Supporting Information for Variation in leaf carbon economics, energy balance, and heat tolerance traits highlights differing timescales of adaptation and acclimation

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Bison & Michaletz 1
New Phytologist Supporting Information
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Article title: Variation in leaf carbon economics, energy balance, and heat tolerance traits highlights
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differing time scales of adaptation and acclimation
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Authors: Nicole N. Bison, Sean T. Michaletz
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Article acceptance date: 06 March 2024
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The following Supporting Information is available for this article:
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Fig. S1 Example of F0-rise curves with fitted Tcrit, and Tmax parameters.
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Fig. S2 Explanatory power (R2) for phylogenetic linear regression of Tcrit, and Tmax with mean air
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temperature averaged over varying number of days preceding the sampling date.
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Fig. S3 Positive correlation between photosynthetic heat tolerance (Tcrit, and Tmax) and mean air
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temperature averaged over 3-days prior to sampling date.
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Fig. S4 No relationship between photosynthetic heat tolerance (Tmax) and a) leaf mass per area (LMA) or
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b) thermal time constant (τ).
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Fig. S5 Independent effects analysis of the relative contribution of morphological traits to variation in
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thermal time constants.
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Table S1 Statistical moments for LMA, LDMC, τ, Tcrit and Tmax.
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Table S2 Results from phylogenetic analysis for additional morphological traits within τ.
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Table S3 Variance explained by each component in a PCA containing carbon economics, energy balance
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and photosynthetic heat tolerance traits.
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Table S4 Loadings for heat tolerance and energy balance traits in a PCA containing carbon economics,
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energy balance and photosynthetic heat tolerance traits.
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Table S5 Variance explained by each component in a phylogenetic PCA containing carbon economics,
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energy balance and photosynthetic heat tolerance traits.
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Table S6 Loadings for heat tolerance and energy balance traits in a phylogenetic PCA containing carbon
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economics, energy balance and photosynthetic heat tolerance traits.
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Fig S1. Example of F0-rise curves with fitted Tcrit, and Tmax parameters following procedures in Arnold et
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al. (2021).
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Fig S2. Explanatory power (R2) for phylogenetic linear regression of a) Tcrit and b) Tmax and mean air
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temperature averaged over varying number of days preceding the sampling date (0 representing mean
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air temperature on the sampling date).
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Fig S3. Positive correlation between photosynthetic heat tolerance and 3-day average air temperature
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preceding sampling date. Statistical significance was assessed with linear regression using phylogenetic
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generalized least squares to simultaneously account for phylogenetic non-independence and variation in
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mean air temperature 3-days prior to sampling. Photosynthetic heat tolerance is quantified by the
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critical temperature of photosystem II, Tcrit (°C), and the temperature of maximum fluorescence (Tmax).
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Points represent species (n = 177), with trait values averaged across 9 leaves total for each species (3
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leaves from 3 individuals).
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Fig S4. No relationships between photosynthetic heat tolerance (Tmax) and a) leaf mass per area (LMA) or
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b) thermal time constant (τ). Statistical significance was assessed with linear regression using
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phylogenetic generalized least squares to simultaneously account for phylogenetic non-independence
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and variation in mean air temperature 3-days prior to sampling. Photosynthetic heat tolerance is
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quantified by the maximum normalized chlorophyll fluorescence, Tmax (°C). Points represent species (n =
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177), with trait values averaged across 9 leaves total for each species (3 leaves from 3 individuals).
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Fig S5. Independent effects analysis showing the relative contributions of constituent leaf traits to
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variation in leaf thermal time constants (Eq. 2). LMA (units), leaf mass per area; LDMC (units), leaf dry
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matter content; L (units), leaf characteristic dimension.
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Table S1. Statistical moments for leaf mass per area (LMA; kg m-2), leaf dry matter content (LDMC; kg kg-
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1), thermal time constant (τ; s), critical temperature of photosystem II (Tcrit; °C) and temperature of
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maximum normalized PSII fluorescence (Tmax). Moments are presented for all species, and separated
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into major clades in evolutionary chronological order.
