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Egocentric Networks Design in Tourism’s Indigenous Social Enterprises
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Las transformaciones ocurridas en la actividad turística durante el ultimo cuarto del siglo pasado han propiciado modificaciones el ámbito rural en general, pero particularmente en los países subdesarrollados han contribuido al surgimiento y desarrollo de nuevas opciones productivas para las poblaciones rurales, sustentadas en la utilización turística de sus patrimonios naturales y culturales. Con ello no solo se ha modificado el territorio, sino se han transformado los usos tradicionales de estos espacios, llegando poco a poco a modificar los propias relaciones sociales y algunos patrones culturales. El turismo en comunidades y pueblos indígenas es una clara manifestación de la globalización actual, que ha implicado en algunos casos una desposesión de territorios conservados y la mercantilización del patrimonio cultural, pero también se ha revelado como una actividad que tiene un gran potencial para convertirse en un detonador del desarrollo local, como lo demuestras experiencias comunitarias y locales en todo el mundo Particularmente en México, en los últimos 20 años entre las comunidades y pueblos indígenas se han impulsado actividades del turismo de naturaleza poniendo en valor su patrimonio natural y cultural, aunque enfrentados a la competencia y a la necesidad de mantenerse en un mercado hegemonizado por las empresas privadas. Para que una empresas de turismo indígenas (ETI) pueda contribuir al mejoramiento de las condiciones de vida de la población local, con el aumento de recursos económicos vía la afluencia de visitantes, deberá poner en marcha una oferta de calidad, diferenciada, con una capacidad de gestión y comercialización que les permita funcionar más allá de los apoyos institucionales, en el marco de la sustentabilidad.
This study aimed to analyze the role of social capital and leadership in improving the adaptive capacity of Iranian pistachio farmers by using Social Network Analysis (SNA). The results indicate that the studied network is not a dense network, and there are few reciprocal and face-to-face relations among farmers. The findings also illustrate that in all cooperative links, there were no noticeable bridging links among the farmers and their tendency toward bonding links, indicating less bridging social capital at the three studied villages. The nature of relationships in social networks will improve if the quality of communication between individuals in a network and actors from other networks and villages is enhanced. This can increase the productivity of social networks and lead to higher quality resources, better support, development of useful information between networks and improvement in farmers’ adaptive capacity.
As a mature paradigm of network analysis, social network analysis (SNA) is suitable for exploring complicated and interactive relationships in policy research and is of great significance to the innovation and development of public policy research. In this paper, 45 typical articles published in high-ranking journals in the field of public administration were analysed using co-word analysis and qualitative analysis. The application of SNA in public policy studies, including research methods, analytic tools, and basic concepts of network analysis, were systematically reviewed. UCINET software was used to visualize the knowledge network of research topics. The main research topics were classified into five categories: agenda setting, policy network, advocacy coalition, policy learning and diffusion, policy implementation. Finally, this article suggests that network analysis in public administration should be thoroughly re-examined; in particular, scholars should consider the benefits of SNA for public policy research. In the application of SNA to public policy research, it is necessary to broaden the study perspective and scope, further strengthen interdisciplinary theoretical interaction and theoretical innovation, and take advantage of big data and other new technological tools that can develop giant network analysis for public policy.
Graph theory (GT) concepts are potentially applicable in the field of computer science (CS) for many purposes. The unique applications of GT in the CS field such as clustering of web documents, cryptography, and analyzing an algorithm’s execution, among others, are promising applications. Furthermore, GT concepts can be employed to electronic circuit simplifications and analysis. Recently, graphs have been extensively used in social networks (SNs) for many purposes related to modelling and analysis of the SN structures, SN operation modelling, SN user analysis, and many other related aspects. Considering the widespread applications of GT in SNs, this article comprehensively summarizes GT use in the SNs. The goal of this survey paper is twofold. First, we briefly discuss the potential applications of GT in the CS field along with practical examples. Second, we explain the GT uses in the SNs with sufficient concepts and examples to demonstrate the significance of graphs in SN modeling and analysis.
For tourism micro-firms, networks embody a potential to pursue opportunities and compensate for lack of resources and missing skills. This study explores the ego-networks of tourism micro-firms. A focused approach that uses multiple name generators is applied to elicit significant alters and understand their functional characteristics. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with owner-managers of tourism micro-firms in rural Sweden. A block-model presents an abstract image of a tourism micro-firm's ego-network. It accounts for alters' attributes, location and number of functions they fulfil. The networks incorporate social, business-related and interest-based ties. The analysis brings forth the meaning that entrepreneurs assign to their relationships. Owner-managers of tourism micro-firms incline to utilise existing ties in their immediate environment for multiple purposes. Cognitive proximity and personal comparability are crucial factors in determining with whom entrepreneurs associate. The micro-perspective provided by this study contributes to the growing body of tourism literature on networks, entrepreneurship and micro-firms. Particularly, the block-model and identified network functions constitute a framework within which researchers can study the ego-networks of micro-firms. For entrepreneurs, this framework is a valuable reference point against which they can develop their ego-networks and understand how they can utilise the knowledge and resource embedded in them. ARTICLE HISTORY
p> Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de enfermedades gastrointestinales vinculadas al uso de aguas contaminadas en los hogares con carencia de acceso a agua potable y saneamiento en el Valle del Mezquital en Hidalgo, México.
