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Journal of the College of Education for Humanities Volume 14, Issue 1, 2024
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Mail: educationhumanities1@gmail.com https://jedh.utq.edu.iq
2024
ISSN:2707-5672
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Investigating Deixis in Medicine Leaflets
Asst. Prof. Dr. Hani Kamil Neimah
dr.hani.kamil.alebadi@utq.edu.iq
Dept. of English, College of Education for Human Sciences, University of Thi-
Qar, Thi-Qar, Iraq
Abstract
Within the field of linguistics, pragmatics is a subfield that focuses on the utilization
of language. This article focuses on the ways in which the transmission of meaning
is dependent not only on the linguistic understanding of a language user but also on
the context of an utterance in terms of the speaker's intention. This research
therefore intends to describe the application of deixis in the process of developing
medical leaflets. In this research, the questions that need to be addressed are as
follows: 1) what kinds of deixis are realized in the medical leaflets? 2) What are the
pragmatic meanings of deixis that are used in the medical leaflets, and 3) Which
types of deixis are used the most frequently in the data that has been collected?
Consequently, the aim of the study is to determine the deixis forms and meanings that
are utilized in the medical leaflets. A number of pragmatists, including Levinson,
Yule, Mey, Leech, and others, are utilized as a model of the study. With regard to the
description of the utilization of deixis in written medical leaflets, this research makes
use of both a qualitative and a quantitative approach. Through a random selection
process, forty medical pamphlets are selected for collection. It was postulated in the
study that the two types of deixis that are most significant in the process of composing
medical leaflets are the person and the time. This research comes with a variety of
findings that provide evidence that supports the hypotheses that were tested.
Keywords: Deixis, Leaflet, Pragmatics, Temporal, Personal
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1-Introduction
Language is essential to human communication. Effective communication takes
education and experience. Conversational actors are interaction components.
Communication needs parties to negotiate meaning. Meaning analysis can't be relied
on anything other than language, just like linguistic proof. A speaker's semantic content
may not express their full meaning. Communication involves sending and receiving
ideas, emotions, wishes, and intentions. Pragmatically, the listener can extrapolate
meaning from what is said, which helps achieve the conversation's goal. Pragmatics
studies interpersonal communication in linguistics. Medical leaflets represent one of
the fields in which language, namely the pragmatic meaning, is used carefully to convey
certain intentions and to give important messages. Thus, this study attempts to answer
the questions: 1) what kinds of deixis are realized in the medical leaflets? 2) What are
the pragmatic meanings of deixis that are used in the medical leaflets, and 3) Which
types of deixis are used the most frequently in the data that has been collected?
Consequently, the aim of the study is to determine the deixis forms and meanings that
are utilized in the medical leaflets. The study hypothesizes that deictic expressions are
very significant and expressive in writing medical leaflets, namely personal and
temporal types. As a model of analysis, a number of pragmatists, including Levinson,
Yule, Mey, Leech, and others, are utilized are adopted to analyze the selected data. As
far as the selected data, a random sample of medical leaflets are chosen, forty medical
ones This study comes with a variety of findings that provide evidence that supports
the hypotheses.
2-Pragmatics
The field of pragmatics, which encompasses the examination of language in
relation to its context, is crucial for comprehending the meaning and usage of words
and phrases. Pragmatists derive significance from material that is context-dependent or
from the emergence of logical structures. Mey (1996, p. 35) asserts that the foundational
concepts of pragmatics can be traced back to Charles Morris's (1938) characterization
of pragmatics as the examination of the associations between signals and interpreters.
According to Morris, the concept of practicality encompasses various aspects of human
communication, including psychological, biological, sociological, and societal
components. According to Levinson (1983, p. 39), pragmatics can be defined as the
examination of the grammaticalized connections between language and context within
the structure of a language. According to Yule (1996), the field of pragmatics
encompasses the examination of the correlation between linguistic structure and
idiomatic expression. Deixis, a fundamental concept in pragmatics, is also
encompassed within linguistic performance. Deixis is a prominent subject matter within
the field of pragmatics, wherein reliance solely on contextual information may prove
insufficient for comprehending a deictic expression.
