ArticlePublisher preview available

Invasive non-native species in Brazil: an updated overview

Authors:
  • The Horus Institute for Environmental Conservation and Development
To read the full-text of this research, you can request a copy directly from the authors.

Abstract and Figures

Invasive non-native species (invasive species, henceforth) across all taxonomic groups are spreading globally, with numbers projected to continue growing in the future. It is difficult for governments and managers to handle this issue when the identity of invasive species or the areas of occurrence of biological invasions are not known. Here, we provide an updated list of invasive animals, plants and algae in Brazil that is fully integrated and based on the same criteria and lexicon to define invasive species across all plant and animal taxa and habitats. We list 444 invasive non-native species: 254 animals, 188 plants and 2 algae. Some of the invasive species have been present in Brazil since the beginning of the European colonization in the 1500 s, but the majority of first records in Brazil were made in the last century, with copious first records after the year 2000. The list of invasive species presented here represents the most comprehensive attempt thus far to catalog all invasive non-native species at a continental-scale for a megadiverse country. Brazil has published a national strategy with the objective of improving mechanisms and partnerships for invasive non-native species prevention, early detection and rapid response. We believe that the current list of invasive species will provide technical and scientific support for the implementation of effective measures in the management of biological invasions.
This content is subject to copyright. Terms and conditions apply.
Vol.: (0123456789)
1 3
Biol Invasions (2024) 26:2397–2405
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-024-03302-9
ALIEN FLORAS ANDFAUNAS 24
Invasive non‑native species inBrazil: anupdated overview
RafaelD.Zenni · SílviaR.Ziller· ClarissaA.daRosa· RafaelB.Sühs· PatriciaB.Puechagut·
BeloniT.P.Marterer· GustavoHeringer· AnaCarolinaL.deMatos· MarinaL.Bueno·
JonathanW.Almeida· CarlosH.T.Silva· JoséRenatoLegracie‑Júnior· TatianiE.Chapla
Received: 19 December 2023 / Accepted: 21 March 2024 / Published online: 9 April 2024
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024
Abstract Invasive non-native species (invasive
species, henceforth) across all taxonomic groups are
spreading globally, with numbers projected to con-
tinue growing in the future. It is difficult for govern-
ments and managers to handle this issue when the
identity of invasive species or the areas of occurrence
of biological invasions are not known. Here, we pro-
vide an updated list of invasive animals, plants and
algae in Brazil that is fully integrated and based on
the same criteria and lexicon to define invasive spe-
cies across all plant and animal taxa and habitats. We
list 444 invasive non-native species: 254 animals,
188 plants and 2 algae. Some of the invasive species
have been present in Brazil since the beginning of the
European colonization in the 1500s, but the majority
of first records in Brazil were made in the last century,
with copious first records after the year 2000. The list
of invasive species presented here represents the most
comprehensive attempt thus far to catalog all invasive
non-native species at a continental-scale for a megad-
iverse country. Brazil has published a national strat-
egy with the objective of improving mechanisms and
partnerships for invasive non-native species preven-
tion, early detection and rapid response. We believe
that the current list of invasive species will provide
technical and scientific support for the implementa-
tion of effective measures in the management of bio-
logical invasions.
Supplementary Information The online version
contains supplementary material available at https:// doi.
org/ 10. 1007/ s10530- 024- 03302-9.
R.D.Zenni(*)· G.Heringer· A.C.L.deMatos·
M.L.Bueno· J.W.Almeida
Departamento de Ecologia e Conservação, Instituto de
Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras,
MG37200-090, Brazil
e-mail: rafael.zenni@ufla.br
S.R.Ziller· P.B.Puechagut· B.T.P.Marterer
Instituto Hórus de Desenvolvimento e Conservação
Ambiental, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
C.A.daRosa
Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional
de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo 2936,
Petrópolis,Manaus, AM69067-375, Brazil
R.B.Sühs
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade
Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC88040-900,
Brazil
G.Heringer
Nürtingen-Geislingen University (HfWU), Schelmenwasen
4-8, 72622Nürtingen, Germany
C.H.T.Silva· J.R.Legracie-Júnior· T.E.Chapla
Brazilian Ministry oftheEnvironment, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.