Método: se utilizaron datos obtenidos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición de 2012 ; se elaboró un modelo logístico binomial considerando variables sociodemográficas y otras relacionadas con las fuentes de abastecimiento de agua y saneamiento en los hogares.
Resultados: existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la probabilidad de presentar eventos de enfermedad en función al origen de la fuente del agua que llega a los hogares, la frecuencia de ésta, así como por la carencia de drenaje y de descarga directa en el sanitario.
Limitaciones: los resultados son representativos de la región, pero no de cada municipio que lo conforma.
Principales hallazgos: la falta de servicios básicos y de acceso a agua potable incrementa la probabilidad de eventos de enfermedad de tipo gastrointestinal en los hogares del Valle del Mezquital. Se recomienda implementar estrategias de política pública en términos de cobertura de servicios básicos, así como programas de tratamiento de agua que minimicen las afectaciones en la salud por el uso doméstico.</p
On-farm agricultural innovation through incorporation of new technologies and practices requires access to resources such as knowledge, financial resources, training, and even emotional support, all of which require the support of different actors such as peers, advisors, and researchers. The literature has explored the support networks that farmers use and the overall importance ranking of different support actors, but it has not looked in detail at how these networks may differ for different farmers. This study fills this gap by looking at farmer support network configurations through the lens of the social capital available to them in such configurations. Using a Chilean fruit-farmer case, we examine how different types of social capital (bonding, bridging, and linking) are used to achieve what has been called 'ambidexterity'. Ambidexterity implies both that open networks (based on linking and bridging social capital) are used to explore and access new knowledge and resources , and that closed networks (based on bonding social capital) are used to successfully implement and exploit new technologies and practices. Our findings show that farmers use all types of social capital-bonding, bridging, and linking-in their support networks, but that they have different configurations, five in this study. These configurations are based on personal motivations, innovation objectives, and resource endowments. Despite the different network configurations and types of social capital-which may be more balanced or less balanced in light of ambidexterity-farmers may achieve the same ambitions and type of innovations. A main theoretical implication is that the configuration of support networks is thus not a one-size-fits-all where each farmer's ranking of support actors for on-farm innovation is the same. This nuances earlier work and calls for more attention to a better understanding of how each support network configuration responds to a certain logic, and hence cannot be identified as superior or inferior.
This research examines climate change responses by experts from government, national agencies, civil society organizations, and private firms in Metro Manila. We found that highly bonding social capital, often forged through more familiar relationships, reduces organizational interactions and the potential for efficient knowledge mobilization. Specifically, results show deficiencies in information delivery (inconsistent lexicon) and support systems (knowledge sharing, partnerships, and resources), situations known to hinder climate change action. Despite ambivalence toward changing the current system, experts expressed (a) undertones of displeasure in how the system operates, and (b) a clear desire for more institutionalized action and mandates at various institutional scales. A predominance of bonding social capital can preclude participation from outside actors resulting in the exclusion of innovations needed to advance climate response. Therefore, we propose incremental shifts to existing social capital as a means to achieve transformations, arguing that a synergy of horizontal and vertical networks could increase efficiencies in information processes, strengthen collaborations, and enhance governance to confront climate change in this context.
A quantitative approach to social network analysis involves the application of mathematical and statistical techniques and graphical presentation of results. Nonetheless—as with all sciences—subjectivity is an integral aspect of network analysis, manifested in the selection of measures to describe connection patterns and actors’ positions (e.g., choosing a centrality indicator), in the visualization of social structure in graphs, and in translating numbers into words (telling the story). Here, we use network research as an example to illustrate how quantitative and qualitative approaches, techniques, and data are mixed along a continuum of fusion between quantitative and qualitative realms.
