominance) are studied. Based on a sample comprising 3,342 students from Austria and Liechtenstein, of whom at least one of the parents was self-employed, structural equation modelling confirms subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, and dominance as antecedents of EI. In line with previous entrepreneurship research but contrary to Ajzen’s initial model, attitudes towards entrepreneurship mediated this relationship, whereas entrepreneurial family background leads to higher scores in EI and its antecedents.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to provide empirical evidence of the relationship between specific sensory motivations (i.e. flavor) and the development of preference for food, beverages or brands by preteen consumers; and second, to compare the three age groups within the concrete operations stage toward the hypothesis contrast that states that the higher the cognitive development, the more recognized and recalled a brand will be.
Design/methodology/approach
The research techniques implemented were observation (exploratory phase) and personal survey using a paper and pencil questionnaire. The food products and beverages, brands, jingles and isotypes used were based on a convenience sample of 131 lunch boxes. A sample of 682 preteens aged 6–11 in the concrete operation stage obtained by convenience and snowball sampling participated.
Findings
When choosing one product or brand over the other, the results highlight flavor as compared with other more secondary sensory motivations, and there are clear differences between the younger and older age groups. In respect of advertising recall and brand recognition, the older age group shows higher frequencies of correct jingle-brand and isotype-brand association.
Originality/value
Despite product and brand consumption in the child segment relevance further motivational research is needed to identify the factors that influence preferences. The results obtained show that there are preferences and motives for product consumption that can be attributed to the functioning of the senses by the preteen consumer as well as differences within the concrete operations stage.
This cross-sectional study examined why Latinx adolescents participated in organized activities in comparison to White adolescents. This study, utilizing phone interviews for surveying, included 236 participants (53% female) of Latinx (64%) and White (36%) descent from four Southwest middle schools to answer these overarching questions: (1) What are the dimensions of adolescents’ reasons for participating in activities and how do these reasons differ across White and Latinx adolescents? (2) How are cultural orientations (i.e., enculturation and acculturation) associated with dimensions of reasons behind activity participation, and how are dimensions of reasons linked to engagement and activity experiences among Latinx adolescents? Results showed that Latinx adolescents endorsed more family/achievement-oriented reasons than White adolescents. Among Latinx adolescents, high acculturation was associated with high endorsement of individual-oriented reasons. High enculturation was associated with both high endorsement of family/achievement-oriented and individual-oriented reasons. In addition, individual-oriented reasons, family-oriented reasons, and social-oriented reasons all predicted positive engagement and peer support in the activity. Yet, only individual-oriented reasons predicted positive leader support.
“Goji” (Lycium barbarum and Lycium chinense) is a generic name for medical plants with a long historical background in the traditional Chinese medicine. With the emerging trend of “Superfoods” several years ago, Goji berries soon became an established product in European countries and not only are the most popular product of traditional Chinese medicine outside of China but to this day one of the symbols of the entire “Superfood” trend. However, since Goji is an umbrella term for different plant species that are closely related, mislabeling and adulterations (unconsciously or purposely) are possible. We carefully verified the identity of Goji reference plant material based on morphological traits, mainly floral structures of several inflorescences of each individual, in order to create a robust background for the downstream applications that were used on those reference plants and additionally on commercial Goji products. We report morphological and molecular based strategies for the differentiation of Lycium barbarum and Lycium chinense. The two different Goji species vary significantly in seed size, with an almost double average seed area in Lycium chinense compared to Lycium barbarum. Differences could be traced on the molecular level as well; using the psbA-trnH barcoding marker, we detected a single nucleotide substitution that was used to develop an easy one-step differentiation tool based on ARMS (amplification refractory mutation system). Two diagnostic primers used in distinct multiplex PCRs yield a second diagnostic band in a subsequent gel electrophoresis for Lycium barbarum or Lycium chinense, respectively. Our ARMS approach is a strong but simple tool to trace either of the two different Goji species. Both the morphological and the molecular analysis showed that all of the tested commercial Goji products contained fruits of the species Lycium barbarum var. barbarum, leading to the assumption that consumer protection is satisfactory.