... The Cichlidae family, which includes the fish species Oreochromis niloticus and Coptodon rendalli, are prominent among the main 15 occurrences in PAs (Fig. 1A) and also the main occurrence of invasive animals recorded throughout Brazil (Zenni et al. 2024 Amphibians and reptiles are among the least represented groups in relation to the number of species recorded. This was expected, as these groups are among those with the greatest knowledge gap (Kraus 2009;Zenni et al. 2016;Melo-Dias et al. 2023). ...
... All the data compiled for this study have already been included in the National Invasive Alien Species Database (Instituto Horus 2024), which is freely available online and has been used as reference for the establishment of INNS lists (e.g. Bergallo et al. 2021;Zenni et al. 2024). In addition, our study can be used for the development of management strategies to reduce the rate of establishment of known or potential INNS, as well as for decision-making on priority areas and species for the implementation of control and eradication actions in PAs. ...
... Like elsewhere in the world (Balmford et al. 2009) visitation of PAs is increasing; in 2023 Brazilian National Parks welcomed a record number of visitors (ICMBIO 2024b). Besides the need for strong biosecurity measures to prevent invasive species from spreading across borders (Anderson et al. 2015), Brazil also faces a challenge as species are translocated within the country (Zenni et al. 2024). Given that our findings indicated a high occurrence of INNS in national and state parks, a specific strategy is required to tackle these challenges and meet KMGBF targets. ...
Article
Full-text available
The number of invasive non-native species (INNS) has been increasing in Brazilian protected areas (PAs) in the last decades, even though Brazil is close to reaching the Global Biodiversity Framework Target of having at least 30% of the territory conserved in PAs. The main aim of our study is to identify spatial patterns and factors that describe the number of INNS in federal and state PAs in Brazil. We integrated and standardized three sources of occurrences of INNS in federal and state PAs with a new database built for this study based on occurrences reported in 424 management plans (MP). A generalized linear model was used to assess the factors that best describe the number of INNS in PAs using biome, year of PA creation, PA area, PA group, and PA category as fixed effects. We compiled 5,631 occurrences of 150 invasive animals, 179 invasive plants, four ferns, three protists, one alga, and one bryophyte. Protected areas with the highest number of INNS are concentrated along the coast, in the Atlantic Forest biome, especially in the south and southeast of Brazil. Biome, PA category, and PA year of creation were the most important variables in the model, explaining 52.81%, 23.1%, and 21.1% of model variance, respectively. Our results show the magnitude of biological invasions in Brazilian PAs and we provide baseline data and recommendations to be used as reference for the development of policies and management actions at regional and local levels, thus contributing to the achievement of Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) targets.
... To determine probability of INNS introduction (PI), we quantified the coverage, spatial density and distance to PA edge of pathways and vectors associated with INNS introduction in 10 km and 50 km buffers from the protected area edge (Zenni et al. 2024b). Buffer sizes were defined based on findings by (Mcdonald et al. 2009;Foxcroft et al. 2011) that up to these distances protected areas are influenced, respectively, by roads and urban centers. ...
... gov. br/) and the list of INNS (flora and fauna) from the Brazilian Ministry of the Environment (Zenni et al. 2024b), SISBio (ICMBio's official biodiversity information repository), and Ocean Biodiversity Information System (OBIS). Occurrence data were obtained from SISBio and speciesLink. ...
... The model showed fewer imminent risks of biological invasions for the Amazon region. That is because the region currently has fewer known records of biological invasions (Ziller et al. 2020a;Zenni et al. 2024b) within and around protected areas. However, in long term, the Amazon region faces potential new arrivals of invasive non-native species as biological invasions are expected to increase over time in the tropics (Zenni 2015;Essl et al. 2020;Seebens et al. 2023;Zenni et al. 2024a). ...