Este artículo analiza, con un enfoque comparativo, los procesos ocurridos en la construcción de iniciativas de Turismo Rural Comunitario (TRC), así como en el manejo actual de las mismas, a través de la percepción de los actores involucrados, consolidada por observaciones y resultados obtenidos en trabajo de campo. La investigación se centró en cuatro iniciativas de TRC en México y utilizó una metodología cualitativa y participativa. Pudimos identificar elementos claves, algunos similares, otros propios a cada proceso, que influyeron de manera positiva y negativa en las iniciativas. Así mismo, la investigación mostró las relaciones existentes entre los procesos de construcción de las iniciativas y su fase actual, resaltando la importancia de la participación local, de la cohesión social y del capital social comunitario como factores claves del éxito de las iniciativas de TRC
The question of how social enterprises foster social innovation in rural regions remains largely unexplored. In this paper, I develop the assumption that the embeddedness of social enterprises in rural communities and their ability to connect rural communities with supra-regional networks and decision makers are crucial preconditions for generating and fostering social innovation in the countryside. By applying the social network approach and a cross-case analysis of social enterprises in rural regions of Austria and Poland, I show how rural social enterprises mobilise ideas, resources and support from external sources not primarily for their own benefit but for that of their rural region. As embedded intermediaries, they contribute to transformational change and wellbeing, albeit they are only one of many forces that drive rural development.
1. Introducción A partir de la segunda mitad de los años noventa el gobierno federal ha implementado diversas acciones para promover el desarrollo turístico en espacios naturales y zonas rurales. A través de la implementación de políticas tales como la Estrategia Nacional de Ecoturismo y de programas como Turismo Alternativo en Zonas Indígenas (PTAZI), Pueblos Mágicos y Paraísos Indígenas, se ha atestiguado la progresiva creación de nuevos paisajes de turismo alternativo dentro de la geografía nacional. Desde el ámbito público se ha pretendido que el turismo se consolide como una herramienta para propiciar la recualificación de los espacios naturales y rurales del país. No obstante, dicho proceso enfrenta diversas limitantes. En dos diagnósticos, el primero en relación al estado de los emprendimientos financiados por el PTAZI (Palomino y López, 2007) y el segundo referente a la situación de las empresas comunitarias que han recibido apoyos ministrados por distintas entidades gubernamentales interesadas en el fomento al turismo de naturaleza (López y Palomino, 2014), son señaladas diversas problemáticas que afectan la evolución y desempeño de las empresas de turismo alternativo financiadas por iniciativas federales. Entre las dificultades que se han mantenido vigentes durante las dos décadas referidas en los diagnósticos antes indicados, destacan una de especial interés para este trabajo: el escaso establecimiento de alianzas colaborativas para fomentar el desarrollo turístico. Diversos estudios enfocados en el desarrollo de emprendimientos indígenas (Collins et al. al capital social (CS) como un elemento decisivo en la consecución del éxito empresarial toda vez que, a través de éste, los individuos y colectivos indígenas pueden acceder a aliados y mentores a través de los cuales es posible alcanzar recursos diversos (información, educación, entrenamiento, tutoría, asesoría) y oportunidades empresariales. En el ámbito turístico existen algunos estudios que informan sobre la influencia del CS en el desarrollo y consolidación de emprendimientos indígenas; ejemplo de ello son los trabajos de Jones (2005), Stronza (2010), Stronza & Gordillo (2008) y, para el caso de México, Pérez et al. (2012). Con el propósito de contribuir a la comprensión, en el contexto mexicano, del papel desempeñado por el CS en el desarrollo de alianzas colaborativas entre actores del sistema turístico y empresas indígenas, en el presente trabajo se aborda el caso de Expediciones Sierra Norte (ESN): una operadora turística comunitaria que agrupa, bajo su marca comercial, a seis empresas comunitarias de ecoturismo asentadas en localidades zapotecas de la Sierra Juárez/Sierra Norte de Oaxaca. A lo largo de más de 20 años de presencia en el mercado, ESN ha logrado entablar relaciones con actores públicos y 1
The importance of social interactions, or social ties, in maintaining resilient farming systems is well acknowledged. However, there are differing opinions regarding the impact of farmers' interactions with external actors (weak/bridging ties) versus their interactions with other farmers (strong/bonding ties) on their ability to adapt through innovation. Farmers employ various strategies to address the unique characteristics and challenges of their farming systems and contexts. By examining the contributions of both strong and weak ties in different farming systems, we can observe a diverse range of approaches to building resilience.
Homophily, or the tendency for social contact to occur among those who are similar, plays a crucial role in structuring our social networks. Most previous work considers whether homophily shapes the patterns of all social ties, regardless of their frequency of interaction or level of intimacy. As complex network data become increasingly available, however, researchers need to evaluate whether homophily operates differently for ties defined by strong versus weak measures of strength. Here, I take this approach by first defining two variants of homophily: (1) strong tie homophily, or the tendency for ties with high measures of strength to cluster together similar peers, and (2) weak tie homophily, or the tendency for ties with low edge weights to connect same-attribute actors. Then, I apply valued ERGMs to demonstrate the utility of differentiating between the two variants across simulated and observed networks. In most networks, I find that there are observable differences in the magnitude of strong versus weak tie homophily. Additionally, when there are low levels of clustering on the attribute of interest, distinguishing between strong and weak tie homophily can reveal that these processes operate in opposite directions. Since strong and weak ties carry substantively different implications, I argue that differentiating between the two homophily variants has the potential to uncover novel insights on a variety of social phenomena.