3-Context and deixis
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Leech (1983: 13) claims that an utterance's context includes its physical and
social surroundings. Thus, a speaker and listener likely share a tacit understanding that
helps the listener understand the speaker's meaning. Context is a language process that
helps people understand hidden implications and articulate specific interpretations,
especially explanatory ones, according to Dilley (1999: 3). Context is crucial to
pragmatics. It greatly impacts word and sentence comprehension (Cruse, 2006: 35).
Chapman (2011: 40-41) states that context strongly affects deictic statement meaning.
This is because deictic phrases depend on context. Deictic phrases, according to Bühler
(1934), specify referents' geographical or temporal locations. Deixis refers to language
usage that alters with context. Many consider deixis a branch of pragmatics because it
relies on context for interpretation. Speaker, addressed, and their geographical and
temporal locations are context-dependent (Levinson, 1983).
4-Deixis
Greek deixis means "pointing through language" or "pointing" with language
(Yule, 1996:9). Deictic expressions, markers, phrases, and indexicals signal or point
(Levinson, 1983:54; Marmaridou, 2000:65). Deixis is a language phenomenon in which
a word or phrase links an utterance to temporal, geographical, or human referents,
according to the Longman Dictionary of Language and Teaching Applied Linguistics.
Yule (1996) says deixis is a Greek technical term for "pointing" with linguistic
instruments. Indexical pointing is a deictic expression. Any verbal expression that
points to anything is a "deictic expression". Fillmore (1997:61) calls deixis "the formal
qualities of utterances that are affected by certain components of the communicative
act in which they are engaged." Author classifies deixis as personal, geographical,
chronological, discursive, or societal. Labels usually apply to Indo-European
languages, with English as the main focus. Deixis occurs when the speaker's
environment affect how they talk about something. Language has explicit pragmatic
context reliance and implicit semantic self-reference, according to Searle (1991:221).
Speakers utilize indexical referring phrases to stress the speech-subject relationship.
The person who uses "I" is "I." "You" refers to the speaker's target. The first use of
"here" is where it was said. In this case, "now" means when the phrase was said.
'Yesterday' means the day before the word was spoken, etc. Indexical phrases relate to
themselves like deliberate states and occurrences like visual perception. Deixis is
widely recognized as a crucial component of language systems in a variety of cultures
and linguistic contexts around the world. According to Chapman (2011), deictic
expressions are language elements that attempt to define the boundaries between
pragmatics and semantics, notably in terms of establishing existence and placement.
These linguistic terms help to connect the use of language to the precise situation in
which it is employed (Al-Ebadi, 2012).
4-1Categories of Deixis
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In the realm of linguistics, it is widely acknowledged that several utterances
across all languages possess an inherent ambiguity that can only be resolved by an
understanding of contextual factors such as the temporal dimension, location, and the
individuals involved in the speech act. Words such as "I," "you," "we," "this," "that,"
"here," "there," "today," "tomorrow," and so on are all linguistically categorized and
require the listener to ascertain the speaker's identity, temporal context, and spatial
location in order to comprehend the intended message. Several deictic categories have
been identified (Al-Ebadi et al., 2020). According to Levinson (1983, p. 62), the
conventional classifications of deixis encompass the domains of person, location, and
time. Levinson (1983:62-63) introduces two more deictic categories, namely social and
discourse deixis.
4-1-1 Person Deixis
Person deixis refers to the identification and assignment of interlocutors or
participation roles in a given speech occurrence. The phrase "person deixis" refers to
the use of deictic reference to signify a referent's participatory role, which includes the
speaker, the addressee, and additional referents separate from both the speaker and the
addressee. The use of personal pronouns such as 'I, you, he, she, it' helps to
grammaticalize the category of person in natural language. These pronouns are used to
refer to the speaker, the addressee, and the third party, in that order (Al-Ebadi, &
Hassan, 2020). Furthermore, Levinson (1983: 68) contends that person deixis is
explicitly manifested through the grammatical categories of person, namely first,
second, and third person. According to Huang (2007: 136), the expression of person
deixis can be expressed through the usage of vocatives. Vocatives can also be used to
express person deixis. Vocatives are linguistic components that operate as nouns and
relate to the sentence's recipient(s). These vocatives include kinship words, titles,
proper names, and their numerous combinations. Proper names, kinship terms, and
titles serve as the mechanism by which these statements are conveyed. Honorifics often
used in English include "John," "madam," "daddy," "sir," "Mr.," and "Dr.," among
others, according to Huang (2007, p. 181).