Article
Full-text available
Protected areas are key to global biodiversity conservation efforts. Yet, most protected areas globally face threats of biological invasions either by invasive non-native species established within the protected area or by the imminent establishment of invasive non-native species established in the surrounding landscapes. In face of growing biological invasions, protected area managers must be able to set prevention and control priorities for invasive non-native species management. In this study, we developed a new methodological approach to identify which protected areas should be prioritized for prevention and early detection and which should be prioritized for control of biological invasions. Our methodological approach analyzes the occurrence of invasive species within and around the protected areas and weights the influence of multiple existing pathways to calculate the probability of introduction of invasive species and colonization pressure for each protected area. We evaluated our priority setting model in 280 terrestrial and 42 marine protected areas in Brazil. For the terrestrial protected areas, 84 were classified as priority for prevention and early detection and 124 were classified as priority for control of biological invasions. For the marine protected areas, 25 were classified as priority for prevention and early detection and seven were classified as priority for control of biological invasions. Human population density and percentage of pasture cover surrounding the protected area were the most important factors for priority setting in terrestrial protected areas whereas number of aquiculture activities, density of waterways, distance to ports, distance to oil platforms, and distance from sinking points were the most important factors for priority setting in marine protected areas. In conclusion, the framework presented here provides an objective methodology for managers and stakeholders to decide where to invest their limited resources available for management of biological invasions in protected areas.
... Biological invasions of plants are detrimental to agricultural and natural environments, being the second leading cause of biodiversity loss worldwide [1]. In Brazil, the Poaceae family is the most abundant group of invasive species [2], and due to their adaptation to climatic conditions and high competitiveness, they are harmful invaders in natural ecosystems [3,4]. These plants can reduce light availability, alter fire regimes, and compete for water and nutrients, limiting the growth of native trees [5][6][7][8]. ...
Article
Full-text available
To restore invaded areas, planting fast-growing native species such as Senegalia polyphylla (DC.) Britton & Rose (Fabaceae) is widely used. However, invasive grasses reduce light availability, alter fire regimes, and compete for water and nutrients, hindering the growth of native trees. Fertilization practices influence the competition dynamics between natives and invasives by altering soil fertility. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of mineral and organic fertilization on the nutritional status and growth of S. polyphylla cultivated during the first 120 days after transplanting. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design comprising five treatments and four replications, along with the unfertilized control (0–0%) as an additional treatment. Dystrophic red latosol and different proportions of mineral and organic fertilizers were used. The variables evaluated included dry mass of aboveground parts and roots, nutrient content in leaves, and nutrient use efficiency. The results showed that fertilizations with high nutrient concentrations (100–0% and 75–25%) resulted in greater accumulation of N, P, and K in the leaves, while balanced fertilization (50–50% and 25–75%) led to greater root dry mass. These results emphasize the importance of strategically choosing fertilizer formulations to promote the healthy development of seedlings in areas subject to interference from invasive grasses.
... Like elsewhere in the world(Balmford et al. 2009) visitation of PAs is increasing; in 2023 Brazilian National Parks welcomed a record number of visitors (ICMBIo 2024b). Besides the need for strong biosecurity measures to prevent invasive species from spreading across borders(Anderson et al. 2015), Brazil also faces a challenge as species are translocated within the country(Zenni et al. 2024). Given that our ndings indicated a high occurrence of INNS in national and state parks, a speci c strategy is required to tackle these challenges and meet KMGBF targets. ...
Preprint
Full-text available
The number of invasive non-native species (INNS) has been increasing in Brazilian protected areas (PAs) in the last decades, even though Brazil is close to reaching the Global Biodiversity Framework Target of having at least 30% of the territory conserved in PAs. The main aim of our study is to identify spatial patterns and factors that describe the number of INNS in federal and state protected areas in Brazil. We integrated and standardized three sources of occurrences of INNS in federal and state PAs with a new database built for this study based on occurrences reported in 424 management plans (MP). A generalized linear model was used to assess the factors that best describe the number of INNS in PA using biome, year of PA creation, PA area, PA group, and PA category as fixed effects. We compiled 5,631 occurrences of 150 invasive animals, 179 invasive plants, four ferns, three protists, one alga, and one bryophyte. Protected areas with the highest number of INNS are concentrated along the coast, in the Atlantic Forest biome, especially in the south and southeast of Brazil. Biome, PA category, and PA year of creation were the most important variables in the model. We expect our results to show the magnitude of biological invasions in Brazilian PAs and we provide baseline data and recommendations to be used as reference for the development of policies and management actions at regional and local levels, thus contributing to the achievement of KMGBF targets.