This article develops a review of the brand concept, its value and its meaning, taking on account two of the main perspectives of consumer psychology. From a cognitive perspective, we present the central concepts that explain the way in which people develop a set of ideas and concepts about the brand, which involve a variety of meanings and valuations. In the other hand, from the behavioral perspective, the central concepts corresponding to the learning processes of the brands are presented, identifying how the consequences of the behavior of choice and the strategies of communication generate associative and operant learning, which explain the brand’s value for individuals. For this purpose, the basic components of the BPM are reviewed, indicating their applications to the understanding of the brand meaning in the market context. Finally, this work is emphasizes the need to integrate methodologies in order to get more complete approximations in the comprehension of consumer’s behavior.
In entering Western markets, edible insects are typically framed as the ‘solution’ to a number of challenges caused by unsustainable global food systems, such as climate change and global health issues. In addition, some media outlets also frame insects as the next ‘superfood’. Superfood is a marketing term for nutrient-packed foods, which are successfully promoted to Western consumers with the promises of health, well-being and beauty. However, the increase in the demand in the West is argued to cause negative social, environmental, economic and cultural consequences – externalities – felt by those who traditionally produce and consume the foods. These actors are located far away from where the superfood phenomenon materializes. Therefore, we detect a possibly contentious framing strategy through double-framing insects as both a solution and a superfood. We ask: how can insects be promoted as the solution to the negative externalities that arise from unsustainable Western consumption patterns, while at the same time being framed as a ‘superfood’, which cause those very externalities? As a point of departure for this chapter, we build on the research article Entomophagy and Power by Müller et al. (J Insect Food Feed 2(2):121–136, 2016), who raise a concern that the growth of Western insect industries might reproduce, rather than challenge, power imbalances in global food systems. Our analysis suggests that the tensions of double-framing insects as both ‘solution’ and ‘superfood’ might be the first step of pushing insects towards an unsustainable future, particularly because of two pitfalls common for superfoods: firstly, the homogenization of diverse practice, and secondly, universalized sustainability and apolotical solutions. However, our study finds also that insects differ from superfoods for two main reasons: for insects’ ability to add value locally and because of the involvement of sustainably-driven actors from the beginning of industry formation. Due to these differences, this study concludes that if the superfood pitfalls are avoided, insects have a potential to become a truly ‘sustainable superfood’.
El propósito de este artículo es la propuesta de un nuevo marco para el estudio de las estructuras de datos basado en la combinación de diversos análisis multivariantes y de redes sociales. Mediante estas técnicas se obtienen qué sucesos son los más frecuentes en un conjunto de escenarios y con qué otros sucesos tienden a ocurrir. A este respecto pueden distinguirse diversos gradientes de coincidencias entre los sucesos estudiados, que van desde la nula coincidencia hasta la coincidencia total pasando por las coincidencias estadísticamente probables con nivel de confianza prefijado. La estructura de aparición del conjunto de los sucesos estudiados conforme al gradiente de coincidencia seleccionado puede ser convenientemente representada mediante un grafo. Además de sus fundamentos, se presentan tres programas gratuitos con los que cualquier usuario podría aplicarlo: coin, netcoin y webcoin. Este tipo de procedimiento puede ser aplicado al análisis exploratorio de cuestionarios, al estudio de redes semánticas, a la revisión de bases de datos e incluso a la comparación de distintas técnicas de análisis estadísticos de interdependencia, al hacer uso de métodos factoriales, clasificatorios y distintos modelos de representación de grafos basados en fuerzas de atracción-repulsión como los de Fruchterman-Reingold y Kamada-Kawai.The goal of this paper is the proposal of a new framework for the study of data structures based on the combination of several types of multivariate and social network analysis. By means of these techniques we obtain the most frequent events in a given set of scenarios as well as those events that tend to occur with them. In this respect we can define several coincidence gradients for the events under study. Ranging from zero to total coincidence and passing through statistically probable coincidences with predetermined confidence levels. The appearance structure of the set of events studied according to the selected coincidence gradient can be conveniently represented by a graph. In addition to its rationale, three free software programs are shown so that any user could apply this framework: coin, netcoin and webcoin. This type of procedure can be applied to the exploratory analysis of questionnaires, to the study of semantic networks, to the revision of databases and even to the comparison of different techniques of statistical analysis of interdependence. This is made posible by using factorial and classificatory methods and different methods for representing graphs based on attraction-repulsion forces, like those of Fruchterman-Reingold and Kamada-Kawai.
