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Sports balls made of nanocomposite investigating how soccer balls motion and impact
Abstract
The incorporation of nanoplatelets in composite and polymeric materials represents a recent and innovative approach, holding substantial promise for diverse property enhancements. This study focuses on the application of nanocomposites in the production of sports equipment, particularly soccer balls, aiming to bridge the gap between theoretical advancements and practical implications. Addressing the longstanding challenge of suboptimal interaction between carbon nanofillers and epoxy resin in epoxy composites, this research pioneers inventive solutions. Furthermore, the investigation extends into unexplored territory, examining the integration of glass fiber/epoxy composites with nanoparticles. The incorporation of nanomaterials, specifically expanded graphite and graphene, at a concentration of 25.0% by weight in both the epoxy structure and the composite with glass fibers demonstrates a marked increase in impact resistance compared to their nanomaterial-free counterparts. The research transcends laboratory experiments to explore the practical applications of nanocomposites in the design and production of sports equipment, with a particular emphasis on soccer balls. Analytical techniques such as infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy are employed to scrutinize the surface chemical structure and morphology of the epoxy nanocomposites. Additionally, an in-depth examination of the thermal, mechanical, viscoelastic, and conductive properties of these materials is conducted. Noteworthy findings include the efficacy of surface modification of carbon nanotubes in preventing accumulation and enhancing their distribution within the epoxy matrix. This optimization results in improved interfacial interactions, heightened thermal stability, superior mechanical properties, and enhanced electrical conductivity in the nanocomposite.
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The triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) represents an engineered structure characterized by its mathematically controllable geometric topology and exceptional mechanical properties. This structure offers notable features such as high porosity, specific strength, stiffness, and energy absorption capabilities. Drawing inspiration from the structure of the human tibia, we developed hybrid structures that combine side-by-side, circular, and elliptical connections, utilizing two TPMS types: IWP and Gyroid. Our comprehensive study delves into the impact resistance of these hybrid structures when subjected to high strain rate loading. To conduct our research, we employed selective laser melting (SLM) to fabricate TPMS samples based on AlSi10Mg, and we validated our finite element model through quasi-static compression experiments. By conducting numerical simulations, we analyzed the mechanical properties and deformation patterns of these structures under strain rates of 250s − 1 and 1250s − 1 , comparing them to commonly used porous structures such as Honeycomb, FCC, and BCC. Through quantitative analysis utilizing various evaluation indexes, we effectively demonstrated how the design of hybrid structures enhances energy absorption. Furthermore, we discussed the impact of strain rate on the mechanical properties of these structures, and the Gibson-Ashby model accurately predicted the mechanical properties of partial structures. These findings hold significant implications for guiding the design of lightweight porous structures, improving energy absorption, and enhancing impact resistance.
Yarns of fiber assemblies such as ropes would abrade with each other during repeated stretching or bending. The yarn on yarn abrasion failure is a main reason for the final assembly failure as the result of the relative movement to each other. To explore the influencing factors and failure mechanism, this work, taking the Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Fiber (UHMWPE) as the research object, discussed the influences of abrading frequency and the yarn tension on its abrasion life. Based on the observation and analysis of the rising temperatures from abrasion, the abrasion fragments, and morphology of failed yarns, the heating failure and crack propagation mechanisms were proposed, which provide insights into a variety of UHMWPE product designs and applications.
Nanomaterials possess outstanding physical, chemical, and electrical properties that differentiate them from conventional materials. Recently, nano-modified alkali-activated composites (AACs) or geopolymers have attracted attention owing to their excellent performance and modification mechanisms. This review paper encapsulates nano-modified AACs' fresh, mechanical, and microstructural properties. Nano-SiO2 was the most frequently used nanomaterial, accounting for 44% of the studies conducted. Regarding the types of composites, 55%, 29%, and 16% of the studies were focused on paste, mortar, and concrete, respectively. Most studies have shown that increasing the nanomaterials content in an alkaline medium reduced AACs consistency and setting time due to the small particle size, high specific surface area, unsaturated bonds, and high reactivity of nanomaterials. The results mostly indicated that while increasing nano-additives proportion to a certain extent improves the mechanical characteristics, including compressive, flexural, tensile, and impact strengths, incorporation beyond that amount deteriorates them. In terms of microstructure: porosity or homogeneity, amorphicity or crystallinity, and chemical bond variations have been investigated through analytical tests (SEM, XRD, and FTIR). The majority of performed studies acknowledged that incorporating nanomaterials brings about a denser, homogenous structure with more stable chemical bonds and a higher degree of amorphicity. This study has shown that provided that the precursor type and ultimate applicability of purposed building material were considered during the selection of type, amount, and mixing method of nanomaterials, their incorporation in AACs could have incredible effects on mechanical and microstructural properties of them and will facilitate fostering sustainable construction materials.
Contamination of water by organic chemical pollutants is one of the most critical environmental problems today as these are harmful to human beings and the aquatic ecosystem. Organic chemical pollutants persist for a long time in water and cause deleterious effects on human health even in small concentrations. Hence, decontamination of water demands simple methods using efficient materials. Carbon nanotube (CNT) based composites with metal/metal oxide have been materials of significant interest for decontamination of organic chemical pollutants from water due to their catalytic, magnetic, and structural features. Most of the adsorbents/catalysts pass through the challenge of separation from solution, and incorporation of magnetism can make them easily separable in presence of an external magnet. In this review, we present recent progresses and prospects in carbon nanotube based magnetic composites as potential decontaminants. We (i) identify the types of CNT based magnetic composites, (ii) evaluate the magnetism in the composite, (iii) identify different types of organic chemical pollutants in water decontaminated by CNT based magnetic composites, (iv) study the mechanism of removal of pollutants by the composite, (v) assess various parameters such as, nature & composition of CNTs, surface area, pore size & pore volume of the composite, pH of the medium, concentration of the pollutant, nature of the pollutant, temperature and contact time, those affect the efficiency of the composite. A comprehensive analysis on the interaction of organic pollutants and the composite, which play a pivotal role in decontamination of water, has been presented. The removal of organic pollutants like dyes, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, aromatic hydrocarbons and persistent organic pollutants from water has been covered. Overall, this review provides insight for the future efforts on CNT based magnetic composites for the decontamination of organic chemical pollutants in water.