Purpose
This study aims to explore social entrepreneurial ecosystems (EEs) in the craft sector in the state of Gujarat, India. With liberalization, India witnessed the growth of social entrepreneurship and is considered one of the pioneering countries in social innovation. The objective of the research was to answer the research question: what role do various stakeholder groups play in creating and promoting craft sector social EEs.
Design/methodology/approach
The study is based on a qualitative case study approach of methodological triangulation combining analysing documents, a participant observation and semi-structured interviews. Two case studies – one of the Ajrakh craft cluster from Ajrakhpur and the other of Kala Cotton from Aadeshar, Bhuj are studied to explore the symbiotic linkages of social entrepreneurship ecosystem in Kutch district of Gujarat, India. A total of 24 in-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with stakeholders of the EE.
Findings
The study concludes that the role of like-minded individuals/social entrepreneurs, social enterprises, design networks and educational institutions is vital towards revival and sustainability of craft as economic commodities geared for scalability. Furthermore, the engagement of the systemic condition agents such as various local and national level institutions, the communities play an important role to revitalize, redeem and commercialize craft infrastructure based on active engagement, innovation and services.
Originality/value
This paper fulfils an identified need to study how traditional craft-based enterprises can be enabled, revived, grown and sustained.
The Queijo Serra da Estrela, DOP is the oldest Portuguese cheese recognized internationally. The objective of this paper is to analyse a rural, agri-entrepreneurial network created by a young, female, craft cheese producer located in an area of low population density in the inland central region of Portugal. For data collection, several qualitative semi-structured phone and face-to-face interviews were held with the partners of the network. This paper contributes by helping to understand how a rural agricultural network in the specific sector of a Protected Denomination of Origin (PDO) product works and what its motives, success factors and benefits are. The results indicate that trust, confidence and regular payments are essential to make this network viable and create added value for business in a traditional sector threatened by climate changes, the age of shepherds and importation of exotic breeds of sheep. Some theoretical and practice contributions will be also presented.
Purpose – This paper aims to contribute to indigenous entrepreneurship theory by identifying what constitutes an indigenous enterprise, focusing on Aotearoa New Zealand as a case.
Design/methodology/approach – This paper combines policy (quantitative survey) and academic research (qualitative interviews) to answer the same question, what is an indigenous enterprise in Aotearoa New Zealand?
Findings – The authors found a degree of consistency as to what counts as an indigenous enterprise in the literature (e.g., identity, ownership, values), yet a consensus on a definition of Maori business remains elusive.
They also found that an understanding of the indigenous economy and indigenous entrepreneurial policy are impeded because of definitional uncertainties. The authors propose a definition of Maori business which accounts for indigenous ownership, identity, values and well-being.
Research limitations/implications – The main limitation is that the literature and research use different definitions of indigenous enterprise, constraining comparative analysis. The next step is to evaluate our definition as a basis for quantifying the population of indigenous enterprises in Aotearoa New Zealand.
Practical implications – The research assists indigenous entrepreneurs to identify, measure and account for their contribution to indigenous self-determination and sustainable development.
Social implications – This research has the potential to reconceptualise indigenous enterprise as a distinct and legitimate alternative institutional theory of the firm.
Originality/value – The research challenges assumptions and knowledge of entrepreneurship policy and practice generally and the understanding of what is the nature and extent of an indigenous firm.
Keywords Indigenous entrepreneurship, Indigenous enterprise, Aotearoa New Zealand,
Indigenous data sovereignty, Indigenous economies
Paper type Research paper.
This paper explores the role of social capital in creating social innovation ecosystems and fostering social impact. We examine two cases, chosen for their pioneering experiences in the field of tackling poverty in Latin America: Socialab and Compartamos con Colombia. Focusing on their structure of interactions (through network-level and node-level indicators), we examine the structural characteristics of the two ecosystems studied. We then correlate relational data to study the association between perceived social impact and the structural aspects. Results confirm heterophilic ecosystems and high levels of perceived impact as good drivers for strengthening future collaborations.
This paper argues that organizations with a particular social network structure are more effective than most organizations in responding to crises. Further, it is argued that the effective structure does not occur naturally, but must be designed consciously and carefully. A theory is developed based on well-founded principles of social science, most notably work on formal structure, conflict, friendships, and organizational crises. The paper concludes with an experimental test of one of the four propositions deduced from the theory. Six trials of the experiment found significant support for this propositon.
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