Background
Implicit and explicit attitudes are potential precursors of food choices and combine affective and cognitive components that can vary in their relative dominance. Yet, the affective and cognitive components of attitudes toward food can lead to distinct predisposition toward a food item and potentially to different food choices. In the food domain, the affective component pertains to the hedonic tone of consumption, while the cognitive component encompasses nutritional value or health consequences of food. The present study investigated whether hedonic- versus nutrition-based implicit and/or explicit attitudes toward food predicts children’s healthy versus unhealthy food choices. MethodsA total of 63 children (age range = 6.3–11.5) participated in a 90-min session at 5 pm (i.e., afterschool snack time in France). The children were asked to choose five food items from a buffet featuring five healthy and five unhealthy sweet foods pretested as being highly liked. Children ate what they had chosen. Moreover, their implicit attitudes were assessed with a pairing task in which children were presented with 10 food triplets and asked to choose two food items that “best go together”. For each triplet, foods could be paired according to their hedonic or nutritional characteristics. Explicit attitudes were assessed with a task in which children placed each of 48 food items into one of the following categories: “yummy”, “yucky” (i.e., hedonic categories), “makes you strong”, or “makes you fat” (i.e., nutritional categories). ResultsBoth implicit and explicit attitudes significantly influenced children’s food choices. We observed that children with more hedonic-based implicit or explicit attitudes toward food were more likely to choose healthy food options from the buffet. Conversely, children with both implicit and explicit nutrition-based attitudes chose less healthy foods. Conclusions
Hedonic-based attitudes toward food seem to drive healthier food choices in children compared with nutrition-based attitudes in this particular eating context. These findings suggest that pleasure from eating might be an ally with regard to healthy eating among children. Additional research is needed to understand the etiology of children’s attitudes toward food in order to provide insights on how to shape adequate children’s attitudes to guide them toward healthy food choices.
In Psycho linguistics and Computational Linguistics free association tasks have been used commonly as general data collection to develop semantic networks that simulate semantic space of the speakers of a language. Semantic networks incorporate measures such as number of associates, associative strength and other groups of quantitative features of diverse entity. Nevertheless, the number of studies that considers a word from the point of view of the sort of association that it evokes is less abundant. This paper analyzes semantic-associative relationships of 150 Spanish words obtained from a discrete freeassociation task with the aim of proposing a word taxonomy based on the self-organizing maps (SOM). This procedure will generate both a set of semantic variables based on associates and word taxonomy to be used as independent variables in cognitive psychology experiments that focus on how associative semantic features of words predict linguistic performance.
Los niños en la actualidad son un segmento muy importante para el mercadeo y la publicidad gracias a que pueden ser influenciados fácilmente. Estudios recientes sugieren que para cautivar a los niños es necesario crear experiencias únicas con las cuales se construya una relación sólida con las marcas, siendo la mejor alternativa construir diferentes experiencias sensoriales; cuantos más sentidos estimule la marca, mejor será la recordación y preferencia. En este sentido, se realizó una investigación respecto a las claves sensoriales que utilizan las marcas de productos para la lonchera en la población infantil; se diseñó una investigación combinando tres diferentes técnicas de recolección de información (observación mediante registro fotográfico, entrevistas grupales y una encuesta corta). Los resultados demuestran que existe una alta conciencia y familiaridad de marca, debido a historia de estimulación sensorial basada en el aprendizaje de las características físicas del producto y publicidad de las marcas, con lo cual se influencia la preferencia y fidelización de los consumidores infantiles.