Traditional vibration isolation of satellite instruments has an inherent limitation—that low-frequency vibration suppression leads to structural instability. This paper explores a parallel-coupled quasi-zero stiffness (QZS) vibration isolator for an axially loaded beam, with the goal of enhancing the effectiveness of low-frequency isolation. A QZS contains two magnetic rings, which contribute negative stiffness, and one spiral spring, with positive stiffness, a combination that has high static stiffness to resolve the structural instability. The frequency response functions (FRFs) of power flow are used to measure the effectiveness of vibration isolation. The magnetic stiffness of the magnetic rings is calculated using the principle of equivalent magnetic charge. The heights, radii, and gap of the magnetic rings affect its stiffness. The parallel-coupled QZS vibration isolator of an axially loaded beam is modeled using an energy method. Based on the Galerkin truncation, harmonic balance analysis, and arc-length continuation, an approach is proposed to analyze the FRFs of power flow for the parallel-coupled QZS vibration isolation of an axially loaded beam. Numerical results support the analytical results. Both analytical and numerical results show that the power reduction of axially loaded beams with a parallel-coupled quasi-zero vibration isolation system is more significantly suppressed at low frequencies.
Nanotechnology used in the synthesis of nanoparticles has attracted great interest in the field of food packaging. It promises the development of food packages with upgraded properties that helps in prolonging the shelf life of food products. This review presents the most commonly used nanoparticles in food packaging, the significant changes they cause in the properties of packaging material, and the commercially available nano-based packaging materials. Nanoparticles are used in the development of improved packaging, active packaging, and intelligent packaging which helps in the maintenance of food quality and traceability during the supply chain. Nanoparticles possess antimicrobial activity, oxygen scavenging ability, UV impermeability, and various other properties that make them valuable for their application in the preparation of nanocomposites. The large surface area to volume ratio sometimes becomes the reason for nanoparticle toxicity so it is important to study their migration and interaction with polymer matrix while developing packaging materials.
The development of transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) has enabled researchers to better identify and interpret causal genes in many diseases. However, there are currently no resources providing a comprehensive listing of gene-disease associations discovered by TWAS from published GWAS summary statistics. TWAS analyses are also difficult to conduct due to the complexity of TWAS software pipelines. To address these issues, we introduce a new resource called webTWAS, which integrates a database of the most comprehensive disease GWAS datasets currently available with credible sets of potential causal genes identified by multiple TWAS software packages. Specifically, a total of 235 064 gene-diseases associations for a wide range of human diseases are prioritized from 1298 high-quality downloadable European GWAS summary statistics. Associations are calculated with seven different statistical models based on three popular and representative TWAS software packages. Users can explore associations at the gene or disease level, and easily search for related studies or diseases using the MeSH disease tree. Since the effects of diseases are highly tissue-specific, webTWAS applies tissue-specific enrichment analysis to identify significant tissues. A user-friendly web server is also available to run custom TWAS analyses on user-provided GWAS summary statistics data. webTWAS is freely available at http://www.webtwas.net.
A controlled-release antibacterial active food packaging film was prepared from polylactic acid (PLA), poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and cinnamaldehyde (CIN) by solvent evaporation method. The properties and antibacterial activities of CIN loaded PLA/CNTs/CIN film was characterized. Furthermore, the release behavior of CIN from PLA-based antibacterial film was quantified. The introduction of CNT and CIN would not significantly affect the barrier properties of PLA-based film, but would significantly enhance the UV resistance of the film. The co-action of CNTs and CIN led to the decrease of the glass transition temperature of the film and enhanced the elongation at break of the film. The PLA/CNTs/CIN film could continuously release CIN for 21 days in ambient storage, and antibacterial effect of the film on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli could be maintained for 21 days, during which the antibacterial effect gradually reduced and maintained for 7 days longer than the film without CNTs. According to the research results, The PLA/CNTs/CIN composites have great application potential in antibacterial active food packaging film.
Subsonic turbulent flow over NACA0012 airfoil at the Reynolds number of 3×10^6 and different angles of attack (from -12º to 20º) is simulated using OpenFOAM. The flow is assumed to be steady and two-dimensional. Different turbulence models including Spalart-Allmaras, realizable k-ɛ and k-ω Shear Stress Transport (SST) are employed and their accuracy evaluated through the comparison of the results with the available experimental data. The main focus has been put on the two regions around the airfoil, namely, the transition region and the turbulent region that are of high importance in the evaluation of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes. Hence, the laminar to turbulent transition point was determined at various Reynolds numbers in order to get accurate results for the drag coefficient. It was found that by increasing the angle of attack, the accuracy of all the turbulence models used in the OpenFOAM software would reduce. In addition, the Spalart-Allmaras model showed highest accuracy compared with the other models tested in the present research. In fact, these turbulence models are unable to detect the point where the transition from laminar to turbulent flow occurs and thus have deficiency in determining the accurate flow quantities. Therefore, in both the theoretical and empirical studies the transition effects should be taken into account especially in critical analyses.
In this paper, the equation of motion for a rotating nanocantilever has been developed based on Euler-Bernoulli beam model which includes the effect of temperature, small scale effect and centrifugal force. A power series method has been employed to obtain the exact solution of the natural frequencies. The results also compared with other solutions of exact and approximate (DQM). The effects of temperature, angular velocity and small scale in the vibration characteristics of a rotating nanocantilever beam are investigated. It is shown that effect of temperature play a significant role in behavior of the vibration of a rotating nanocantilever. Besides, non-dimensional frequency increases in the first mode with increasing the nonlocal parameter while it is inverse for second and third modes of vibration.
This paper investigates the bipartite tracking control problem for a family of networked multi-agent systems with periodic disturbances as well as input saturation. A low-computation two-bit-triggered adaptive control strategy is proposed to achieve precise trajectory tracking and maintain the boundedness of the closed-loop signals. Compared with the existing results, first, this paper considers the problems for the coexistence of cooperation and competition in multi-agent systems, which represents a more common situation; secondly, the explosion of complexity issue is avoided without introducing any auxiliary filters, making our result more applicable and less complex; thirdly, a function approximator incorporating Fourier series expansion and a radial basis function neural network is utilized to model time-varying periodic disturbance functions and lastly, unlike traditional event-triggered control, the issue of controlling signal transmission bits is further explored to conserve system transmission resources. The result from a comparative simulation illustrates the advantages of the proposed method.