4-1-2 Temporal Deixis
Language is used to establish a temporal reference point at the moment of
utterance, whether spoken or written (Dylgjeri & Kazazi, 2013). Linguistic expressions
about speech's temporal placement are called "temporal deixis". It determines the end
of temporal points and durations in connection to utterance in a speech event (Huang,
2007, p. 144). According to Renkema (1993), time deixis is the temporal reference point
used to discuss time, usually the moment of speaking. Time adverbs like 'yesterday',
'now', and 'tomorrow' and verb tenses indicate time expressions and show how events
occur in a specific timeframe. Levinson (1983) also claims that most languages' time
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reckoning and measurement systems are based on day and night, months, seasons, and
years. Yule (1996, pp. 14–15) states that verb tense is the basic type of temporal deixis
in English. English has two basic verb tenses: present and past. In the present tense, "I
live here now," shows the proximal form, while in the past, "I live there then."
Interpreting these statements requires knowing the moment of the speech (Abed, and
Al-Ebadi, 2023). Complex time adverbials use a deictic modifier with a non-deictic
measure word. Complex adverbials include 'last month', 'next year', 'this afternoon', 'last
Monday', etc. This is called calendrical reckoning (Levinson, 1983).
4-1-3 Spatial deixis
The idea of place deixis, according to Levinson (1983: 79), refers to the
demarcation of geographical positions in respect to reference points within a given
speech event. The employment of adverbs describing location, such as "here," "there,"
and "anywhere," as well as demonstratives such as "this," "that," "these," and "those,"
is prominent in the expression of this particular deixis. The use of spatial deixis in
language allows one to ascertain the location of a target in reference to one's own
location and are used in many different contexts. Further instances of deixis widely
used in conversation include phrases like here, there, in, on, and at. Place/spatial deixis
can be explained by the use of particular motion verbs, such as "go" and "come," as
evidenced in the scholarly works of Verschueren (1999: 19). The adverbs "here" and
"there" and the demonstratives "this" and "that" are often seen as simple opposites, as
suggested by Levinson (1983: 80) and Meyer (2009: 186). The words "here" and "this"
indicate a near proximity to the speaker, while the words "there" and "that" indicate a
greater distance. Furthermore, spatial deixis refers to the tangible and communal
surrounds, or more specifically, the spatial context enclosing the individuals engaged
in a communicative engagement Al-Ebadi et al., 2020).
4-1-4 Discourse Deixis
Deictic statements that point to previous or subsequent sections of the discourse
are referred to be "deictic" in the discourse. Connection words and phrases are those
that show how one statement relates to another. It's like the speaker is providing
comments on what they just said or wrote (Al-Hindawi and Al-Ebadi, 2016).
Expressions like: 'but', 'hence', 'in conclusion', 'actually', 'all in all' …etc., serve to create
the discourse and to range the current utterance in a historical order. Words that refer
backwards (called "anaphora") or forwards ("cataphora") in a discourse are called
discourse deixis. The proximal demonstrative 'this' in the sentence "This is how birds
evolved from predatory dinosaurs" foreshadows data that will be presented in the
subsequent portion of the discourse. The adverb 'here' in "Here goes the same
argument" is also a proximal adverb of place. As opposed to this, the distal
demonstrative 'that' in "That's tonight's evening news" relates back to a prior section of
the discourse (Huang, 2007, p. 172). According to Verschueren (1999: 21), discourse
deixis pertains to the utilization of linguistic terms inside an utterance to reference
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preceding, present, or subsequent conversation within the same spoken or written
discourse. For example, phrases such as (in conclusion, on the contrary, firstly,
ultimately, subsequently …).
4-1-5 Social Deixis
What Levinson (1983:89 in Fillmore) calls "social deixis" is the part of a
sentence that reflects, establishes, or is influenced by particular aspects of the social
context in which the speech act takes place. It is understood as a linguistic phenomenon
that communicates the social identities of people taking part in a conversation,
particularly those who hold specific positions, and the social relationship between these
people or one of them and other people or things mentioned in the conversation. Social
deixis refers to the use of language to infer social relationships by alluding to the social
rank or role of speakers and listeners (Al-Hindawi, and Al-Ebadi, 2017). Examples of
Social Deixis expressed through nomenclature include both first and last names (James
and Bond, respectively) and the combination of the two (James Bond). Titles derived
from occupational names (such as doctor) are another type of social deixis, as are
honorifics (such as Sir, Mr., Mrs., miss, and madam) and positions within specific social
or professional groups (such as colonel or lieutenant). To further stress this point, we
suggest utilizing address forms that include both a formal title and the individual's
surname, such as (Mr. Lakoff, Dr. Cram, Lady Huxley).