Colour is the single most important product-intrinsic sensory cue when it comes to setting people's expectations regarding the likely taste and flavour of food and drink. To date, a large body of laboratory research has demonstrated that changing the hue or intensity/saturation of the colour of food and beverage items can exert a sometimes dramatic impact on the expectations, and hence on the subsequent experiences, of consumers (or participants in the lab). However, should the colour not match the taste, then the result may well be a negatively valenced disconfirmation of expectation. Food colours can have rather different meanings and hence give rise to differing expectations, in different age groups, not to mention in different cultures. Genetic differences, such as in a person's taster status, can also modulate the psychological impact of food colour on flavour perception. By gaining a better understanding of the sensory and hedonic expectations elicited by food colour in different groups of individuals, researchers are coming to understand more about why it is that what we see modulates the multisensory perception of flavour, as well as our appetitive and avoidance-related food behaviours.
(From the chapter) Two major paradigms have provided much of the impetus for the study of consumer behavior. Choices among alternative brands, products, or services are in many ways no different from other kinds of decisions, and the methods of behavioral decision theory have thus proven valuable to the study of consumer behavior. Multiattribute decision models emphasize the importance of expected values derived from a product’s perceived attributes. However, as in other kinds of decisions, judgments underlying consumer choices are found to deviate in systematic ways from normative prescriptions.
One limitation of the revealed preferences approach adopted in work on multiattribute decisions is that it provides no direct information about consumers’ beliefs and attitudes regarding real-life products or services. A more fruitful approach in this regard is found in the expectancy-value model of attitude. In work with this model, accessible beliefs about a product are elicited in a free-response format and attitudes toward the product are directly assessed. This approach makes it possible for the investigator to identify important attribute characteristics that guide consumer attitudes and behavior.
In a related fashion, the theory of planned behavior provides a conceptual framework that focused on the specific behaviors performed by consumers, be they buying a given brand or product, searching for information about a product, or shopping at a given retail outlet. According to the theory, the immediate antecedent of such behaviors is the intention to perform the behavior in question. Intentions, in turn, are determined by attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. Behavioral, normative, and control beliefs, respectively, provide the basis for the formation of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceptions of behavioral control. As in many other behavioral domains, the theory of planned behavior has proven to be a useful conceptual and methodological framework for the study of consumer behavior.
O conceito do Consumo Socialmente Responsável (CSR) tem uma importante tradição na literatura de marketing e recentemente na de responsabilidade social empresarial. Porém, o carácter complexo e dinâmico do conceito torna relevante um debate sobre a sua medição. O presente artigo faz uma análise da literatura de forma compreensiva sobre o CSR guiada pela questão da medição. A metodologia utilizada parte da análise dos artigos seminais, para progressivamente influenciar a pesquisa para artigos em revistas de alto impacto. Foi possível identificar diferentes etapas nos modelos de medida e precisar os debates actuais centrados no papel da responsabilidade social, e da incidência do contexto sócio-económico e cultural no consumo.
Stress-related eating is associated with unhealthy eating and drinking habits and an increased risk of obesity among adults, but less is known about factors related to stress-driven eating behaviour among children and adolescents. We studied the prevalence of stress-related eating and its association with overweight, obesity, abdominal obesity, dietary and other health behaviours at the age of 16. Furthermore, we examined whether stress-related eating is predicted by early-life factors including birth size and maternal gestational health.
The study population comprised 3598 girls and 3347 boys from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (NFBC1986). Followed up since their antenatal period, adolescents underwent a clinical examination, and their stress-related eating behaviour, dietary habits and other health behaviours were assessed using a postal questionnaire. We examined associations using cross-tabulations followed by latent class analysis and logistic regression to profile the adolescents and explain the risk of obesity with behavioural traits.