Classical and first-order nonlocal beam theory are employed in this study to assess the thermal buckling performance of a small-scale conical, cylindrical beam. The beam is constructed from functionally graded (FG) porosity�dependent material and operates under the thermal conditions of the environment. Imperfections within the non-uniform beam vary along both the radius and length direction, with continuous changes in thickness throughout its length. The resulting structure is functionally graded in both radial and axial directions, forming a bi-directional configuration. Utilizing the energy method, governing equations are derived to analyze the thermal stability and buckling characteristics of a nanobeam across different beam theories. Subsequently, the extracted partial differential equations (PDE) are numerically solved using the generalized differential quadratic method (GDQM), providing a comprehensive exploration of the thermal behavior of the system. The detailed discussion of the produced results is based on various applied effective parameters, with a focus on the potential application of nanotubes in enhancing sports bikes performance.
This paper investigates an event‐triggered adaptive resilient control problem for nonlinear systems against unknown false data injection and actuator saturation. The sensors of the controlled system are subject to unknown false data injection attacks so that all original states can not be directly applied in the controller design process. To address the negative effects of the false data injection attacks, attack compensators are introduced in control design. Simultaneously, a dynamic event‐triggering mechanism is set up to reduce the communication burden of the network. Furthermore, an auxiliary system is constructed to cope with the actuator saturation that commonly exists in practical systems. Based on the Lyapunov stability theory, it is demonstrated that the designed adaptive controller can guarantee the stability of the controlled system and the boundedness of all signals. The validity of the proposed control scheme is evidenced by simulation examples.
The escalating growth of industrial sectors has led to a pervasive global problem—oil pollution, particularly in industrial areas. The release of substantial volumes of oil and its by-products into the environment has resulted in extensive contamination. Multiple factors contribute to the entry of these substances into water bodies and soils, thereby inflicting irreparable consequences on ecosystems, natural resources, and human health. Consequently, it becomes imperative to comprehend the characteristics and behavior of oil pollution, anticipate its impacts, and develop effective mitigation strategies. Understanding this intricate issue requires considering the physicochemical properties of the environment, the interactions between oil and sediments, and biological factors such as evaporation and dissolution. Although the oil industry has brought about remarkable advancements, its activities have raised significant concerns regarding pollution from extraction and production processes. Oil-rich nations face a particularly challenging predicament of soil pollution caused by petroleum compounds. The areas surrounding oil exploration mines and refineries often endure contamination due to oil leakages from storage tanks and transmission lines resulting from deterioration and damage. Investigating the dispersion of such pollutants and devising methods to remediate petroleum-contaminated soil represent crucial and intricate issues within the realm of environmental geotechnics.
In the realm of nanotechnology, the nonlocal strain gradient theory takes center stage as it scrutinizes the behavior of spinning cantilever nanobeams and nanotubes, pivotal components supporting various mechanical movements in sport structures. The dynamics of these structures have sparked debates within the scientific community, with some contending that nonlocal cantilever models fail to predict dynamic softening, while others propose that they can indeed exhibit stiffness softening characteristics. To address these disparities, this paper investigates the dynamic response of a nonlocal cantilever cylindrical beam under the influence of external discontinuous dynamic loads. The study employs four distinct models: the Euler-Bernoulli beam model, Timoshenko beam model, higher-order beam model, and a novel higher-order tube model. These models account for the effects of functionally graded materials (FGMs) in the radial tube direction, giving rise to nanotubes with varying properties. The Hamilton principle is employed to formulate the governing differential equations and precise boundary conditions. These equations are subsequently solved using the generalized differential quadrature element technique (GDQEM). This research not only advances our understanding of the dynamic behavior of nanotubes but also reveals the intriguing phenomena of both hardening and softening in the nonlocal parameter within cantilever nanostructures. Moreover, the findings hold promise for practical applications, including drug delivery, where the controlled vibrations of nanotubes can enhance the precision and efficiency of medication transport within the human body. By exploring the multifaceted characteristics of nanotubes, this study not only contributes to the design and manufacturing of rotating nanostructures but also offers insights into their potential role in revolutionizing drug delivery systems.
Heavy metals, widely present in the environment, have become significant pollutants due to their excessive use in industries and technology. Their non-degradable nature poses a persistent environmental problem, leading to potential acute or chronic poisoning from prolonged exposure. Recent research has focused on separating heavy metals, particularly from industrial and mining sources. Industries such as metal plating, mining operations, tanning, wood and chipboard production, industrial paint and textile manufacturing, as well as oil refining, are major contributors of heavy metals in water sources. Therefore, removing heavy metals from water is crucial, especially for safe water supply in swimming and water sports. Iron oxide nanoparticles have proven to be highly effective adsorbents for water contaminants, and efforts have been made to enhance their efficiency and absorption capabilities through surface modifications. Nanoparticles synthesized using plant extracts can effectively bind with heavy metal ions by modifying the nanoparticle surface with plant components, thereby increasing the efficiency of heavy metal removal. This study focuses on removing lead from industrial wastewater using environmentally friendly, cost-effective iron nanoparticles synthesized with Genovese basil extract. The synthesis of nanoparticles is confirmed through analysis using Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and X-ray diffraction, validating their spherical shape and nanometer-scale dimensions. The method used in this study has a low detection limit of 0.031 ppm for measuring lead concentration, making it suitable for ensuring water safety in swimming and water sports.
This article focuses on the study of the buckling behavior of two-dimensional functionally graded (2D-FG) nanosize tubes, including porosity, based on the first shear deformation and higher-order theory of the tube. The nano-scale tube is simulated using the nonlocal gradient strain theory, and the general equations and boundary conditions are derived using Hamilton's principle for the Zhang-Fu's tube model (as a higher-order theory) and Timoshenko beam theory. Finally, the derived equations are solved using a numerical method for both simply-supported and clamped boundary conditions. A parametric study is performed to investigate the effects of different parameters, such as axial and radial FG power indices, porosity parameter, and nonlocal gradient strain parameters, on the buckling behavior of the bi-dimensional functionally graded porous tube. Keywords: Nonlocal strain gradient theory; buckling; Zhang-Fu's tube model; Timoshenko theory; Two-dimensional functionally graded materials; Nanotubes; Higher-order theory.
