Taxonomic notes and synonymy in Crotalaria montana (Fabaceae: Crotalarieae)

Abstract

The taxonomic identity of newly described Crotalaria lamelliformis is resolved here. Very recently C. lamelliformis has
been synonymised under Crotalaria albida, but after examination
of protologue and a large number of specimens of C.
albida deposited in different herbaria, it is concluded that the newly described C. lamelliformis is erroneously identified
and its correct identity is C. montana based on the distinct morphological as well as micro-morphological characters. For
the easy identification of C. montana a detailed description, field photographs, illustration and comparison with C. albida
is provided.

Full text

Phytotaxa 640 (3): 293–300
https://www.mapress.com/pt/
Copyright © 2024 Magnolia Press Article PHYTOTAXA
ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition)
ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition)
Accepted by Enrico Vito Perrino: 18 Feb. 2024; published: 12 Mar. 2024
https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.640.3.7
293
Taxonomic notes and synonymy in Crotalaria montana (Fabaceae: Crotalarieae)
TUSHAR ANILRAO LOHIT1,2,3 & VIJAY VISHNU WAGH1,2,4*
1Plant Diversity, Systematics & Herbarium Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, Uttar Pradesh,
India
2Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR–HRDC Campus Ghaziabad-201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
3
�
tusharlohit2015@gmail.com; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1189-2270
4
�
vijay.wagh@nbri.res.in; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6890-8862
*Author for correspondence:
�
vijay.wagh@nbri.res.in
Abstract
The taxonomic identity of newly described Crotalaria lamelliformis is resolved here. Very recently C. lamelliformis has
been synonymised under Crotalaria albida, but after examination of protologue and a large number of specimens of C.
albida deposited in different herbaria, it is concluded that the newly described C. lamelliformis is erroneously identified
and its correct identity is C. montana based on the distinct morphological as well as micro-morphological characters. For
the easy identification of C. montana a detailed description, field photographs, illustration and comparison with C. albida
is provided.
Key words: Fabaceae, India, Madhya Pradesh, nomenclature, taxonomy
Introduction
Crotalaria Linnaeus (1753: 714) was first described by Carolus Linnaeus with 13 species in his Species Plantarum
(Yaradua 2018). It belongs to the tribe Crotalarieae Hutchinson (1964: 364) of subfamily Papilionoideae DC. (1825: 94)
of family Fabaceae Lindley (1836: 148). The tribe Crotalarieae comprises 16 genera and 1219 taxa (Boatwright et al.
2008, 2011). The genus Crotalaria consists of 702 species worldwide (Le Roux et al. 2013), with the greatest number
of species i.e. 543 occurring in Africa (Le Roux et al. 2013, Subramaniam et al. 2013). The genus Crotalaria is found
throughout India, but there is an especially high diversity in Peninsular India (Krishnaraj et al. 2013, Subramaniam
et al. 2015, Danada et al. 2016, Ninkaew et al. 2017a, 2017b, Rather et al. 2018, Gholave et al. 2019, Rokade et al.
2019, Rokade et al. 2020, Herbarium 2020). The genus is represented by 116 taxa in India, ca. 73 species restricted
to the Peninsular region, with 52 taxa endemic to the country (Ansari 2008, Krishnaraj et al. 2013, Danda et al. 2016,
Gholave et al. 2019, Rokade et al. 2019). However, in Madhya Pradesh the genus is represented by 27 species (Verma
et al. 1993). During floristic explorations in the Chambal ravines of Madhya Pradesh, a few specimens belonging
to the genus Crotalaria were collected from Kuthiyana village of Beerpur forest range of Madhya Pradesh. Based
on a critical study of the specimens and literature review (Verma et al.1993; Ansari 2008; Sanjappa 2010) it fit into
Crotalaria sect. Calycinae Wight & Arnott (1834: 181) and is identified as Crotalaria montana Roxb. ex Roth (1821:
335). Recently, Sivaramakrishna et al. (2021), described a new species, Crotalaria lamelliformis Sivaramakrishna et
al. (2021), that was synonymised under Crotalaria albida B. Heyne ex Roth (1821: 333) by Arigela & Reddy (2022:
54). However, after examination of the protologue of both species (Sivaramakrishna et al. 2021) and consultation
of specimens of C. albida deposited in LWG, we found that Crotalaria lamelliformis is wrongly identified and is
nothing but a C. montana. Arigela & Reddy (2022) also overlooked C. montana, synonymising C. lamelliformis
under C. albida. Therefore, to resolve the ambiguity we synonymised C. lamelliformis under C. montana and provide
here a brief description along with colour photographs, illustrations to facilitate easy identification of this taxon. The
morphological affinities of Crotalaria montana and C. albida are also provided below (Table 1).