5- Data analysis
This study seeks to examine the significance of employing deixis in formal
discourse, specifically within medical leaflets. The objective is to analyze the
underlying intentions behind the utilization of various deixis types in such speech, as
well as to explore the frequency of their occurrence and their impact on the audience,
whether through reading or listening.
Upon analyzing the chosen data, it has been determined that medical leaflets
utilize all five types of deixis. Their usage is as follows: personal deictic words are used
first (59.498%), followed by temporal deixis (32.258%), discourse deixis (3.942%),
social deixis (2.150%), and finally spatial deixis (1.075%). The following table (1)
displays the overall usage of deictic language in medical leaflets:
Table (1): Total Use of Deixis in Medical Leaflets
No.
Type of Deixis
Frequency
Percentage
1
Personal
1660
59.498%
2
Temporal
900
32.258%
3
Discourse
110
3.942%
4
Social
60
2.150%
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5
Spatial
30
1.075%
Total
2790
Figure (1) Use and Frequency of Deixis in Medical Leaflets
5.1 Personal Deixis: Results and Discussion
Personal deictic expressions have been extensively and conspicuously utilized.
Their use varies between personal pronouns and possessive pronouns. They are utilized
(1660) times, accounting for (51.234%) of the total. The use of these expressions differs
between personal pronouns and possessive pronouns. The primary personal deixis
utilized includes (you, it, them, your, yours, their). The use and percentages of these
expressions are presented in the table and figure below:
Table (2) Personal Deixis in Medical leaflets
No.
Expression
Frequency
Percentage
1.
You
700
42.168%
2.
Your
600
36.144%
3.
It
150
9.036%
4.
Them
90
5.421%
5.
Their
60
3.614%
6.
Yours
60
3.614%
Total
1660
100 %
Figure (2) Use of Personal Deixis in Medical leaflets
Personal Temporal Discourse Social Spatial
You Your It Them Their Yours
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The analysis of the chosen data reveals that there are 6 personal deictic expressions
utilized in medical leaflets, as depicted in the table and figure provided above. The
pronoun "you" is commonly used 42.168% to address the patient. The significance of
the patient and the emphasis on his role in prescription writing is evident. Hence, we
observe that medical leaflets contain the highest quantity of this substance, as evidenced
by the statistics of the chosen sample. The second person pronoun 'you' is primarily
used to refer to the patient. The following examples illustrate that the pronoun 'you' is
used to advice, suggest or assert to the patient to do something:
3- ''you bruise or bleed more easily than normal…."
"if you are an elderly patient…."
"….and you are going to faint…"
The possessive pronoun 'your' ranks second, comprising 36.144% of the total,
as indicated in Table 2 and Figure 2. The significant use of the second person being
addressed, specifically the patient, underscores its importance. The diverse application
of the pronoun pertains to seeking medical care or seeing a physician, as well as
following other crucial guidelines. In the instances below, the possessive pronoun 'your'
is used to refer to the patient himself or his belongings. It is used in asking, advising or
stating something:
4- "please consult your doctor…"
"if your kidneys are not working properly"
"your doctor will ensure that…."
In addition, the analysis of the data reveals that the pronoun "it" is used quite
frequently overall. Additionally, the percentage of 9.036% is comparable to that of the
two pronouns that came before it. Based on the findings of the analysis, it can be
deduced that the utilization of this pronoun is either referring to the drug itself or to the
specific instance of the case, or to the leaflet as the following examples show:
5- "it may rarely cause hypersensitivity…."
"you may need to read it again"
"it is especially important for elderly patients to report ….. "
Furthermore, in addition to the deictic personal phrases that have been discussed
earlier, which are utilized rather frequently. Based on the investigation, it is clear that
there are other personal deictic phrases that are used infrequently. They are "them"
(5.421%), "yours" (3.614%), and "their" (3.614%). The utilization of these expressions
may refer to patients or items linked to them, such as treatment or symptoms of
sickness, as the following examples show:
6- "it may harm them…."