Biological corrosion, a crucial aspect of metal degradation, has received limited attention despite its significance. It involves the deterioration of metals due to corrosion processes influenced by living organisms, including bacteria. Soil represents a substantial threat to pipeline corrosion as it contains chemical and microbial factors that cause severe damage to water, oil, and gas transmission projects. To combat fouling and corrosion, corrosion inhibitors are commonly used; however, their production often involves expensive and hazardous chemicals. Consequently, researchers are exploring natural and eco-friendly alternatives, specifically nano-sized products, as potent corrosion inhibitors. This study aims to environmentally synthesize silver nanoparticles using an extract from Lagoecia cuminoides L and evaluate their effectiveness in preventing biological corrosion of buried pipes in soil. The optimal experimental conditions were determined as follows: a volume of 4 ml for the extract, a volume of 4 ml for silver nitrate (AgNO3), pH 9, a duration of 60 minutes, and a temperature of 60 degrees Celsius. Analysis using transmission electron microscopy confirmed the formation of nanoparticles with an average size of approximately 28 nm, while X-ray diffraction patterns exhibited suitable peak intensities. By employing the Scherer equation, the average particle size was estimated to be around 30 nm. Furthermore, antibacterial studies revealed the potent antibacterial activity of the synthesized silver nanoparticles against both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. This property effectively mitigates the biological corrosion caused by bacteria in steel pipes buried in soil.
Wearing the right sportswear is one of the essential points in exercising, which is mainly neglected. Sportswear should be suitable for the ambient temperature and not cause more heat or cold in the athlete's body. On the other hand, increased sweating and blood circulation during exercise should not cause fatigue or heatstroke in the athlete. Nanotechnology has grown significantly in the field of producing more efficient equipment in the field of sports. The increase in demand in sports for complete sports equipment has revealed the necessity of using the highest quality materials in this sector. In the world of championship sports, a minor change in equipment can lead to significant changes in causing failure and victory. Since the sole is the most critical part of sports shoes, with the introduction of nanotechnology and nanocomposites, it is possible to help athletes rush and increase their sense of calm and satisfaction. Using nanocomposites in the soles of shoes can improve some of their characteristics, prevent the smell and sweat of shoes, and induce water repellency in these shoes. In this research, titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanocomposite, along with cellulose, has been used to create antibacterial and hydrophobic properties in the soles of sports shoes. The synthesized nanocomposite has been synthesized using the least amount of chemicals, which shows this method's easy and cost-effective synthesis.
The electron transport properties of Y-type zigzag branched carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are of great significance for micro and nano carbon-based electronic devices and their interconnection. Based on the semi-empirical method combining tight-binding density functional theory and non-equilibrium Green's function, the electron transport properties between the branches of Y-type zigzag branched CNT are studied. The results show that the drain-source current of semiconducting Y-type zigzag branched CNT (8, 0)-(4, 0)-(4, 0) is cut-off and not affected by the gate voltage in a bias voltage range [-0.5 V, 0.5 V]. The current presents a nonlinear change in a bias voltage range [-1.5 V, -0.5 V] and [0.5 V, 1.5 V]. The tangent slope of the current-voltage curve can be changed by the gate voltage to realize the regulation of the current. The regulation effect under negative bias voltage is more significant. For the larger diameter semiconducting Y-type zigzag branched CNT (10, 0)-(5, 0)-(5, 0), only the value of drain-source current increases due to the larger diameter. For metallic Y-type zigzag branched CNT (12, 0)-(6, 0)-(6, 0), the drain-source current presents a linear change in a bias voltage range [-1.5 V, 1.5 V] and is symmetrical about (0, 0). The slope of current-voltage line can be changed by the gate voltage to realize the regulation of the current. For three kinds of Y-type zigzag branched CNT with different diameters and different conductivity, the current-voltage curve trend changes from decline to rise when the branch of drain-source is exchanged. The current regulation effect of semiconducting Y-type zigzag branched CNT under negative bias voltage is also more significant.
This research aims to explore factors influencing creativity among the employees of nanotechnology companies. Further, this survey aimed to investigate the role of psychological capital (PS), job satisfaction (JS) and corporate social responsibility (CSR) as sources to foster creativity. Participants included 375 employees of nanotechnology companies in China. Sequential mediation analysis revealed that creativity was significantly influenced by psychological capital, job satisfaction and corporate social responsibility. Furthermore, not only psychological capital, job satisfaction and corporate social responsibility were directly and indirectly related to creativity but also explained 67.35% variance of it. It seems that having more psychological resources, more well-being and good feelings concerning performance in the workspace and the efforts of companies to improve employee welfare are among the most important factors in increasing employee creativity. Our findings can help companies, especially nontechnology companies, in focusing on factors fostering the creativity of employees, because creativity enhances and promotes the performance and success of companies.
This study investigates the application of nano-composite materials in physical education, specifically focusing on improving the performance of sports hall flooring. The research centers on carbon nanotube reinforced polyvinyl chloride (PVC) composites, which offer enhanced mechanical properties and durability. The incorporation of carbon nanotubes as reinforcements in the PVC matrix provides notable benefits, including increased strength, improved thermal stability, electrical conductivity, and resistance to fatigue. The key parameters examined in this study are the weight percentage of carbon nanotubes and the temperature during the fabrication process. Through careful analysis, it is found that higher weight percentages of carbon nanotubes contribute to a more uniform dispersion within the PVC matrix, resulting in improved mechanical properties. Additionally, higher fabrication temperatures aid in repairing macroscopic defects, leading to enhanced overall performance. The findings of this study indicate that the utilization of carbon nanotube reinforced PVC composites can significantly enhance the strength and durability of sports hall flooring. By employing these advanced materials, the safety and suitability of physical education environments can be greatly improved. Furthermore, the insights gained from this research can contribute to the optimization of composite material design and fabrication techniques, not only in the field of physical education but also in various industries where composite materials find applications.
This paper investigates the stability of a bi-directional functionally graded (BD-FG) cylindrical beam made of imperfect concrete, taking into account size-dependency and the effect of geometry on its stability behavior. Both buckling and dynamic behavior are analyzed using the modified coupled stress theory and the classical beam theory. The BD-FG structure is created by using porosity-dependent FG concrete, with changing porosity voids and material distributions along the pipe radius, as well as uniform and nonuniform radius functions that vary along the beam length. Energy principles are used to generate partial differential equations (PDE) for stability analysis, which are then solved numerically. This study sheds light on the complex behavior of BD-FG structures, and the results can be useful for the design of stable cylindrical microstructures.