Stress-related eating behaviour was more common among girls (43%) than among boys (15%). Compared with non-stress-driven eaters, stress-driven eaters had a higher prevalence of overweight, obesity and abdominal obesity. We found no significant associations between stress-eating and early-life factors. Among girls, tobacco use, shorter sleep, infrequent family meals and frequent consumption of chocolate, sweets, light sodas and alcohol were more prevalent among stress-driven eaters. Among boys, the proportions of those with frequent consumption of sausages, chocolate, sweets, hamburgers and pizza were greater among stress-driven eaters. For both genders, the proportions of those bingeing and using heavy exercise and strict diet for weight control were higher among stress-eaters. Besides a 'healthy lifestyle' cluster, latent class analysis revealed two other patterns ('adverse habits', 'unbalanced weight control') that significantly explained the risk of overweight among boys and girls.
Stress-related eating is highly prevalent among 16-year-old girls and is associated with obesity as well as adverse dietary and other health behaviours among both genders, but intrauterine conditions are seemingly uninvolved. In terms of obesity prevention and future health, adolescents who use eating as a passive way of coping could benefit from learning healthier strategies for stress and weight management.
The present study deals with the S-O-R framework. The past five decades of research
have successfully validated the S-O-R model in offline and online contexts. However,
there is still room for improvement. In particular, hedonic aspects have been proposed as
distinctive aspects to differentiate companies fromtheir competitors. Previous researchers
have (1) been somewhat reluctant to investigate dominance and other emotional
responses, and (2) produced mixed results regarding the impact of atmospherics and
emotional responses on behavior. Building on this tradition of research, this study
investigates the S-O-R model by incorporating delight as an additional emotional
response and tests the moderating effects of consumers’ involvement and shopping
environments (three-way interactional effects) in connection with the links among
atmospherics, emotions, and intentions. The current findings demonstrate that the model
fit better for low-involvement consumers than for high-involvement consumers. This was
true for both offline and online environments. The results show that layout and
information are two important factors in pleasing and arousing consumers, especially in
the case of low-involvement consumers, and that delight is determined by both arousal
and pleasure but is a determinant of both intention and word-of-mouth only for consumers
with low involvement, whether they are in offline or online environments. The theoretical
and practical implications are discussed in the conclusion.
Makes a distinction between multiple-act and single-act criteria, and argues that multiple-act criteria can be viewed as behavioral attitude measures. Theoretical considerations led to the conclusion that traditional measures of attitudes towards an object are consistently related to multiple-act criteria but have no systematic relationship to single-act criteria. One major problem appeared to be the selection of relevant or valid single-act criteria. Application of standard attitude scaling procedures is viewed as a possible solution to this problem. Different scaling methods, however, imply different definitions of validity. Although of theoretical importance, this approach has practical limitations. An alternative approach is suggested, leading to the construction of linearity and validity indexes. The linearity index is shown to be predictive of the degree of attitude-behavior relationships, and validity is shown to be a necessary but not sufficient condition for linearity. (51 ref)
El presente estudio se planteó con el objetivo de calcular el índice psicolingüístico de concreción de una serie de palabras que resultan de interés en la investigación psicológica. El corpus analizado constó de 730 palabras, la mayoría de las cuales son ejemplares frecuentes de categorías naturales de acuerdo con normas de producción categorial en castellano. El resto, que fueron añadidas con fines metodológicos, se tomaron de una de las bases de datos de índices psicolingüísticos más frecuentemente utilizadas en castellano. Esta inclusión nos permitió, además, actualizar los valores de concreción de estas palabras y poner a prueba la estabilidad de dicho índice. Los resultados apoyan la estabilidad del mismo ante cambios generacionales y cambios en el tamaño muestral. Los datos obtenidos permiten un empleo más sofisticado de los estímulos verbales a los profesionales que trabajan en el campo de la investigación, la neuropsicología clínica y la educación. Finalmente, el estudio expone las principales limitaciones asociadas a los estudios normativos de obtención de índices psicolingüísticos y propone estrategias para su afrontamiento.
The aim of this experiment was to investigate whether brand characters can enhance children's liking of and purchase request intent for fruit compared to candy. The authors assigned 216 preschool students between the ages of 4 and 6 years to 9 experimental conditions in which they were presented with a healthy snack (chopped bananas) and an unhealthy snack (banana candy). The packages of these snacks portrayed a familiar character (i.e., Dora from Dora the Explorer or SpongeBob from SpongeBob SquarePants), an unfamiliar character, or no character (control group). The authors' results showed that brand characters can increase children's liking of and purchase request intent for fruit up to a level similar to candy. However, the effects on liking and purchase request intent did not differ between familiar and unfamiliar characters. These results may be helpful for future marketing campaigns to promote children's consumption of healthy foods.