Chapter
Full-text available
At least 39,215 alien species and more than 37,000 established alien species have been recorded worldwide and occurrences of established alien species have been reported from all countries and all ecosystems globally. The number of established alien species has risen at continuously accelerating rates for centuries, recently reaching the highest total number of established alien species and highest annual rate of new records. In absolute values, the highest numbers of established alien species records have been reported for vascular plants, insects, fishes, fungi, and molluscs. The total numbers of established alien species are similar in all IPBES regions except for Africa, ranging from 14,797 to 17,628 established alien species in the Americas, Europe and Central Asia, and Asia and the Pacific; total numbers are distinctly lower for Africa, which hosts a maximum of 6,484 established alien species. The majority of established alien species have been reported from terrestrial ecoregions (75 per cent), while distinctly fewer established alien species were recorded in freshwater and marine ecosystems. The number of established alien species is expected to rise further with a predicted 36 per cent global increase by 2050, but with large variations by region and among groups of organisms; most existing established alien species are expected to expand their current ranges. The number of established alien species is consistently lower on land managed by Indigenous Peoples. Research intensity and data availability documenting established alien species’ occurrences have increased in recent decades, but information about alien species distributions remains incomplete, particularly for inconspicuous species such as invertebrates, microorganisms, and aquatic species. A global assessment of biological invasions that covers the trends and status of regions and species groups equally can be achieved by a major increase in efforts to monitor alien and invasive alien species and by standardizing protocols for handling and sharing data at a global scale.
Chapter
Full-text available
This Chapter provides an analysis and synthesis of how direct and indirect anthropogenic drivers of change in nature, along with natural drivers and biodiversity loss itself, are responsible for the transport, introduction, establishment and spread of invasive alien species. The chapter first outlines the conceptual and analytical framework and approaches, then synthesizes the evidence for the role each driver plays across the biological invasion process (Glossary), before synthesizing the knowledge and identifying data gaps. Invasive alien species are one of five major classes of direct drivers of change in nature identified by the Global Assessment of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES, 2019), and are the theme of this assessment. Unlike other drivers, invasive alien species are both a direct driver of change in nature and they are integral parts of nature. As a consequence, invasive alien species can be directly affected by drivers that are classified as indirect drivers of change in nature, and invasive alien species along with biodiversity loss can facilitate invasion by other alien species.
Book
Full-text available
Summary for Policymakers of the Thematic Assessment Report on Invasive Alien Species and their Control of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.
Article
Full-text available
Worldwide, invasive alien species (IAS) cause significant ecological and economic impacts. To meet the Target-6 of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework that deals with IAS, it is crucial to fill the geographical knowledge gaps in invasion research. Towards this end, making available inventories of IAS from data-deficient regions of the world merits urgent research attention. Here we present an integrated inventory of invasive alien flora of South Asia—the most populous region of the world. We assembled the inventory by reviewing 236 studies published from 1890 to 2022, supplemented with expert validation. The inventory comprises 241 invasive alien plant species (IAPS) with perennial lifespan (65%) and herbaceous life form (61%) as the dominant life history traits. The number of IAPS varies considerably across the seven countries in the region with the highest in India (185) followed by Bhutan (53), Sri Lanka (45), Bangladesh (39), Nepal (30), Pakistan (29) and the lowest in Maldives (15). We found the highest species’ similarity between India and Bhutan and the lowest between India and Maldives, thus highlighting the role of geographical proximity and connectivity in shaping a similar species pool. Southern America was the major contributor both at country level and across the region, thereby indicating that the tropical climate matching aids in the establishment and spread of alien species. Our study will fill existing data gaps in the global reports, foster further research on biological invasions in South Asia, and guide invasion policy formulation and management strategies within each country and much beyond the political boundaries across the region.