Exercise is beneficial to the body in some ways. It is vital for people who have heart problems to perform exercise according to their condition. This paper describes how an Android platform can provide early warnings of fatigue during wushu exercise using Photoplethysmography (PPG) signals. Using the data from a micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) gyroscope to detect heart rate, this study contributes an algorithm to determine a user's fatigue during wushu exercise. It sends vibration messages to the user's smartphone device when the heart rate exceeds the limit or is too fast during exercise. The heart rate monitoring system in the app records heart rate data in real-time while exercising. A simple pulse sensor and Android app can be used to monitor heart rate. This plug-in sensor measures heart rate based on photoplethysmography (PPG) signals during exercise. Pulse sensors can be easily inserted into the fingertip of the user. An embedded microcontroller detects the heart rate by connecting a pulse sensor transmitted via Bluetooth to the smartphone. In order to measure the impact of physical activity on heart rate, Wushu System tests are conducted using various factors, such as age, exercise speed, and duration. During testing, the Android app was found to detect heart rate with an accuracy of 95.3% and to warn the user when their heart rate rises to an abnormal level.
The present paper examines the stability analysis of the buckling differentiae of the small-scale, non-uniform porosity-dependent functionally graded (PD-FG) tube. The high-order beam theory and nonlocal strain gradient theory are operated for the mathematical modeling of nanotubes based on the Hamilton principle. In this paper, the external radius function is non-uniform. In contrast, the internal radius is uniform, and the cross-section changes along the tube length due to these radius functions based on the four types of useful mathematical functions. The PD-FG material distributions are varied in the radial direction and made with ceramics and metals. The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) and associated boundary conditions are solved via a numerical method for different boundary conditions. The received outcomes concerning different presented parameters are valuable to the design and production of small-scale devices and intelligent structures.
As composite materials are used in many applications, the modern world looks forward to significant progress. An overview of the application of composite fiber materials in sports equipment is provided in this article, focusing primarily on the advantages of these materials when applied to sports equipment, as well as an Analysis of the influence of sports equipment of fiber-reinforced composite material on social sports development. The present study investigated surface morphology and physical and mechanical properties of S-glass fiber epoxy composites containing Al2O3 nanofillers (for example, 1 wt%, 2 wt%, 3 wt%, 4 wt%). A mechanical stirrer and ultrasonication combined the Al2O3 nanofiller with the matrix in varying amounts. A compression molding method was used to produce sheet composites. A first physical observation is well done, which confirms that nanoparticles are deposited on the fiber, and adhesive bonds are formed. Al2O3 nanofiller crystalline structure was investigated by X-ray diffraction, and its surface morphology was examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). In the experimental test, nanofiller content was added at a rate of 1, 2, and 3% by weight, which caused a gradual decrease in void fraction by 2.851, 2.533, and 1.724%, respectively, an increase from 2.7%. The atomic bonding mechanism shows molecular bonding between nanoparticles and fibers. At temperatures between 60 °C and 380 °C, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) analysis shows that NPs deposition improves the thermal properties of the fibers and causes negligible weight reduction (percentage). Thermal stability of the composites was therefore presented up to 380 °C. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) spectrum confirms that nanoparticles have been deposited successfully on the fiber.
The combination of physical activities and individual skills in sports creates an entertaining and competitive environment governed by a set of rules. In today's world, sports attract significant attention and are approached differently by various groups. Inevitably, injuries occur in sports, significantly impacting an athlete's performance and ability to participate in exercises and competitions. Addressing this issue, one of the crucial measures involves restoring the athlete's ability to engage in sports and compete. Sports rehabilitation serves as a treatment to mitigate the effects of injuries, and when combined with surgery, it can expedite the recovery process. Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to utilize a biocompatible technology for synthesizing zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles in sports rehabilitation, ensuring minimal harm to the environment.
The extensive use of polymeric matrix composites in the athletic sector may be attributed to its high strength-to-weight ratio, production economy, and a longer lifespan than conventional materials. This study explored the impact of carbon nanotubes on the properties of different composite field sports equipment components. The test specimens were fabricated using the compression molding technique. The insertion of carbon nanotubes increases mechanical properties related to the process parameters to account for an improvement in the stick sections' overall performance. The dynamic response of functionally graded reinforced nanocomposite wire structure is examined in this paper on the bases of high-order hyperbolic beam theory lined to the size-dependent nonclassical nonlocal theory under the external mechanical load due to the physical activities. Finally, the impact of different parameters on the stability of nanocomposite structures is discussed in detail.
The vibrational behavior of nanoelements is critical in determining how a nanostructure behaves. However, combining vibrational analysis with stability analysis allows for a more comprehensive knowledge of a structure's behavior. As a result, the goal of this research is to characterize the behavior of nonlocal nanocyndrical beams with uniform and nonuniform cross sections. The nonuniformity of the beams is determined by three distinct section functions, namely linear, convex, and exponential functions, with the length and mass of the beams being identical. For completely clamped, fully pinned, and cantilever boundary conditions, Eringen's nonlocal theory is combined with the Timoshenko beam model. The extended differential quadrature technique was used to solve the governing equations in this research. In contrast to the other boundary conditions, the findings of this research reveal that the nonlocal impact has the opposite effect on the frequency of the uniform cantilever nanobeam. Furthermore, since the mass of the materials employed in these nanobeams is designed to remain the same, the findings may be utilized to help improve the frequency and buckling stress of a resonator without requiring additional material, which is a cost-effective benefit.
A significant component of many civil constructions such as buildings, reservoirs, bridges, and sports halls, concrete has become increasingly popular due to its versatile properties. Concrete's internal characteristics change due to the use of different types of fibers, including changes in its microstructure, volume, and hole dimensions. Additionally, the type, dimensions, and distribution of fibers in concrete can affect the results of flexural strength tests by affecting its compressive and tensile strength. Due to a lack of information, fiber concrete is a new composite material in the production industry that requires laboratory studies to determine its behavior. This study investigated the bending behavior of multilayer slabs made of concrete reinforced by polyamide-propylene fibers against impact in weight lifting exercises. Results showed that adding fibers to concrete slab samples improved the mechanical properties while replacing them hurt the mechanical properties and failure of polymer fiber-reinforced concrete. On the other hand, adding and replacing fibers increases durability and has a positive effect.