"…. Even their signs are illness are the same as yours"
5.2 Temporal Deixis: results and discussion
Temporal deictic expressions are crucial in pragmatic linguistics because they
allow the speaker to convey and signal certain temporal timings dependent on the
current context of the speech event. This is further supported by the present study,
which clearly illustrates a significant and substantial utilization, along with a
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remarkably high proportion, of this particular form of deixis. They are utilized 840
times, which accounts for 27.272%. The deictic temporal expressions that are
considered to be of utmost importance include 'at once, recently, more than 24 hours,
daily and other related expressions'. These expressions are illustrated in Table (3) and
Figure (3) below:
Table (3) Temporal Deixis in Medical Leaflets
No.
Expression
Frequency
Percentage
1.
Prepositional clauses
420
46.666%
2.
Subordinate clauses
240
26.666%
3.
Adverbials
240
26.666%
Total
900
100 %
Figure (3) Use and Frequency of Temporal Deixis in Medical Leaflets
According to the findings of the analysis, medical leaflets frequently make use
of prepositional phrases as temporal deictic expressions. This is illustrated in the table
and figure that has been presented. It is generally agreed that temporal deixis is the most
important category, and it has a utilization rate of 46.666%. When it comes to the
composition of medical leaflets, the employment of temporal deixis, which is
comparable to the utilization of personal deixis, brings about substantial value. This
serves the purpose of elucidating the particular timings for the intake of medication and
the significance of those timings in the course of the patient's recovery. Furthermore, it
helps in determining the ideal time frames for undergoing therapy, which provides
further benefits. These phrases like 'in the weeks, in the months, during the last two
week, and so on'. The instances below illustrate the use of these prepositional phrases
to indicate the time of taking the mediation or the appointment for seeing the doctor
again:
7- "…mainly in the weeks after the medicine is given…"
Prepositional clauses Subordinate clauses Adverbials
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"…or in the 6 months following the treatment…"
"…or serve infection during the last two weeks"
According to what was mentioned before, temporal deictic expressions include
subordinate clauses that are utilized in medical leaflets to convey certain timings. The
utilization of it in a balanced manner, in conjunction with adverbials, is demonstrated
by Table 3 and Figure 2, respectively. The total number of times in which they are used
is 240, which accounts for 26.666% of the total. For the purpose of identifying the
particular intervals for administering medicine, scheduling doctor appointments, and
monitoring the medical state, the findings of the analysis illustrate the necessity of
adding this kind of time indication in medical pamphlets. This is because it plays a
significant role in defining the exact intervals. Some of these clauses are given below
to explain their use in the medical leaflets; they are employed to indicate the time of
treatment (8a) or other important timings of the patient's belongings (8b,c):
8- a- "…after treatment is stopped"
b- "…before starting your therapy…"
c- "….while you are taking this medicine…"
In addition, the findings of the study indicate that adverbs are a third category
of temporal deictic expressions, in addition to the two categories that were discussed
earlier. Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that this particular type
is prominently present in the composition of medical leaflets. When compared to the
utilization rate of subordinate clauses, which is at 26.666%, the utilization rate is equal.
By demonstrating the significant significance of this sort of indication in the
composition of medical leaflets, this proportion illustrates such significance. The
findings of the analysis indicate that these indications play a significant part in the
composition of medical leaflets, namely in the selection of treatment dosage schedules,
frequency, and the scheduling of periodic patient visits. Among these deictic
expressions, the following ones which are used to refer to important timings that belong
to the patient's case; they may indicate the time of seeing the doctor (9a), to refer to the
qualities of the medicine (9b) or the times of taking vaccination (9c):
9- a- "…please contact your doctor immediately"
b-"IRONTU is rarely associated with blood flow…"
c-"you have been vaccinated recently"
5.3 Discourse Deixis: results and discussion
In addition to the previous types of deictic expressions and their importance in
writing medical leaflets, the analysis of the selected data shows that discourse deictic
expressions are one of the types used in writing medical leaflets due to their important
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role in writing medical leaflets and understanding the content of these leaflets. Through
the analysis, the low percentage of its use (3.942%) shows that it is less important and
necessary in writing these leaflets. These deictic discourse expressions are divided into
two basic sections: the pronoun 'it' and 'the section…'. Table (4) and Figure (4) below
show the use of this type:
Table (4) Discourse Deixis in Medical Leaflets
No.
Expression
Frequency
Percentage
1.