Article
Full-text available
Biological invasions remain one of the greatest threats to biodiversity and livelihoods, and are predicted to increase due to climate change and globalization. In this study, we produced a comprehensive checklist of alien plants in Nigeria from online flora databases, herbarium records, published field surveys, and questionnaires administered to botanical gardens. The resulting alien flora was classified into naturalized, invasive, and cultivated plants. We then fitted a random forest model to identify the attributes which facilitate the naturalization of alien plants in Nigeria. We also used separate chi-squared tests to investigate if the frequency of these attributes is significantly different between the naturalized and invasive plants. The results include 1,381 alien plant taxa, comprising 238 naturalized, 190 invasive, and 953 cultivated species. The naturalized and invasive plants (428 species) are from 91 families, with Fabaceae and Poaceae having the highest representations. The random forest model showed that life forms and local economic uses were the most important drivers of alien plant naturalization in Nigeria. Chi-squared tests revealed a non-random distribution of life forms, higher frequencies of naturalized plants from the Indomalaya and the Neotropics, greater introductions during the British colonial rule, and that naturalized species are mostly used for medicinal, ornamental, food, or animal fodder purposes. Naturalized and invasive plants were recorded in all regions of Nigeria and are mostly found in urban and agricultural landscapes. This baseline information can support further ecological studies and conservation actions in Nigeria.
Article
Full-text available
•The latest 403 invasive alien plants in China are updated.•A summary of five volumes of 'Alien Invasive Flora of China' and recent invasive plants reports.•Compared with weeds, invasive plants emphasis on the destruction of biodiversity and native ecosystems.•Classical plant taxonomy is the basis of invasive plants research.
Article
Full-text available
Freshwater fish have been widely introduced worldwide, and freshwater ecosystems are among those most affected by biological invasions. Consequently, freshwater fish invasions are one of the most documented invasions among animal taxa, with much information available about invasive species, their characteristics, invaded regions, invasion pathways, impacts, and management. While existing reviews address specific aspects of freshwater fish invasions, there is still a gaping lack of comprehensive assessments of freshwater fish invasions that simultaneously address pivotal and connected elements of the invasion process. Here, we provide a holistic review, together with quantitative assessments, divided into four major parts: ( a) introduction pathways, ( b) characteristics of nonnative species and invaded ecosystems that explain successful invasion processes, ( c) invasion impacts and their mechanisms, and ( d) management. We highlight data gaps and biases in the current databases and highlight a basic lack of understanding of several aspects of freshwater fish invasions. In addition, we provide recommendations for future studies. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Volume 53 is November 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Article
Full-text available
The present study is a full review of the non-native freshwater fish species introduced into Argentina and their relationship to the main environmental features and introduction vectors of each freshwater ecoregion. The total number of non-native freshwater fish species was compiled through a literature survey; information on spatial–temporal patterns of species records and invasion vectors was retrieved for all ten freshwater ecoregions of Argentina. Our survey revealed that 18–22 non-native fish species had been recorded up to 1999, and a total of 40 introduced fish species, of which 18 are invasive and five potentially invasive, had been registered in seven Argentinean ecoregions as of May 2020. According to georeferenced records, the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and common carp Cyprinus carpio were the non-native fish species with the greatest number of records and largest invaded areas, probably due to their species-specific ecological traits. Invasive fish species differed clearly between the Patagonia, Lower Paraná, and Lower Uruguay ecoregions, probably because of a combination of the environmental conditions, structure of native assemblages, and invasion pathways in each ecoregion. Except for the recognized impact of non-native salmonids, the adverse effects of introduced fish species have been little studied, indicating the need for further research to clarify the role of ecological shifts triggered by the introduction and establishment of non-native fish species in Argentina. In contrast to the high diversity of aquatic species and freshwater environments, the spread and impact of invasive fish species in Argentina is little known, particularly compared with other South American countries.