Physical exercise, especially intense exercise and high intensity interval training (HIIT) by trampoline, can lead to muscle injuries. These effects can be reduced with intelligent products made of nanocomposite materials. Most of these nanocomposites are polymers reinforced with silicon dioxide, alumina, and titanium dioxide nanoparticles. This study presents a polymer nanocomposite reinforced with silica. As a result of the rapid reaction between tetraethyl orthosilicate and ammonia in the presence of citric acid and other agents, silica nanostructures were synthesized. By substituting bis (4-amino phenoxy) phenyl-triptycene in N, N-dimethylformamide with potassium carbonate, followed by catalytic reduction with hydrazine and Pd/C, the diamine monomer bis (4-amino phenoxy) phenyl-triptycene is prepared. We synthesized a new polyaromatic (imide) with triptycene unit by sol-gel method from aromatic diamines and dianhydride using pyridine as a condensation reagent in NMP. PI readily dissolves in solvents and forms robust and tough polymer films in situ. The FTIR and NMR techniques were used to determine the effects of SiO2 on the sol-gel process and the structure of the synthesized nanocomposites. By using a simultaneous thermal analysis (DTA-TG) method, the appropriate thermal operation temperature was also determined. Through SEM analysis, the structure, shape, size, and specific surface area of pores were determined. Analysis of XRD results is used to determine how SiO2 affects the crystallization of phases and the activation energy of crystallization.
Achieving superior reusable energy absorption and mitigation properties under repeated impact loadings with high strain rates, yet maintaining the lightweight design feature, is still a challenge for thin-walled structure design. In this work, combined with the concept of mechanical metamaterial, several kinds of negative-stiffness meta-sandwich structures (NSMSs) are developed and their dynamic responses under repeated high strain-rate impacts are systematically investigated. The 3D printing technique of selective laser sintering (SLS) is applied to fabricate the composite NSMSs with glass fiber reinforced (GFR) Nylon. The bistability of the double curved-beam topology and the remarkable impact resistance to the repeated impact loadings are theoretically, numerically, and experimentally analyzed. An analytical model based on the Gibson-Ashby framework is presented to predict the mechanical behavior of NSMSs, and a series of evaluation indicators are developed to quantitatively describe the energy absorption performance. Compared with a conventional honeycomb structure, the unique layer-by-layer failure mode for NSMSs, leading to a significant improvement in the capacity of multiple-impact resistance, is unambiguously demonstrated. This new type of artificial structure paves a feasible way to achieve superior energy absorption and impact resistance features under repeated impacts.
Material extrusion (MEX) 3D printing fabricates cost-effective functional polymeric parts, while a new class of materials, such as polylactic acid/carbon nanotubes (PLA/CNTs) nanocomposites, have great potential for use in MEX due to their multi-functional performance. MEX advantages include the construction of lightweight specimens with complex geometry, in minimum time and with minimum waste, while its drawbacks are related to the parts' surface roughness, anisotropic behavior, and shape accuracy. To improve the properties of parts, build with MEX, thus extending their applicability in areas such as biomedical, aeronautics, automotive, printing electronics , and others, the 3D printing parameters need to be controlled, while post-processing further and significantly improve their performance. Combining 3D printing with laser as a post-processing technology highly improves the efficiency of the nanocomposites. In this work, new data are reported on PLA/CNT nano-composites in thin plates form, manufactured with MEX and pro-processed with low-cost CO 2 laser cutting, for the improvement of their shape accuracy and their surface roughness, making them eligible for use in innovative nanocomposite-based applications.
The emission of CO2 from human activities is the principal reason for global warming. Membrane separation technology has been extensively regarded as a tremendous potential option for mitigating CO2 emissions when utilizing fossil fuels as a major source of energy. As an important group of CO2 separation membranes, the fixed CO2 carrier-facilitated transport membrane guided by π-complexation reactions is a rising research field and has attracted much attention in the last ten years due to its desirable CO2 separation performance in the dry state and high resistance to oxidation. In this review, facilitated transport theories derived from π-complexation reactions are discussed for an in-depth understanding, rational design and tunable fabrication of facilitated transport membranes. According to the different fixation methods of metal ions (CO2 active carrier), polymer electrolyte membranes and mixed matrix membranes are discussed in detail as two strategies for fabricating CO2-facilitated transport membranes. Future perspectives toward π-complexation reaction-facilitated transport membranes are proposed.
Using nanocarriers to load antimicrobial agent instead of direct incorporating into film matrix could avoid burst release. Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) are natural clays with a unique tubular structure; therefore in many studies it served as carriers to achieve a controlled release of active agents. However, when HNTs biocomposites were loaded into packaging film, the antimicrobial activity was reduced too seriously to preserve the packaged food. This study aimed to improving preservation properties of the fabricated films from two perspectives: enlarging the loading capacity of the carrier, and increasing the concentration of HNTs biocomposites. Brunauer, Emmett, Teller's test (BET) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were conducted to evaluate the performance of acid treated nanocomposites. Results showed that acid treatment expanded the lumen of HNTs, increasing the loading capacity of cinnamaldehyde (Cin) from 14.6 wt% to 25.0 wt%. Active packaging films were then fabricated by incorporating Cin loaded HNTs into poly(lactic acid) matrix, and it revealed bionanocomposites at 30 wt% achieved the optimum film, considering the mechanical performance and controlled release of Cin. Cumulative release rate of the films were further verified by the fumigant antimicrobial activity. This study demonstrates a solution for improving the antimicrobial properties of packaging film without comprising mechanical strength.
1Abstract
Mechanical and tribological performances of Ti-16 wt.%Ni alloy-based components were analyzed to extend their application scopes while retaining their longevity and high accuracy. Accordingly, the frictional surface was integrated with important parameters and the configurable sine-shaped channels through finite element analysis. Further, tensile and compression stresses were determined for Ti-16 wt.%Ni composites using Gleeble 3800. In a ball-on-flat tribopair system, a MA: (AO-GN) (MgAl: (Al2O3-graphene)) ratio of 8.5: 1.0 enhanced the deformation, and facilitated excellent self-rehabilitation to improve the tribological behaviors. Further optimization of the MA: (AO-GN) ratio, i.e., 8.5:(1.2:0.3), helped in formation of the tribo-film. Sliding friction resistance and surface material loss were reduced. Thus, the best tribological behavior among the selected matching ratios was obtained. This was attributed to the cooperative functions of load extrusion and low friction heating, which caused low-temperature MA lubricants to cooperate with AO and GN, resulted in their migration from microcosmic channels (microchannels) to the frictional interface. Subsequently, they spread to form the tribo-film, and repaired the interface, thus facilitating an excellent tribological behavior.