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Traits
Clade
Min
Max
Mean
Variance
Skewness
Kurtosis
LMA
All
0.011
0.387
0.062
0.002
3.016
16.224
Angiosperms
0.015
0.387
0.060
0.002
3.517
19.768
Gymnosperms
0.046
0.189
0.111
0.002
0.256
2.314
Pteridophytes
0.011
0.104
0.038
5.520e-4
1.689
5.916
LDMC
All
0.034
0.532
0.244
0.009
0.572
3.235
Angiosperms
0.034
0.532
0.240
0.010
0.594
3.106
Gymnosperms
0.192
0.494
0.285
0.006
1.328
4.745
Pteridophytes
0.147
0.355
0.243
0.004
0.178
2.260
τ
All
2.862
48.805
13.270
57.496
1.623
6.615
Angiosperms
3.447
48.805
13.957
58.123
1.633
6.632
Gymnosperms
3.831
18.565
10.899
19.246
0.205
2.165
Pteridophytes
2.862
31.998
7.893
56.949
2.756
9.442
Tcrit
All
39.965
51.130
45.989
4.880
-0.299
3.366
Angiosperms
39.965
51.130
45.914
5.295
-0.260
3.366
Gymnosperms
42.952
49.396
46.278
3.011
0.062
1.942
Pteridophytes
44.591
48.644
46.545
2.056
0.012
2.235
Tmax
All
46.768
58.217
53.837
4.209
-0.418
3.392
Angiosperms
46.768
58.217
53.834
4.523
-0.452
3.366
Gymnosperms
51.321
56.700
53.656
3.386
0.573
1.942
Pteridophytes
51.463
55.744
54.070
1.803
-0.645
2.235
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Table S2. Results from phylogenetic analysis for additional traits within the thermal time constant, τ
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(Eqn. 2).
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Trait
Variable
Metric
Value
p-value
Morphological traits
within τ
Area
Pagel’s λ
1.000
2.220e-16
L
Pagel’s λ
0.871
2.220e-16
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Table S3. Variance explained by each component in a PCA containing leaf mass per area, LMA (kg m-2);
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leaf dry matter content, LDMC (kg kg-1); leaf area, A (m2); characteristic dimension, L (m); thermal time
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constant, τ (s); and photosynthetic heat tolerance including the critical temperature of photosystem II
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(Tcrit) and temperature of maximum normalized PSII fluorescence (Tmax).
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Component
Standard
deviation
Proportion of
variance
Cumulative
proportion
PC1
1.586
0.359
0.359
PC2
1.356
0.263
0.622
PC3
1.144
0.187
0.809
PC4
0.946
0.128
0.937
PC5
0.489
0.034
0.971
PC6
0.430
0.026
0.997
PC7
0.134
0.003
1.00
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Table S4. Loadings for heat tolerance and energy balance traits in a PCA containing leaf mass per area,
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LMA (kg m-2); leaf dry matter content, LDMC (kg kg-1); leaf area, A (m2); characteristic dimension, L (m);
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thermal time constant, τ (s); and photosynthetic heat tolerance including the critical temperature of
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photosystem II (Tcrit) and temperature of maximum normalized PSII fluorescence (Tmax).
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Trait
Component 1
Component 2
Component 3
Tcrit
-0.046
0.641
-0.148
Tmax
-0.077
0.678
-0.105
LMA
-0.508
0.009
-0.394
LDMC
-0.393
0.228
0.318
L
0.529
0.132
-0.055
A
0.530
0.225
0.102
τ
0.138
-0.098
-0.835
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Table S5. Variance explained by each component in a phylogenetic PCA containing leaf mass per area,
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LMA (kg m-2); leaf dry matter content, LDMC (kg kg-1); characteristic dimension, L (m); surface area, A
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(m2); thermal time constant, τ (s); and photosynthetic heat tolerance including the critical temperature
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of photosystem II (Tcrit) and temperature of maximum normalized PSII fluorescence (Tmax).
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Component
Standard
deviation
Proportion of
variance
Cumulative
proportion
PC1
0.267
0.535
0.535
PC2
0.166
0.205
0.740
PC3
0.149
0.166
0.906
PC4
0.090
0.061
0.967
PC5
0.055
0.022
0.989
PC6
0.036
0.009
0.998
PC7
0.015
0.002
1.000
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Table S6. Loadings for heat tolerance and energy balance traits in a phylogenetic PCA containing leaf
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mass per area, LMA (kg m-2); leaf dry matter content, LDMC (kg kg-1); characteristic dimension, L (m);
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thermal time constant, τ (s); and photosynthetic heat tolerance including the critical temperature of
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photosystem II (Tcrit) temperature at 50% normalized PSI fluorescence (T50), and temperature of
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maximum normalized PSII fluorescence (Tmax).
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Trait
Component 1
Component 2
Tcrit
-0.471
0.746
Tmax
-0.512
0.776
LMA
0.967
0.238
LDMC
0.731
0.449
L
0.036
-0.272
A
-0.230
-0.069
τ
0.765
-0.140
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