Twenty-five years of consumer socialization research have yielded an impressive set of findings. The purpose of our article is to review these findings and assess what we know about children's development as consumers. Our focus is on the developmental sequence characterizing the growth of consumer knowledge, skills, and values as children mature throughout childhood and adolescence. In doing so, we present a conceptual framework for understanding consumer socialization as a series of stages, with transitions between stages occurring as children grow older and mature in cognitive and social terms. We then review empirical findings illustrating these stages, including children's knowledge of products, brands, advertising, shopping, pricing, decision-making strategies, parental influence strategies, and consumption motives and values. Based on the evidence reviewed, implications are drawn for future theoretical and empirical development in the field of consumer socialization. Copyright 1999 by the University of Chicago.
Traditional views of automaticity are in need of revision. For example, automaticity often has been treated as an all-or-none phenomenon, and traditional theories have held that automatic processes are independent of attention. Yet recent empirical data suggest that automatic processes are continuous, and furthermore are subject to attentional control. A model of attention is presented to address these issues. Within a parallel distributed processing framework, it is proposed that the attributes of automaticity depend on the strength of a processing pathway and that strength increases with training. With the Stroop effect as an example, automatic processes are shown to be continuous and to emerge gradually with practice. Specifically, a computational model of the Stroop task simulates the time course of processing as well as the effects of learning. This was accomplished by combining the cascade mechanism described by McClelland (1979) with the backpropagation learning algorithm (Rumelhart, Hinton, & Williams, 1986). The model can simulate performance in the standard Stroop task, as well as aspects of performance in variants of this task that manipulate stimulus-onset asynchrony, response set, and degree of practice. The model presented is contrasted against other models, and its relation to many of the central issues in the literature on attention, automaticity, and interference is discussed.
Scientists often need to know whether pairs of entities tend to occur together or independently. Standard approaches to this issue use co-occurrence indices such as Jaccard, Sørensen-Dice, and Simpson. We show that these indices are sensitive to the prevalences of the entities they describe and that this invalidates their interpretability. We propose an index, α, that is insensitive to prevalences. Published datasets reanalyzed with both α and Jaccard's index (J) yield profoundly different biological inferences. For example, a published analysis using J contradicted predictions of the island biogeography theory finding that community stability increased with increasing physical isolation. Reanalysis of the same dataset with the estimator [Formula: see text] reversed that result and supported theoretical predictions. We found similarly marked effects in reanalyses of antibiotic cross-resistance and human disease biomarkers. Our index α is not merely an improvement; its use changes data interpretation in fundamental ways.
Plant-based eggs offer a healthy, animal-free, and more environmentally sustainable alternative to conventional eggs. Given the novelty of these products, it is vital to understand consumers’ perceptions before their market launch. Perception is based on product associations stored in consumers’ memory as semantic networks. In this study we used the graphic procedure concept mapping to elicit associations of 180 consumers from the UK and Italy to explore perceptions of three types of plant-based eggs, namely liquid, powder, and egg-shaped. Concept mapping also allowed to investigate the relevance that these associations have for the consumers. Results show more complex associations among participants in the UK than Italy for all three types of plant-based eggs. ‘Price’ is the most frequently mentioned association by consumers in both countries. In terms of relevance, participants evaluated ‘healthy’, ‘animal welfare’ and ‘sustainability’ as the most important and positive attributes of plant-based eggs. Furthermore, the semantic network analysis showed that the health benefits of plant-based eggs is quickly activated in consumers’ mind and should therefore be emphasized when marketing these products. ‘Use’ of plant-based eggs, e.g., baking, is also a key association, particularly in the UK for the egg-shaped version. However, ‘use’ was generally lower rated, suggesting that the limited applications of this product (only hard-boiled) may be perceived negatively. These findings provide insights into the psychology of consumers’ acceptance of plant-based eggs and have important implications for designing successful marketing strategies for promoting plant-based eggs.