To avoid the additional damage caused by conductive films embedded between layers of composites and to decrease the complexity of sensing structure manufacturing, a novel conductive smart coating for structural health monitoring is developed. This coating can be applied onto the surface of composite products. Also, a design principle for conductive coatings is proposed to provide design guidelines for sensor materials. A conductive coating with multiwall carbon nanotubes and carbon black is fabricated to verify the design principles. Besides, coating-related properties such as resistance change, conductivity, and failure strain are characterized through experiments. The damage to composite laminates with various thicknesses at tensile and different impact loads is analyzed to verify the monitoring effect of the coating. Additionally, to determine the damage location, a damage localization prototype is proposed. The results of this paper provide a reference and a design method for the engineering application of coated sensors and damage monitoring.
The power electronics tend to become miniaturized and multifunctionalized, such as thermal rotators, circuit breakers, and microchips, which have necessitated creating instruments for investigating thermal mechanisms and enhancing thermal conductivity. In this paper, we construct the heat flow network of spherical boron nitride (BN) and used multiscale spherical BN to improve the thermal conductivity of the composite synergistically. The multiscale spherical filler ratio optimization model based on the Dinger-Funk particle stacking theory is established, which obtained the optimal volume ratio of 0.224:0.374:0.402 with D50 of 20, 70, and 160 μm. Meanwhile, the effects of multiscale filler ratio, morphology, filler content, and temperature are investigated. The thermal conductivity of composites can reach up to 1.84 W/(m·K) at 20 vol %. Significantly, the thermal conductivity of composites is 4.82 W/(m·K) at 30 vol %, which is achieved by optimizing the multiscale filler and particle size distribution.
This research studies the nonlinear buckling of two-dimensional functionally graded (2D-FG) nanotubes with porosity based on the Zhang-Fu theory of tubes, Timoshenko beam theory, and the nonlocal gradient strain theory (NSGT) as well as Von-Karmen nonlinear theory. In this paper, the formulation of the problem for various boundary conditions is generated according to the energy method. Then, the results are extracted by incorporating the generalized differential quadrature method (GDQM) coupled with the iteration method. The accuracy of the results is proven through comparative studies, and finally, the impact of different parameters, which influence the buckling of the nanotube, is investigated.
Background
DNA N6-methyladenine plays an important role in the restriction-modification system to isolate invasion from adventive DNA. The shortcomings of the high time-consumption and high costs of experimental methods have been exposed, and some computational methods have emerged. The support vector machine theory has received extensive attention in the bioinformatics field due to its solid theoretical foundation and many good characteristics.
Objective
General machine learning methods include an important step of extracting features. The research has omitted this step and replaced with easy-to-obtain sequence distances matrix to obtain better results
Method
First sequence alignment technology was used to achieve the similarity matrix. Then a novel transformation turned the similarity matrix into a distance matrix. Next, the similarity-distance matrix is made positive semi-definite so that it can be used in the kernel matrix. Finally, the LIBSVM software was applied to solve the support vector machine.
Results
The five-fold cross-validation of this model on rice and mouse data has achieved excellent accuracy rates of 92.04% and 96.51%, respectively. This shows that the DB-SVM method has obvious advantages compared with traditional machine learning methods. Meanwhile this model achieved 0.943,0.982 and 0.818 accuracy,0.944, 0.982, and 0.838 Matthews correlation coefficient and 0.942, 0.982 and 0.840 F1 scores for the rice, M. musculus and cross-species genome datasets, respectively.
Conclusion
These outcomes show that this model outperforms the iIM-CNN and csDMA in the prediction of DNA 6mA modification, which are the lastest research on DNA 6mA.
Despite the importance of natural fractures in shales, few techniques are currently available to examine their formation mechanism and effects on shale oil accumulation directly. The Middle Permian Lucaogou Formation in the Jimsar Sag of the Junggar Basin is a typical fractured shale. The Jimsar Sag has experienced multiple phases of tectonic movement since the Paleozoic Era, forming numerous natural fractures. However, controversy still surrounds the timing of formation, genetic mechanisms, and effects on shale oil accumulation of these fractures. Based on C-O-Nd isotopes, rare earth elements, fluid inclusions, SmNd isochron dating of fracture cements, rock acoustic emission, and triaxial rheological experiment, this study precisely define the fracture formation time, trace the provenances of fluids filling the fractures, elucidate the genetic mechanism of fractures and their effects on shale oil accumulation. The results suggest that these fractures were mainly formed in the Late Permian, Late Jurassic, and Early Cretaceous. Palaeotectonic stress field simulations further show that the tectonic movements in the Late Permian formed nearly N-S-trending fractures due to severe north-south extrusion. High-temperature fluids originating from the post-collision mantle intruded the Lucaogou Formation between ~258.1 Ma and ~ 257.6 Ma. Subsequently, tectonic movements in the Tianshan Mountains during the Late Jurassic resulted in extrusion from southwest to northeast, forming NEE-trending fractures. During this tectonic event, basin fluids intruded the Lucaogou Formation between ~150.2 Ma and ~ 146.5 Ma. The persistent fold rollback that occurred in the Bogda piedmont foreland sag in the Early Cretaceous subjected the Jimsar Sag to severe extrusion, forming NNW-trending fractures. This tectonic event influenced the intrusion of basin fluids into the Lucaogou Formation between ~123.0 Ma and ~ 120.3 Ma. The Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous fractures coincided with the peak of oil generation and expulsion in the Lucaogou shale and created conduits and reservoir volumes for the migration and accumulation of shale oil. Our study introduces a new approach that integrates geophysical and geochemical data to investigate the formation processes of fracture and their impact on shale oil accumulation.