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294 • Phytotaxa 640 (3) © 2024 Magnolia Press
Material and methods
The description was based on living specimens and field collections. Plants were photographed in the field. Herbarium
specimens were prepared according to standard techniques (Jain & Rao 1977). GPS (Garmin Montana 680) coordinates
of the collection locality were recorded. Images of the flowers and their parts were taken using a Canon EOS80D
camera. Microphotographs were taken under stereomicroscope (Leica, S8APO) and the botanical description was
written according to the terminology of Beentje (2010). For scanning electron micrograph studies of the pubescence
on different plant parts of the C. albida and C. montana, the dried plant parts were mounted on aluminium stubs with
double-sided tape and coated with gold using a sputter coater. Scanning electron micrographs were recorded using a
Scanning Electron Microscope FEI Quanta 250. The acronyms of herbaria were reported according to Thiers (2024).
Taxonomic treatment
Crotalaria montana Roxb. ex Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp. (1821) (Figs. 1–3)
Lectotype (designated by Turner, 2021): B. Heyne s.n. (L barcodeL 0018846 [image!]).
=C. linifolia auct. non. L.f.; Roxb. Fl. Indica 3: 266. (1832).
=C. naikiana Zate Indian J. Forestry 5: 35. (1982).
Type:—INDIA. Maharashtra, Nanded, Kinwat, Ambadi, Zate 924a; b–c (isotypes).
=Crotalaria lamelliformis Sivaram., Yugandhar & L.J. Singh, Phytotaxa 490: 72 (2021), syn. nov.
Type:—INDIA. Andhra Pradesh: Chittoor District, Near Sadasivakona, elev. ca. 315 m.a.s.l, 13°50’31.49” N latitude, 79°61’72.33” E
longitude, 15 July 2018, P. Sivaramakrishna, P. Yugandhar & L.J. Singh, 0011 (holotype: CAL scan!; isotype: BSID scan!)
Prostrate to ascending herb, 25–30 cm long. Tap root. Stem profusely branched, from the base or higher, terete,
1–1.5 mm thick, adpressed with white hairs. Leaves simple, thick, alternate, up to 4 cm long, petiole 1–1.5 mm long,
stipules 2, 1–2.8 mm long, minute, lanceolate, pilose; Lamina 1–3.5×1–1.5 cm, narrowly elliptic-oblanceolate, cuneate
at base, mucronate at apex, margin entire, glabrous or sparingly pilose on upper surface and densely covered with
adpressed white hairs on lower surface, abaxial hairs protrude at margins, mid vein prominent, blade lobes involute,
margins obscurely involute. Inflorescence racemes, terminal, peduncles 6–8 cm long, slender, clothed with adpressed
white hairs. Flower (4–15 no.) across 7–8×4–5 mm, pedicillate, pedicel 2.5–3 mm long, hairy; bract linear-lanceolate,
minute, 1.5–2.5 mm long, bracteols 2, linear–lanceolate, minute, 0.5–1 mm long, attached to calyx tube on lateral side
of anterior sepals, hairy, sericeous; Calyx tube 4–5 mm long, calyx lobes unequal, bilipped calyces, anterior two sepals
broad, connate, notched at the apex, brownish green or brownish yellow, ventral surface glabrous, brownish green,
three nerved, lower sepals linear–lanceolate, connate apically and basally, apex acute, upper surface hairy; Corolla
bright yellow, exerted, petals 5, standard petal across 8–9×6–7 mm, sub-orbicular, short claw at base, surrounded
by white cottony hairs, blackish brown or reddish brown striations arising from the base up to the middle, apex
emarginated, notched, callosities lamelliform 1–2×2–3 mm; wing petals 7–8×2–3 mm, oblong or oblong-lanceolate,
clawed; keel petals 7–8×3–3.5 mm, spirally twisted, margin ciliate, fused; staminal sheath 5–5.5 mm long, stamens 10,
monodelphous, dimorphic, dithecous, basifixed, free filaments 3–4 mm long, anthers ovoid 0.5 mm, anthers with short
filaments are sagittate, 3–3.5 mm long; Gynoecium, ovary sessile, oblong, glabrous, narrowed upward 3–4×1–1.5 mm,
ovules up to 10, style 5–6 mm long, sparsely hairy, geniculate, hairs in single row arranged spirally (S-pattern), stigma
brush type, densely hairy; Pod oblong or sub-cylindric, 5–7×3–4 mm, slightly exceeding the calyx, glabrous, curved
and beak conspicuous, ripened pod black or yellowish brown, calyx and style persistent; Seeds 4–8, 1–2×1–1.5 mm,
reniform, without aril, brown or blackish brown, polished, shining.
Phenology:—Flowering and fruiting July to December
Habitat ecology and distribution:—Crotalaria montana grows in dry areas of Chambal ravines in sandy soil
along with herbaceous plants. The species grows in association with Grewia flavescens Jussieu (1804: 91), Prosopis
juliflora (Sw.) Candolle. (1825: 447), Euphorbia hirta Linnaeus. (1753: 454), Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.)
Willdenow (1809: 1029), Blepharis repens (Vahl) Roth (1821: 321), Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf (1900: 632),
Vicoa indica (L.) Candolle. (1834: 10). We have collected this species from Chambal ravines i.e. Kuthiyana village of
Beerpur forest range of Madhya Pradesh, India N26°41’35.9844” E77°5’51.5328”, at an altitude of 152 m asl.