In the section…
60
54.545%
2.
It
50
45.454%
Total
110
100 %
Figure (4) Use and Frequency of Discourse Deixis in Medical Leaflets
As indicated by the results of the analysis, discourse deictic expressions are
uncommonly employed in medical leaflets. This is substantiated by the figure and table
that have been provided. With a 3.942% utilization rate, discourse deixis is generally
regarded as the less significant category. Broadly speaking, discourse expressions can
be classified into two primary categories: those containing the pronoun "it" and those
containing the preposition "in the section...". The use of these terms is approximated in
percentages: the pronoun 'it' accounts for 45.454%, while 'in the section…' accounts for
54.545%. Their utilization functions to consult critical pieces of information, such as
the instructions that have been previously alluded to. The following are instances where
these expressions were utilized in medical leaflets to refer to other important pieces of
information in other parts of the leaflet:
10- a- "…this includes any possible side effects not listed in this leaflets, See
section 4."
b- "…because it contains important information…"
In the section…
It
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5.4 Social Deixis: results and discussion
The fourth kind of deictic phrases that are found in medical leaflets is social
deictic expressions. These expressions are discovered during the process of analyzing
the individual data sets that were chosen. The use of social deictic terms is very
uncommon in medical leaflets, in contrast to the use of personal and temporal deixis.
In scientific medical writings, there is a lack of face-to-face interaction, which can be
linked to the limited interpersonal communication that occurs between persons. The
table and figure that follows provide an illustration of the percentage of instances in
which this particular category of deictic terms is used in medical leaflets:
Table (5) Social Deixis in Medical Leaflets
No.
Expression
Frequency
Percentage
1.
The doctor
60
50%
2.
The pharmacist
45
37.5%
3.
The patient
15
12.5%
Total
120
100 %
Figure (5) Use and Frequency of Social Deixis in Medical Leaflets
As indicated by the results of the analysis, discourse deictic expressions are
uncommonly employed in medical leaflets. This is substantiated by the figure and table
that have been provided. With a 3.942% utilization rate, discourse deixis is generally
regarded as the less significant category. Broadly speaking, discourse expressions can
be classified into two primary categories: those containing the pronoun "it" and those
containing the preposition "in the section...". The use of these terms is approximated in
percentages: the pronoun 'it' accounts for 45.454%, while 'in the section…' accounts for
54.545%. Their utilization functions to consult critical pieces of information, such as
the instructions that have been previously alluded to. The following are instances where
these expressions were utilized in medical leaflets to refer to whoever the doctor (10a),
the pharmacist (10b) or the patient (10c):
11- a- "your doctor will likely test your blood…."
The doctor
The pharmacist
The patient
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b- "consult your pharmacist before using this mediation"
c- "….it may occur rarely in patients with multiple risk factors."
5.5 Spatial Deixis: results and discussion
Spatial deictic expressions play a vital role in pragmatic linguistics as they
enable the speaker to effectively communicate and indicate significant locations based
on the specific context of the speech event. This is reinforced by the current study,
which clearly demonstrates a significant and extensive use of this specific form of
deixis. They are used 30 times, or 1.075%, as shown in Table 1 and Figure 1 on page
/////. The limited utilization of this particular form of deixis suggests its minimal
significance in the composition of medical brochures. The deictic spatial expressions
that are thought to be highly significant are 'home and pharmacy'. Some examples of
spatial deixis is the following which refer to the location of receiving the mediation:
12- "you will receive this injection in a clinic or hospital setting"
Conclusions
The research comes at its findings after analyzing the data presented above. The
study highlights the significance of using deictic expressions into medical leaflets, as
these expressions help to clarify pragmatic interpretations that are situationally
dependent. The patient's case, symptoms, and the timing of their assessment and
therapy are all directly impacted by how these deictic statements are understood.
According to the study, the relative importance of these expressions varies depending
on the current context of situation. Because mentioning the patient or their symptoms
is so important, personal deictic expressions have been employed in a substantial and
high percentage, as indicated in Table (1). Similarly, as shown in Table (1), temporal
expressions are among the most essential and commonly employed forms to emphasize
the significance of timing for health exams and dose administration. Some types, like
discourse expressions, had medium percentages, while others, like spatial and social
expressions, had low percentages; these are shown in Table (1). Hence, these
conclusions prove the hypotheses of the study.
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