Objective: Studies concerning young children's food-related knowledge have dealt mostly with specific types of knowledge or with researchers’ predetermined categories. This approach may neglect certain aspects of children's knowledge and may limit the understanding of its general structure. The present study aimed to examine and analyze a wide scope of young children's constructed food-related knowledge.
Methods: Qualitative thematic analysis of 40 kindergartners’ free categorizations of food items.
Results: Children's food-related knowledge was broad and derived from 3 primary sources: personal experience, environmental experience, and perceived messages. Novel aspects of knowledge were found, such as different treatments of food and partial familiarity with nutrients.
Conclusions and Implications: The findings demonstrated the existence of various types of young children's food-related knowledge. Attention to the broad spectrum of their knowledge and its possible sources may contribute to the design of relevant and effective nutrition education interventions aimed at young children.
The trend for novel and exotic “superfoods” exemplifies the contemporary tendency to idealize “primitive” food cultures as nutritional utopias. Based on critical textual and visual analysis of superfoods books and packaging, this article shows that “nutritional primitivism” has blossomed in superfoods discourse and marketing since the 1980s, evolving into a knowledge framework for evaluating a food’s healthfulness that challenges nutrition science. It demonstrates that nutritional primitivism emerges not only in response to a perceived crisis in Western health, but also social and environmental concerns about globalized and industrialized agri-food systems. However, primitivist representations of superfoods essentialize producers and production practices as traditional and timeless, obscuring their complex and changing reality. While nutritional primitivism can be understood as a popular critique of contemporary food systems and their underlying social structures, these incipient critiques thus fall short on key issues of food sovereignty.
The Semantic Brand Score (SBS) is a new measure of brand importance calculated on text data, combining methods of social network and semantic analysis. This metric is flexible as it can be used in different contexts and across products, markets and languages. It is applicable not only to brands, but also to multiple sets of words. The SBS, described together with its three dimensions of brand prevalence, diversity and connectivity, represents a contribution to the research on brand equity and on word co-occurrence networks. It can be used to support decision-making processes within companies; for example, it can be applied to forecast a company's stock price or to assess brand importance with respect to competitors. On the one side, the SBS relates to familiar constructs of brand equity, on the other, it offers new perspectives for effective strategic management of brands in the era of big data.
Colour is perhaps the single most important element as far as the design of multisensory product packaging is concerned. It plays a key role in capturing the attention of the shopper in-store. A distinctive colour, or colour scheme, can also act as a valuable brand attribute (think here only of the signature colour schemes of Cadbury’s Dairy Milk chocolate). In many categories, though, colour is used to convey information to the consumer about a product’s sensory properties (e.g., taste or flavour, say), or else to prime other more abstract brand attributes (such as, for example, premium, natural, or healthy). However, packaging colour can also affect the customer’s product experience as well: Indeed, a growing body of empirical research now shows that packaging colour affects everything from the expected and perceived taste and flavour of food and beverage products through to the fragrance of home and personal care items. Packaging colour, then, plays a dominant role at several stages of the product experience.
It is relevant for the industry to know the consumer's attitude about functional foods and its behavior in front of the products offered. The theory of Fishbein and Ajzen was applied in order to know the consumer's beliefs, attitudes, intentions and behaviors. This theory explains that the individual intention is a good estimator of the consumer's behavior, based on the attitude and subjective norms. A 33- question survey was applied to 697 adults, distributed as 3 of attitude, 7 of beliefs, 7 of beliefs evaluation, 2 of perceived control, 1 of subjective norm, 4 of normative beliefs, 4 of evaluation of the normative beliefs, 2 of behavior, 2 of behavior intention and 1 of difficulty of the test. The segmentation variables were: residence region, age, sex, level of studies and difficulty of the test. It was found that the Region has no influence in the components of the pattern, sex influences in the intention of the behavior. Regarding the beliefs, neither the age nor the Region affects them. The importance of fiber is perceived in a different way according to the sex, women presenting a positive connotation to its effect on health. It was observed that individuals with superior studies have a more positive attitude toward functional foods (p < 0.05). The pattern presented a good predictor capacity (intention of the behavior: R2= 0,52).