TAXONOMIC NOTES AND SYNONYMY IN CROTALARIA Phytotaxa 640 (3) © 2024 Magnolia Press • 295
FIGURE 1. Crotalaria montana. A&B Habit, C Flower, D Fruit
Specimen examined:—Crotalaria montana
INDIA. Madhya Pradesh, Kuthiyana village of Beerpur forest range, N26°41’35.9844” E77°5’51.5328”, 152 m, 19-
12-2021, Vijay V. Wagh & Tushar A. Lohit, 339112 & 339122 (LWG!);
Maharashtra, Ratnagiri, at the base of Kumbharali ghat, 22-09-2019, S. Bramhadonde, 3212 (NGCPR scan!).
AUSTRALIA. Queensland, Port Curtis, site 5, near glen geddes, N of Rockampton, 9-12-1998, Bationoff, G. N.,
Neldener, V. J., Bidwell, S., 9812249 (NSW scan!); Cook, North of Watsonville, 1-4-2004, Wannon, B. S., Doricott,
K., 3455 (NSW scan!);
THAILAND. Northern, chiang mai, boi, Inthanon National Park, near ban sop hat., 6-12-1984, Mitsuta, S; Yahara,
T; Nagamasu, H T, 45395 (L scan!); Chinga mai: Maetuen watershed Improvement station to nang kruan waterfall,
Bo Luang tableland. Om koi distr., 18-10-1979, Shimiza T; Toyokuni H; Koyoma H; Yahara T; Santisuk T, 19180 (L
scan!); Northeastern, Prov. Loei; Om khao, Phu Kradung National Park, Phu Kardung District, 16-11-1979, Shimzu T;
Toyokuni H; Koyoma H; Yahara T; Niyomdham C, 22997 (L scan!) Eastern, prov. Nakhorn Ratchasima foot of khao
khieo, khao yai national park, pakchang distr., 19-11-1982, Koyama H; Terao H; Niyomdham C, Wangprasert T, 30070
(L scan!).