Article
Full-text available
Biological invasions are one of the leading causes of global environmental change and their impacts can affect biodiversity, ecosystem services, human health and the economy. Yet, the understanding on the impacts of invasive alien species is still limited and mostly related to alien species outbreaks and losses in agricultural yield, followed by the understanding of the ecological impacts on natural systems. Notably, the economic impacts of biological invasions have rarely been quantified. Brazil has at least 1214 known alien species from which 460 are recognized as invasive alien species. Still, there are no comprehensive estimates of the cost of their impact and management. Here, we aimed at filling this gap by providing a comprehensive estimate of the economic cost of biological invasions in Brazil. In order to quantify these costs for species, ecosystems and human well-being we used the InvaCost database which is the first global compilation of the economic costs of biological invasions. We found that Brazil reportedly spent a minimum of USD 105.53 billions over 35 years (1984-2019), with an average spent of USD 3.02 (± 9.8) billions per year. Furthermore, USD 104.33 billion were due to damages and losses caused by invaders, whereas only USD 1.19 billion were invested in their management (prevention, control or eradication). We also found that recorded costs were unevenly distributed across ecosystems, and socioeconomic sectors , and were rarely evaluated and published. We found that the economic costs with losses and damages were substantially greater than those used for prevention, control or eradication of IAS. Since our data show costs reported in Brazil for only 16 invasive alien species, our estimates are likely a conservative mini-A peer-reviewed open-access journal NeoBiota José R.P. Adelino et al. / NeoBiota 67: 349-374 (2021) 350 mum of the actual economic costs of biological invasions in Brazil. Taken together, they indicate that in-vasive alien species are an important cause of economic losses and that Brazil has mostly opted for paying for the damage incurred by biological invasions rather than investing in preventing them from happening. Abstract in Portuguese Os impactos resultantes da introdução de espécies exóticas e invasoras (t.c.p. invasão biológica) é um dos principais fatores associados as mudanças ambientais em escala global, cujos impactos afetam direta e indiretamente a biodiversidade, os serviços ecossistêmicos, o bem estar e a saúde humana, e a economia. Contudo, muito do conhecimento sobre os impactos das espécies exóticas e invasoras ainda é limitado aos prejuízos observados em áreas de cultivo e plantações, negligenciando o impacto de surtos de espécies exóticas em sistemas ecológicos e naturais. Somado a isso, é notável o desconhecimento dos impactos econômicos da invasão biológica que são raramente quantificados e reportados. No Brasil estima-se a ocorrência de ao menos 1214 espécies exóticas estabelecidas das quais 460 são reconhecidas como espécies invasoras. Ainda assim, as estimativas dos custos relacionados aos respectivos impactos por prejuízos e por manejo de espécies exóticas e invasoras são desconhecidos. Neste estudo, pretendemos contribuir para preencher esta lacuna sumarizando os custos econômicos da invasão biológica para o Brasil. Para quantifi-car os custos econômicos da invasão biológica usamos informações em nível de espécie, ecossistemas, bem estar e saúde humana, e setores socio-econômicos disponíveis no primeiro levantamento de dados global para custos econômicos da invasão biológica, InvaCost. Encontramos que os custos reportados para o Brasil apresentam valor mínimo de USD 105,3 bilhões ao longo dos últimos 35 anos (1984-2019), com custo médio de USD 3,02 (± 9,8) bilhões ao ano. Detectamos que USD 104,33 bilhões estão relacionados a prejuízos (danos e perdas) causados por espécies invasoras, enquanto USD 1,9 bilhões foram investidos em ações preventivas como o de manejo, controle ou erradicação de espécies. Além disso, nossos resultados apontam para uma significativa disparidade dos custos econômicos entre os diferentes setores analisados (ecológicos, sociais e econômicos) reforçando a escassez de dados econômicos reportados e ou disponíveis para análise. Com os dados disponiveis observamos que os custos econômicos dos prejuízos (perdas e danos) foram mais representativos do que os custos de prevenção, controle e erradicação de espécies exóti-cas e invasoras. Uma vez que nossos dados de custo disponíveis para o Brasil estão associados apenas à presença de 16 espécies invasoras, certamente nossos resultados representam uma estimativa conservadora que reflete o valor mínimo esperado para os custos atuais dos impactos econômicos referente a presença de espécies exótico invasoras para o Brasil. Em conjunto, providenciamos a primeira análise de custos econômicos baseado em evidências que indicam que o custo com espécies exótico invasoras no país está as-sociado à reversão dos prejuízos acometidos pela invasão biológica ao invés do incentivo em investimento para a prevenção de danos. Portanto, concluímos que espécies exótico invasoras são uma importante fonte do prejuízo econômico ao país.