ABSTRACT The central claim is that the semantic knowledge exercised by people when they speak is practical knowledge. The relevant idea of practical knowledge is explicated, applied to the case of speaking, and connected with an idea of agents’knowledge. Some defence of the claim is provided.
Evaluations in the expectancy-value model have been construed as either moral (good/bad) or affective (pleasant/unpleasant) reactions to the consequences of an act. After pointing out that neither evaluation is suitable for representing the motivational component of attitude in some cases of interest, this paper proposes a more general reconceptualization based on subjective conditional approach/avoidance reactions. All three possibilities are then tested on two independent samples of 110 persons each through hierarchial regression procedures. Although measures of each type of evaluation achieved high levels of reliability, only the subjective conditional approach/avoidance measures were found to combine validly with beliefs to predict attitudes towards the act of giving blood. The proposed model also raises a number of research issues with respect to the antecedents of evaluations and in so doing deepens the explanatory base of theories of attitude formation and the prediction of behaviour.
Calibration of consumer knowledge of the web refers to the correspondence between accuracy and confidence in knowledge of the web. Being well-calibrated means that a person is realistic in his or her assessment of the level of knowledge that he or she possesses. This study finds that involvement leads to better calibration and that calibration is higher for procedural knowledge and common knowledge, as compared to declarative knowledge and specialized knowledge. Neither usage, nor experience, has any effect on calibration of knowledge of the web. No difference in calibration is observed between genders. But, in agreement with previous findings, this study also finds that males are more confident in their knowledge of the web. The results point out that calibration could be more a function of knowledge-specific factors and less that of individual-specific factors. The study also identifies flow and frustration with the web as consequences of calibration of knowledge of the web and draws the attention of future researchers to examine these aspects.
Food marketers are at the epicenter of criticism for the unfolding obesity epidemic as societies consider banning advertising to children and taxing "junk" foods. While marketing's role in obesity is not well understood, there is clear evidence that children are regularly targeted with calorie-dense, nutrient-poor food. Much of the past research seeks to understand how marketing influences brand preference and child requests. The authors argue that understanding palate development offers new insights for discussion. Two studies consider whether a sugar/fat/salt (SFS) palate is linked to children's knowledge of food brands, experience with products, and advertising. In study 1, the authors develop a survey measure of taste preferences and find that a child's SFS palate (as reported by parents) relates significantly to children's self-reported food choices. Study 2 examines how knowledge of certain branded food and drinks is related to palate. Findings show that children with detailed mental representations of fast-food and soda brands--developed via advertising and experience--have higher scores on the SFS palate scale.
Esta obra presenta una técnica para el estudio de las redes de información y sus significados psicológicos, las redes semánticas naturales.
The increased priority placed on branding by marketers in recent years offers an opportunity for consumer researchers to provide valuable insights and guidance. In particular, in highly competitive marketplaces, marketers often must link their brands to other entities, for example, people, places, things, or other brands, as a means to improve their brand equity. Understanding this leveraging process requires understanding consumer brand knowledge and how it changes from such associations. In this essay, I identify some promising and productive current research on this topic, and I suggest some important issues for future research. I conclude that adopting broader, more holistic perspectives that synthesize the multidimensionality of brand knowledge is critical to advance branding theory and practice, both in general and with brand leveraging in particular. Copyright 2003 by the University of Chicago.
Principles of lexical semantics developed in the course of building an on-line lexical database are discussed. The approach is relational rather than componential. The fundamental semantic relation is synonymy, which is required in order to define the lexicalized concepts that words can be used to express. Other semantic relations between these concepts are then described. No single set of semantic relations or organizational structure is adequate for the entire lexicon: nouns, adjectives, and verbs each have their own semantic relations and their own organization determined by the role they must play in the construction of linguistic messages.
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