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FIGURE 2. Crotalaria montana (A,C,E,G,I,K,M,O,Q,S). A Bud, C Wings, E Sepal, G Anther, I Petal, K Stigma, M Petal base, O Fruit,
Q Keel, S Seed. Crotalaria albida (B,D,F,H,J,L,N,P,R,T). B Bud, D Wings, F Sepal, H Anther, J Petal, L Stigma, N Petal base, P Fruit,
R Keel, T Seed.
Specimen examined:—Crotalaria albida
INDIA. Uttar Pradesh: Sonbhadra, Anpara, Karahiapahar, 15-9-2013, A.K. Kushwaha, 254409 (LWG!); Khokha,
Dudhi, 18-12-2013, A. K. Kushwaha, 254517 (LWG!); Bahraich, Murtiha Forest Range, 11-11-2002, S. D. Maliya,
224610 (LWG!); Baharaich, Nishangana Forest Range, 12-11-2002, S. D. Maliya, 224650 (LWG!);
Darjeeling, 3 Km to Manjhitra, 24-11-1982, L. J. G. van der Maesen, 4841 (WAG scan!); 01-01-1814, Heyne, B,
s.n., L0649895 (L scan!);
Uttarakhand, Garhwal, Tehri, Nagni, Alt 3500, 25-9-1954, K. C. Sahni, 21432 (DD scan!); Nainital, 4-10-1938, H.
G. Champion, 11689 (DD scan!); Bihar, Bomialuna, 17-11-1938, N. L. Bor, 10832 (DD scan!); Dehradun, Kaulagarh,
22-9-1928, Kirat Ram (DD scan!); Massoorie, 20-9-1927, B. L. Gupta, (DD scan!); Massoorie, Near Kincraig, 6000
Ft, 3-4-1960, Hari Om Saxena, 441 (DD scan!); Dehradun, 4-9-1939, M. B. Raizada, (DD scan!); Chakrata, 2-3-1938,
N. L. Bor, 11732 (DD scan!);
Assam, Dimapur, Naga Hills, 700 m, 26-9-1945, Dr. N. L. Bor, 18410 (DD scan!);

TAXONOMIC NOTES AND SYNONYMY IN CROTALARIA Phytotaxa 640 (3) © 2024 Magnolia Press • 297
FIGURE 3. Crotalaria montana (A,C,E,G). A Petal base, C Stipule, E Seed, G Leaf surface micrograph and Crotalaria albida (B,D,F,H).
B Petal base, D Caducous stipule, F Seed, H Leaf surface.