Biochar(BC)-photocatalyst nanocomposites have emerged as appealing water and wastewater treatment technology. Such nanocomposite materials benefit from the synergistic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis to attain improved removal of pollutants from water and wastewater. Under this review, three BC-based nanocomposite photocatalysts such as BC-TiO2, BC-ZnO, and BC-spinel ferrites were considered. These nanocomposites acquire intrinsic properties to improve the practical limitations of the pristine BC and photocatalysts. The BC-based nanocomposites attained high photocatalytic activity, mechanical hardness, thermal stability, chemically non-reactive, magnetically permeable, reduced energy band gaps, improved reusability, and simplified recovery. Moreover, BC-based photocatalytic nanocomposites showed reduced recombination rates of the electron-hole pairs which are desirable for photocatalytic applications. However, the surface areas of the composites are usually smaller than that of the BC but higher than those of the pristine photocatalysts. Practically, the performances of the nanocomposites are much superior to those of the corresponding pristine components. This hybrid treatment technology is an emerging field and its industrial application is still at an early stage of the investigation. Therefore, exploring the full potential and practical applications of this technology is highly encouraging. Hence, this review focused on the critical evaluation of the most recent research on the synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic treatment efficiency of the BC photocatalyst nanocomposites towards emerging pollutants in the aqueous medium. Moreover, the influence of various sources of BC feedstocks and their limitations on adsorption and photodegradation activities are discussed in detail. Finally, concluding remarks and future research directions are given to assist and shape the exploration of BC-based nanocomposite photocatalysts in water treatment.
In recent years, carbon materials reinforced composites have aroused widespread interests owing to their remarkable physicochemical performances and important biological potentials. But, their enhanced applications in multidimensional fields of mechanics, thermology, electricity, tribology and the biomedicine are rarely reported. Systematacially, this review discusses typical micro/nano-structures, main properties and multidimensional applications from carbon nanotubes and graphite to fullerenes, subsequently to graphene and nanodiamonds, next to carbon fibers, finally to the amorphous carbons. After introduction of micro/nano-structures and absorbing properties of carbon materials, which are subsequently analyzed in the multi-scaled mechanics. Afterward, important discussions on thermal enhancements and electrical contributions of carbon materials are respectively reported in 3 Thermal enhancement effects of carbon materials, 4 Electrical contributions of carbon materials. Subsequently, their mechanisms for achieving friction-reduction and antiwear are summarized. Advanced progress of biomedical adhibition of carbon material is further elaborated. Finally, this review is concluded with the outlooks on crucial challenge and future opportunity for widening multidimensional applications.
Light-driven photocatalysis might address many global energy concerns due to its implications for hydrogen production and the imperative need to reduce fossil fuel dependency. Polydopamine (PDA) is a popular mussel-inspired material with extensive applicability in biomedical and drug delivery fields, which has recently been gathering attention in the fields of catalysis and photocatalysis. PDA is highly attractive for catalysis due to its large number of functional groups and its easy polymerization on virtually any surface. In photocatalysis, however, its properties have not been well described and strongly depend on the generation of heterojunctions (PDA/Semiconductor). In this review, we summarize the latest developments and studies on photocatalytic nanocomposites based on PDA. We will introduce general aspects such as structure and polymerization control. Then, we will focus on aspects of relevance for photoactive materials, such as chromatic control and electrical properties. We will present and discuss the recent literature on metal oxides and metal sulphides and some emergent materials focusing on photoactive and photocatalytic applications. Finally, we will outline some of the opportunities in the field. We hope this review serves as a reference for researchers and allows the growing community to focus on future developments for PDA-based photocatalytic nanocomposites.
Eutrophication caused by excessive phosphate has become a global environmental issue that urgently needs to be solved due to its destructive effect on the ecosystem and adverse effect on human health. In this study, a novel lanthanum carbonate-grafted ZSM-5 zeolite (LC-ZSM-5) was developed to effectively achieve highly selective phosphate removal from wastewater. The LC-ZSM-5 adsorbent shows high adsorption capacity (highest at over 45 mg-PO4³⁻/g) in the pH range of 3–6 with a fast adsorption rate (reaching 80% of the maximum adsorption capacity within 150 min and equilibrium at 350 min). High stability can be observed with less than 0.3 mg/L La leakage during the adsorption process. Four kinetic models are used to describe the adsorption process. The pseudo second order model and the Elovich model are found to fit the data best with a high correlation coefficient (r² = 0.99), showing that the adsorption process is influenced simultaneously by the phosphate concentration and interaction between adsorbent and adsorbate. The change of curve slope from 4.0 to 0.89 and intercept from 0.76 to 27.6 in intra-particle model indicates that the adsorption process is controlled by a combination of intra-particle diffusion and film surface diffusion. The maximum phosphate adsorption capacity calculated from the Langmuir model is 47.7 mg-PO4³⁻/g, and the adsorption isotherm data are fitted well by the Freundlich model (r² = 0.95) and the Koble-Corrigan model (r² = 0.95), suggesting that the phosphate adsorption process is dominated by nonregular multilayer adsorption with the coexistence of monolayer adsorption. The ionic strength and co-existing anions have little impact on the adsorption capacity of LC-ZSM-5, proving the adsorption selectivity of phosphate onto LC-ZSM-5. Characterization results show that spindle-like lanthanum carbonate particles are fabricated on ZSM-5. Combining the adsorption process and the characterization, it can be derived that phosphate is adsorbed by LC-ZSM-5 mainly through electric attraction and ligand exchange. Our study demonstrates the great potential application value of LC-ZSM-5 in commonly seen phosphate-containing wastewater.
Modulation of electronic properties in spintronic interfaces (spinterfaces) can give rise to the optimization and even emergence of abundant spintronic effects. However, a proof-of-concept demonstration of such a strategy has rarely been achieved. In this paper, we study the interlayer exchange coupling effect in a synthetic magnetic multilayer system [Pt/Co]2/VO2/[Co/Pt]2, where atomically thin phase-change material VO2 is adopted as a spinterface with reversible metal-to-insulator transition. Repeatable switching from antiferromagnetic coupling through insulating spinterface to ferromagnetic coupling through metallic spinterface is observed in this multilayer system. Further analyses indicate that such an evolution originates from two distinct coupling mechanisms of spin-dependent tunneling and Rudermann-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida interaction determined by the electronic states of VO2. As an experimental demonstration of VO2-tailored interlayer exchange coupling effect, this work highlights the great potential of spinterface as a magic building block in beyond-CMOS electronic devices.