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298 • Phytotaxa 640 (3) © 2024 Magnolia Press
Orrisa, Kalahandi, 3700 Ft, 29-12-1939, H. F. Mooney, 1224 (DD scan!); Baripada, Mayurbhanj Sae Forest,
Gurguria Camp, 11-1957, S. K. Sethi, (DD scan!);
Himachal Pradesh, Chopal, Sarai Road, 11-8-1940, M. B. Raizada, 13369 (DD scan!);
Gujrat, Bardipad, Dangs Forest, Chavai No Kharo, 1-1-1971, S. J. Bedi, 7683 (DD scan!); Rajasthan, Chittorgarh,
Bhekaram Singhji Ka Kheda, 10-9-1958, B. D. Patil, 490 (DD scan!);
Maharashtra, Poona, Ambavane, 25-10-1964, B. Venkata Reddi, 99459 (L scan!); Bombay, Arey, 10-2-1958, V.
D. Vartak, 14363 (DD scan!); Khandala, Dukes Nose Ravine, 8-11-1942, H. Santpau, 1299 (DD scan!); Khandala, 21-
4-1942, H. Santpau, 102123 (DD scan!);
CHINA. 1853, C. Wright, s.n., US01150287 (US scan!); Hunan Mt. Mangshan, Yizhang co., 12-8-2005, B. Z.
Xiao, 4551, 02281776 (US scan!); Guangdong, Lua-fu Shan, Open Woods, In Mountains Place, By Roadside, 22-9-
1978, K’ tung 78, 6347 (L scan!); Hong Kong, Macao, Central Island, 20-10-1968, Shiu Ying Hu, 5992, 02281797 (US
scan!);
THAILAND. Siam, Kerr, Arthur Francis G., 10438, TCD0015613 (TCD scan!); Siam, 01-11-1931, Marcan,
Alexander, 2744, TCD0015612 (TCD scan!); Nan, Roadside, Along Hwy 1081, 31-10-2013, A. N. Egan, R. P. Clark,
S. Sirimangkal and T. Jumruschay, 13-0760, 01343581 (US scan!); Phitasanulok Phu Miang Phu Thang Wildlife
Sanctuary, 29-10-2013, R. P. Clark, A. N. Egan, S. Sirimongkal and T. Jumruschay, 280, 03393345 (US scan!);
SRI LANKA. Walker, 17, K000591124 (K scan!); Ceylon, Badulla, Medowita, Weerakumbura, Keppetipola,
27-4-1972, M. Jayasuriya and L. H. Cramer, 774, 02281789 (US scan!); Haputale, Thotulagala Ridge, 4-1-1970, F. R.
Fosberg, 51846, 02281794 (US scan!);
MYANMAR. Chin, Roadside Between Kanpetlet and Yelongpon Village, approximately 2 Miles from Yelongpon
Village, Kanpetlet Township, Natma Taung, National Park, 24-2-2014, P. Srisanga, M. Novsaengsri, R. Unwin, Tin
Tin Mu, Ling Shein Man and L. Shine, 97238, 01325828 (US scan!); Magway, Along The Roadside Between Kangyi
and Saw, 11-12-2012, Kazumi Fujikawa, Katsunori Miyake, Mu Mu Aung, Kata Yabe, Myint Hlaing, Tun Tin and Law
Shine, 090772, L4307795 (L scan!);
BURMA. Tidem (Ngainzon), 5000 Ft, 22-12-1952, Po Khant D. R., 2652 (DD).
Affinities Crotalaria montana with Crotalaria albida
Crotalaria montana is the most closely allied to C. albida. Both species share some morphological similarities, i.e.
minute caducous stipules, raceme terminal, size of the pod, standard petal with notch, number of seeds in the pod,
colour of mature pod. Nevertheless C. montana and C. albida can be distinguished from each other by respectively
prostrate and ascending habit vs erect and procumbent habit; leaves narrow elliptic to oblanceolate vs linear oblong-
lanceolate; Stipule present vs stipule absent; leaves dimorphic vs leaves monomorphic; inflorescence 5–10 flowered
and 8–10 cm long vs inflorescence with 20–25 flowers and 10–15 cm long; standard petal suborbicular, no hairs on
back and apex vs standard petal obovate-oblong, hairs on back and apex; standard petal apex notched vs standard petal
rounded; callosite lamelliformis vs callosite ridged; keel twisted above the middle vs keel twisted below the middle;
pod colour black vs pod colour brown; number of seed per pod 4–8 vs number of seed per pod 8–10; style hair in single
row and arranged spirally vs style hair in single row, arranged in whorl.
Acknowledgements
We are thankful to the Director, CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow for facilities and encouragements.
The authors acknowledge Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi for financial support (MLP-0042)
and Project coordinator Dr. Ajit P. Singh for his co-operation. We are grateful to curators and staff of CAL, BSD, DD
and LWG herbaria for allowing us to access their holdings.
CSIR-NBRI communication number: CSIR-NBRI_MS/2023/08/08
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